VICE SIN TORT
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This document provides definitions and introductions to key concepts in criminal law, including vice, sin, tort, crime, mens rea, actus reus, and types of crimes. It also summarizes several important laws governing criminal justice in India such as the Indian Penal Code of 1860, the Criminal Procedure Code of 1973, the Indian Evidence Act of 1872, and the Constitution of India from 1949. The document outlines the chapters, sections, and subject matter covered by each law.
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Criminology ppt by_waseem_i._khan
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of crime from ancient to modern times. It notes that early societies did not clearly distinguish between criminal and civil offenses, focusing more on compensation than punishment. Over time, certain "botless" offenses emerged that involved punishment rather than compensation. This helped develop the modern concept of crime as a legal wrong remedied by state punishment. The document then categorizes different types of crimes and outlines some key elements like actus reus, mens rea, and prohibited acts. Finally, it distinguishes between the concepts of sin and crime.
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To be found guilty of a criminal offence in Canada, two elements must be proven: actus reus (the physical act) and mens rea (the mental element of intent). The Crown prosecutor must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused committed the prohibited act (actus reus) with criminal intent or knowledge (mens rea). Some regulatory offences are strict liability, requiring only proof of the act, while absolute liability offences do not consider intent at all.
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Biological theories of crime propose that criminal behavior may be influenced by biological factors. Cesare Lombroso's theory claimed that criminals have distinct physical characteristics showing their evolutionarily primitive nature. The Y chromosome theory links criminal behavior to an extra Y chromosome. William Sheldon's somatotype theory associated criminality with a mesomorphic body type. While these theories provide biological explanations for crime, they have been criticized for ignoring free will and failing to account for social and environmental influences on criminal behavior.
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Criminology ppt by_waseem_i._khan
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of crime from ancient to modern times. It notes that early societies did not clearly distinguish between criminal and civil offenses, focusing more on compensation than punishment. Over time, certain "botless" offenses emerged that involved punishment rather than compensation. This helped develop the modern concept of crime as a legal wrong remedied by state punishment. The document then categorizes different types of crimes and outlines some key elements like actus reus, mens rea, and prohibited acts. Finally, it distinguishes between the concepts of sin and crime.
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Three schools of criminology have been dealt with and the contribution of their respective exponents.
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*Please open in Microsoft PPT for high definition and best effects :)
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Crime is defined as acts that violate laws and customs, destabilizing society. There are three basics of crime: opportunity, desire, and ability. To prevent crime, one of these three factors must be addressed. The document then lists and groups various factors that can contribute to crime, including things like temperature, gender, age, intelligence, personality, bad company, ignorance, poverty and unemployment.
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To be found guilty of a criminal offence in Canada, two elements must be proven: actus reus (the physical act) and mens rea (the mental element of intent). The Crown prosecutor must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused committed the prohibited act (actus reus) with criminal intent or knowledge (mens rea). Some regulatory offences are strict liability, requiring only proof of the act, while absolute liability offences do not consider intent at all.
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The document discusses concepts of crime and punishment. It defines a crime as an act or omission forbidden by law and punishable by the state after a legal procedure. Two principles of criminal liability are that one must commit a forbidden act and omissions are not liable unless a duty exists. The essential elements of a crime are the guilty act (actus reus) and guilty mind (mens rea). Actus reus includes a human action, resulting injury, and a prohibited act. Mens rea includes intention, motive, knowledge, recklessness, and negligence. A person can be criminally liable for foreseeable consequences of their acts even if indirectly participating. The stages of a crime are intention, preparation, attempt,
Biological theory of crime
Biological theories of crime propose that criminal behavior may be influenced by biological factors. Cesare Lombroso's theory claimed that criminals have distinct physical characteristics showing their evolutionarily primitive nature. The Y chromosome theory links criminal behavior to an extra Y chromosome. William Sheldon's somatotype theory associated criminality with a mesomorphic body type. While these theories provide biological explanations for crime, they have been criticized for ignoring free will and failing to account for social and environmental influences on criminal behavior.
