Theories of Crime.pptx
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This document summarizes eight major theories or schools of criminology: pre-classical, classical, neo-classical, typological, geographical, sociological, socialistic, and clinical. It provides details on the key ideas of each school. The pre-classical school emphasized crime was due to evil spirits. The classical school viewed individuals as having free will and proposed punishment should outweigh pleasure from crime. The neo-classical school examined biological, psychological and mental factors. The typological school linked crime to climate and environment. The geographical school studied links between location and criminal behavior. The sociological school analyzed social and cultural influences. The socialistic school tied crime to economic conditions like poverty and unemployment. The clinical school
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To understand criminal justice, it is necessary to understand crime. Most policy-
making in criminal justice is based on criminological theory, whether the people making
those policies know it or not. In fact, most of the failed policies (what doesn't work) in
criminal justice are due to misinterpretation, partial implementation, or ignorance of
criminological theory. Much time and money could be saved if only policymakers had a
thorough understanding of criminological theory. At one time, criminological theory was
rather pure and abstract, with few practical implications, but that is not the case anymore.
For example, almost all criminologists today use a legalistic rather than normative
definition of crime. A legalistic definition of crime takes as its starting point the statutory
definitions contained in the penal code, legal statutes or ordinances. A crime is a crime
because the law says so. Sure, there are concerns about overcriminalization (too many
laws) and undercriminalization (not enough laws), but at least on the surface, a legalistic
approach seems practical. It is also advantageous to a normative definition, which sees
crime as a violation of norms (social standards of how humans ought to think and
behave), although there are times when criminology can shed light on norms and norm
violators.
Every criminological theory contains a set of assumptions (about human nature,
social structure, and the principles of causation, to name a few), a description of the
phenomena to be explained (facts a theory must fit), and an explanation, or prediction,
of that phenomenon. The assumptions are also called meta-theoretical issues, and deal
with debates like those over free will v. determinism or consensus v. conflict. The
description is a statistical profile, figure, diagram, or table of numbers representing the
patterns, trends, and correlates of the type of crime taken as an exemplar (most
appropriate example) of all crime. The explanation is a set of variables (things that can
be tweaked or changed) arranged in some kind of causal order so that they have statistical
and meaningful significance. Criminological theories are primarily concerned with
etiology (the study of causes or reasons for crime), but occasionally have important
things to say about actors in the criminal justice system, such as police, attorneys,
correctional personnel, and victims.
There are basically thirteen (13) identifiable types of criminological theory,
only three (3) of which are considered "mainstream" or conventional criminology (strain,
learning, control). The oldest theory (biochemistry) goes back to 1876 and the last four
theories (left realism, peacem.
Power point classical & neo classical schools
The document summarizes several theories of criminal behavior, beginning with the Classical school in the 18th century. The Classical school believed criminal behavior was a result of free will and could be deterred through proportional punishment. Notable classical theorists included Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Later critiques found the Classical school ignored individual differences and mental state. Neo-classical theory accounted for those lacking responsibility. Sociological theories emphasized social and environmental influences on crime.
Understanding Hate Crimes And Recognizing Victims
Here are the key aspects of social constructionism as it relates to understanding terrorism:
- Social constructionism examines how humans jointly construct understandings of concepts and realities through social interactions and perceptions. There is no single objective reality.
- Definitions of terrorism are socially constructed - there is no universally agreed upon definition. What constitutes a terrorist act depends on social and political perspectives and contexts.
- Different societies, cultures, and political groups may construct the definition and understanding of terrorism in different and sometimes opposing ways based on their own perspectives and experiences.
- The social construction of terrorism influences politics, law, and conflict. How terrorism is defined and understood shapes counterterrorism policies and designations of terrorist groups. It influences the "
Natural law and value oriented juris.