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Physiological theories of crime argue that criminal behavior is innate and biologically determined. Early theories included demonology which attributed crime to demonic possession, and phrenology which claimed that certain skull and facial features identified "born criminals." Later studies examined body types, with some finding convicts were more likely to be mesomorphs. Adoption studies found that adoptees with criminal biological parents were more likely to have criminal records themselves, though this was mitigated by improved social conditions. Modern biological theories examine biochemical, neurophysiological, and genetic factors but are limited as most deviant acts are committed by physically normal individuals, and biological factors do not fully explain variations in crime rates between societies.
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The document provides a history of criminology, including its origins in the 18th century and development over time at universities around the world and in Pakistan. It discusses the objectives and methodology behind criminology and lists group members for a project. It also outlines career opportunities for criminologists, such as in criminal investigations, corrections, counseling, and teaching. Potential jobs in Pakistan are identified, including in the criminal justice system, law enforcement, and prisons. Recommendations include incorporating terrorism into criminology, providing more funding and jobs, expanding criminology education, and establishing more security and criminal psychology institutes.
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This document discusses several key concepts in criminology, including:
1) Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior using interdisciplinary approaches including sociology, psychology, and other fields.
2) There are different perspectives on what constitutes a crime and how crime is defined, including consensus, conflict, and interactionist views.
3) Criminologists study various aspects of crime including developing theories of causation, examining criminal justice systems, analyzing crime data, and understanding criminal behavior.
4) There are ongoing debates around defining crime and how the criminal justice system operates.
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The document discusses the police's power of investigation in India according to the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC). It provides an overview of the police's role in enforcing law and ensuring public safety. The key aspects of police investigation covered are gathering evidence, analyzing information, making reasonable conclusions, and arresting or charging suspects. The CrPC chapters and sections governing information given to police, their powers to investigate cognizable and non-cognizable cases, and the procedures around investigation, questioning witnesses, searches, and submitting investigation reports are summarized.
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This document discusses various theories of punishment under the Indian criminal justice system. It begins by defining punishment and distinguishing between private and public wrongs. It then outlines the main purposes of criminal justice as punishing wrongdoers and protecting society. Four main theories of punishment are described - deterrent theory, preventive theory, reformative theory, and retributive theory. The document also discusses types of punishment under the Indian Penal Code such as death, imprisonment, forfeiture of property, and fines. It analyzes some important court cases related to capital punishment and the reformative approach.
Differential Association Theory- Cunningham
Edwin Sutherland proposed differential association theory in 1947, which states that criminal behavior is learned through intimate personal groups and defines crime as a learning process that can affect anyone. The theory has several key principles: 1) criminal behavior is learned from interactions with others who encourage law-breaking, 2) this learning includes how to commit crimes and rationalize them, and 3) how individuals view legal codes is learned from others. Critics argue it does not fully explain why some from law-abiding families commit crimes or account for spontaneous deviant acts. While not complete, differential association emphasizes the importance of social influences on criminal behavior.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Biological Theories of Crime
Physiological theories of crime argue that criminal behavior is innate and biologically determined. Early theories included demonology which attributed crime to demonic possession, and phrenology which claimed that certain skull and facial features identified "born criminals." Later studies examined body types, with some finding convicts were more likely to be mesomorphs. Adoption studies found that adoptees with criminal biological parents were more likely to have criminal records themselves, though this was mitigated by improved social conditions. Modern biological theories examine biochemical, neurophysiological, and genetic factors but are limited as most deviant acts are committed by physically normal individuals, and biological factors do not fully explain variations in crime rates between societies.
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This document discusses culpable homicide and murder under the Indian Penal Code. It defines culpable homicide as causing death by doing an act with the intention of causing death or bodily injury likely to cause death. The key ingredients of culpable homicide are discussed, including causing the death of a human by doing an act with intention to cause death or injury likely to cause death. Murder is defined as culpable homicide committed with the intention to cause death. Exceptions to murder and illustrations of both offenses are provided. The document distinguishes between culpable homicide and murder and notes their respective punishments under the Indian Penal Code.
Biological Theory of Crime
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The document discusses the nature and elements of crime under criminal law. It defines crime as an act punishable by the state that is committed against society. The two main elements of most crimes are mens rea, the mental state or intent, and actus reus, the criminal act itself. It provides examples of different categories of crimes like homicide, assault, and economic offenses. It also discusses parties to a crime and factors that can influence criminal behavior.