In legal theory and in ancient Hindu, Greek and Roman Law natural law has a primordial place. Indeed Natural Law theory has a history, reaching back centuries and the vigour with which it flourishes notwithstanding periodic eclipse, especially in the nineteenth century, is a tribute to its importance. There is no theory; many versions have evolved throughout this enormous span of time. No other firmament of legal and political theory is so bejewelled with stars as that of natural law, which scintillates with contributions from all ages.
Exploring Crime
Criminal justice policy is shaped by criminological theories that attempt to explain the causes of crime. There are several mainstream theories, including classical, biological, psychological, sociological, learning, and social control theories. These theories propose factors like free will, genetics, intelligence, environment, learning, and social bonds that may influence criminal behavior. Effective policy requires understanding these complex theoretical frameworks and how elements like deterrence, social structure, labeling, and conflict contribute to criminal acts.
thesis abstract
This document summarizes the key findings of a thesis written in Greek examining the relationship between beliefs in a just world and authoritarianism. The thesis studied 217 Greek individuals and found a positive correlation between general beliefs that the world is just and right-wing authoritarianism in participants. It also found those who were less sensitive to receiving special treatment were less authoritarian and prejudiced. The document provides background on system justification theory and how it aims to explain why people accept and perpetuate the status quo. It also outlines right-wing authoritarianism theory, comparing Adorno's original psychodynamic approach to Altemeyer's revised social learning theory perspective.
Akin to reviewer
This document defines key terms related to criminology. It provides definitions for over 100 terms including criminologists like Cesare Lombroso and Edwin Sutherland, theories of crime like differential association theory and social disorganization theory, types of criminal behavior and mental illness, and schools of thought in criminology like the classical school and positivist school. The document serves as a comprehensive review and reference for important people, concepts, and frameworks in the field of criminology.
IntroductionDynamics of Crime TheoryEarly Schools of Tho.docx
Introduction
Dynamics of Crime Theory
Early Schools of Thought
The Classical School
The Positive School
The Chicago School
Classical and Rational Theories:
Crime as Choice
Cohen & Felson's Routine Activities
Hindelang, Gottfredson, & Garofalo's Lifestyle Theory
Walters & White's Cognitive Theory
Biological & Physiological Theories:
Born Criminals
Lombroso's Criminal Born Man and Woman
Sheldon's Somatotyping
XYZ Chromosome
Sociobiology
Eysenck's Differential Conditionality
Psychological & Psychiatric Theories:
The Criminal Mind
Social Learning Theories
Bandura's Modeling/Imitation
Criminological Theory on the Web
http://people.ne.mediaone.net/dianedemelo/crime/index.html (1 of 4) [10/1/2001 4:51:02 PM]
Sutherland's Differential Association
Glaser's Differential Identification
Jeffery's & Akers' Differential Reinforcement
Akers' Social Learning Theory
Psychoanalytic Theories
Freud's Pscychoanalytic Theory
Warren & Hindelang's Psychoanalytic Theory
Moral Development Theories
Kohlberg's Moral Development
Yochelson & Samenow's Criminal Personality Theory
Sociological Theories I:
Crime and Social Structure
Social Strain Theories
Social Disorganization
Durkheim's Anomie Theory
Merton's Strain Theory
Agnew's General Strain Theory
Subculture Theories
Overview of Subculture Theories
Sellin's Culture Conflict Theory
Cohen's Subculture of Delinquency
Cloward & Ohlin's Differential Opportunity
Miller's Lower-Class Focal Concerns
Shaw & McKay's High Delinquency Areas
Wolfgang & Ferracuti's Subculture of Violence
Sociological Theories II:
Crime and Social Process
Labeling Theories
Overview of Labeling Theories
Criminological Theory on the Web
http://people.ne.mediaone.net/dianedemelo/crime/index.html (2 of 4) [10/1/2001 4:51:02 PM]
Tannenbaum's Concept of Tagging
Lemert's Primary & Secondary Deviance
Becker's Developmental Career Model
Schur's Radical Non-Intervention
Social Control Theories
Overview of Social Control Theories
Reckless' Containment Theory
Hirschi's Social Bond Theory
Sykes & Matza's Techniques of Neutralization
Gottfredson & Hirschi's Low Self-Control Theory
Peacemaking Criminology Theories:
Overview of Peacemaking Theories
Braithwaite's Reintegrative Shaming
Radical, Feminist, & Conflict Theories:
Crime, Sex, Inequality & Power
Overview of Radical, Feminist, Conflict and Marxist Theories
Marxism and Crime
Quinney & The Social Reality of Crime
Turk's Conflict Theory
Greenberg's Adolescent Frustration
Adler's Liberation Theory
Simon's Opportunity Theory
Hagan's Power-Control Theory
Schwendinger's Instrumental Theory
Feminism & Crime
This page is designed and maintained by Diane M. DeMelo.
Questions or comments are encouraged. Also, please read the disclaimer.
[email protected]
Last revised on November 14, 1999
Criminological Theory on the Web
http://people.ne.mediaone.net/dianedemelo/crime/index.html (3 of 4) [10/1/2001 4:51:02 PM]
This page continues to be a work in progress and will be under constructio.
Feminist theory
FEMINIST THEORY IN CRIMINOLOGY
Feminist theory is a major branch within sociology, that shifts its assumptions, analytical lens and topical focus away from the male viewpoint and experience toward that of women.
It emphasis on gender distinction i.e., inequality resulting and of the system of patriarchy (i.e., men being more privileged in comparison to women)
FEMINIST THEORY IN CRIMINOLOGY
This branch focuses on the dominance of men over women and the impact it has on crimes by (female criminality)and against women(female victimization).
The development of different explanations of female criminality and conformity happened.
General ‘gendering’ of crime ,which include gendered explanations of certain male criminality.
Feminist theory in criminology attempt to explain the
treatment of women by the criminal justice system. In that
importance was given to how female victims of rape and other
sexual assault was treated by police,prosecution and judges.
Theories of crime (criminology)
This document provides an overview of theories that attempt to explain criminal behavior. It discusses classical, neoclassical, and positivist criminological theories. Classical theory views criminal behavior as resulting from free will and aims to achieve deterrence through punishment. Neoclassical theory introduced factors like premeditation and diminished responsibility. Positivist theories view human behavior as determined and see criminals as fundamentally different. Biological theories propose innate physiological differences between criminals and non-criminals. Psychological theories explore factors like intelligence, psychoanalysis, and humanistic perspectives. Sociological theories emphasize social and environmental influences on behavior. Theories discussed include anomie, collective conscience, and the work of the Chicago School studying neighborhood crime rates.
An Overview Of Issues In Criminological Theory Introduction To The Book
This document provides an overview of criminological theory. It begins by defining criminology as the scientific study of crime and why people commit crimes. It distinguishes criminology from other perspectives like philosophy, law, and journalism by noting that criminology uses the scientific method. The document then discusses what constitutes a theory and different ways theories can be classified, such as by paradigm (e.g. rational choice, positivism), level of analysis (micro vs. macro), and assumptions about human nature. It concludes by noting criminological theories will be judged based on how well they can explain observed crime rates.
reviewer-causation-of-crime-2.docx
Crime is pervasive and expensive for society. Governments and the private sector spend enormous amounts on crime prevention, detection, prosecution, corrections, and security. This includes direct expenses like police and prisons as well as indirect expenses individuals incur to prevent crime, such as security systems. Crime is also destructive, as many lives are lost to violent crimes like murder. The crime rate reflects how effective a locality's social defenses are at preventing criminal behavior. As populations increase, crime tends to rise progressively. The positivist school views criminal behavior as caused by internal and external factors outside an individual's control, and examines criminal behavior using the scientific method. Cesare Lombroso was an influential positivist criminologist who categorized criminals into types like
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2) Key responsibilities of forensic teams include identifying victims through means like DNA, dental records, and fingerprints. They also work to determine the cause of death and examine disaster sites for clues.
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Theories of Crime.pptx
- 2. TOPIC: THEORIES OF CRIME PRESENTED BY- FADIYA KELOTH, VOLUNTEER- AFRS
- 3. INTRODUCTION THEORIES OF CRIMES OR SCHOOLS OF CRIMINOLOGY PRE-CLASSICAL SCHOOL CLASSICAL SCHOOL NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL TYPOLOGICAL SCHOOL GEOGRAPHICAL SCHOOL SOCIOLOGICAL SCHOOL SOCIALISTIC SCHOOL CLINICAL SCHOOL REFERENCES CONTENT
- 4. CRIME AND CRIMINOLOGY CRIME ''An act committed or omitted in violation of public law forbidding or commanding it'' - Sir William Blackstone. CRIMINOLOGY ''Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminals'' - Webster
- 6. PRE-CLASSICAL SCHOOL Also called Demonological theory emphasis that crime was the result of man acting under the influence of evil spirits The criminal was regarded as a deprave person deserving severe punishment The views of St. Thomas Acquinas were of greater influence at that time
- 7. Also known as Free Will Theory states that man is possessed of free will and acts on the basis of pleasure and pain focused on deterring crimes by swift administration of justice Proposed that the punishment should be such that it overweighs the pleasure derived from the offence Beccaria, Bentham and Romilly are the associated pioneers. CLASSICAL SCHOOL
- 8. This school differentiated criminals on the basis of their age and intelligence focused on the causation of crime According to this school, the punishment should be such that it overweighs the pleasure derived from the offence, but it must be lenient if there are extenuating circumstances Rossy, Gerrand, Jolly are scholars associated with this school NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL
- 9. 1. Positivist school Organic Deficiency Theory/ Positivism- C. Lombroso identified three types of criminals- bone criminals having atavism, insane criminals and criminaloid 2. Mental Deficiency Theory mentally retarded persons easily become criminals 3. Psycho-Analytical Theory S. Freud predicted that human beings have a constant internal conflict between id, ego and superego, due to the weakness of ego, personality problems arise resulting in unapproved behavior TYPOLOGICAL SCHOOL
- 10. Also called topographical or cartographical school According to this theory, climate and topography effect human behavior Frederick Thrasher, Clifford R. Shaw, Breackinridge and Abbott are the pioneers associated with this theory GEOGRAPHICAL SCHOOL
- 11. 1.Differential Association Theory According to Sutherland, criminal behavior is learnt not inherited 2.Anomie Theory As defined by Durkheim and Merton, the Anomie is responsible for deviant behavior in society 3.Labelling Theory According to Becker, deviance and crime are the creations of social groups because they label certain behavior as deviant or criminal 4.Conflict Theory states that deviant behavior is caused by an unjust social structure where unequal distribution of wealth and power exists. 5.Social Disorganization Theory •believes that deviant behavior as caused by the breakdown of norms, laws, mores, and other important values of society. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
- 12. This theory points out that economic factors are related to crime The deviation from the defined path of norms or values result in criminalistic activities Unemployment and poverty are causes of crimes against property and violence The ideas of Karl Marx, W. A. Bonger influenced this theory SOCIALIST SCHOOL may be I should steal!
- 13. According to this school, crime is caused by variety of factors emphasizes that criminals who are victims of social conditions should be treated by correctional methods there need to be individualization for punishment Multiple Causation Theory cause of crime cannot be attributed to any particular factor Enrico Ferri classified the factors of crime as anthropological, physical and social CLINICAL SCHOOL
- 14. Criminology, Victimology and Penology- Dr. S.S. Srivastava https://thefactfactor.com/facts/law/legal_concepts/criminology/sc hools-of-criminology/8133/ https://www.lawnn.com/schools-criminology/ https://www.abyssinialaw.com/study-on-line/item/445-early- explanations-of-criminology-schools-of-thought REFERENCE S