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The document discusses several theories of female criminality:
1) The masculinization theory proposes that women engage in more serious violent crimes when they exhibit typically masculine behaviors due to empowerment. However, it cannot explain criminality in third world societies.
2) The opportunity theory suggests that increasing opportunities for women has reduced violent crimes but increased property crimes. However, data does not fully support the theory's relationship between opportunities and crime based on region, class, and employment.
3) The marginalization theory argues that the marginalized positions of many women in terms of low wages, jobs, class, and family victimization can lead them into criminality. It is considered more valid than other theories due to its reliance
Penology
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in criminology and penology. It defines penology as the study of crime punishment and prison management. Criminology is defined as the scientific study of crime and efforts by society to control crime. The document outlines the differences between criminology and penology, and describes the four types of penology. It also discusses the sciences involved in criminology and criminalistics.
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This document discusses organized crime. It defines organized crime as groups that use unlawful means like violence, threats, or corruption to gain money or advantages. It describes the characteristics of organized crime groups as having teamwork, hierarchies, planning, and effective member control. The activities of organized crime include narcotics, gambling, human trafficking, and money laundering. There are different types of organized crime like gangs, racketeering, and syndicates. The document also discusses the levels of relationship between organized crime and political corruption.
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This document provides an overview of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). It discusses that the IPC was formulated in 1860 under British rule to address crimes in diverse, multi-cultural India. The IPC lists offenses and corresponding punishments for any person of Indian origin or citizenship. It covers common crimes, disputes between states/groups, intrusions from neighboring countries and terrorists. The document outlines the elements of a crime according to the IPC, including an unlawful act (actus reus) combined with criminal intent (mens rea) that causes injury and is prohibited by law. An offense is defined as an act punishable by the IPC.
Obli ppt
This document outlines the course content for a law and business law course. It covers several parts: an introduction to law and business law defining key terms; obligations in general and the nature and effect of obligations; general provisions on contracts; and defective contracts. The introduction defines law and discusses sources of law and characteristics of business law. Obligations are discussed in terms of their essential requisites and effects. General provisions on contracts cover elements, stages, characteristics and classifications of contracts. Defective contracts discusses rescissible, voidable, unenforceable and void contracts.
Main
The document discusses various schools of thought in criminology from the 18th century to present. It covers the Classical, Positivist, and Chicago schools which focused on deterrence, biological and social causes of crime, and how urban environments influence crime rates. Later developments included sociological positivism linking crime to factors like poverty, differential association theory that crime is learned, and strain theory that societal pressures can cause some to turn to crime. The document provides details on the key thinkers and theories within each criminological paradigm.
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The document outlines the topics that will be covered in a course on law and business law. It discusses the following key points:
1. The course will cover introduction to law, obligations, general provisions on contracts, and defective contracts.
2. Under the introduction, it defines law and discusses the sources and characteristics of law.
3. For obligations, it discusses the nature and effect of obligations according to their object or prestation.
4. For contracts, it discusses the elements, classification, forms, interpretation and defects of contracts.
criminal lawwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww.pptx
comprehensive overview of criminal law within a 3000-word limit necessitates a structured approach, focusing on key elements such as the definition of criminal law, its historical evolution, the principles governing criminal liability, the elements of a crime, various categories of crimes, criminal procedure, defenses, and contemporary issues in criminal law. Below is an outline that can guide the elaboration of each section within the word limit:
Title: Understanding Criminal Law: Foundations, Principles, and Practice
I. Introduction to Criminal Law
Definition of Criminal Law
Distinction between Civil and Criminal Law
Historical Evolution of Criminal Law
II. Principles Governing Criminal Liability
Actus Reus: The Act Requirement
Mens Rea: The Mental State Requirement
Concurrence of Actus Reus and Mens Rea
Causation
Strict Liability Offenses
III. Elements of a Crime
Actus Reus: Conduct, Consequences, and Circumstances
Mens Rea: Intention, Knowledge, Recklessness, and Negligence
Causation: Factual and Legal Causation
Strict Liability Offenses: No Requirement of Mens Rea
IV. Categories of Crimes
Felonies vs. Misdemeanors
Personal Crimes: Homicide, Assault, Battery, Rape
Property Crimes: Theft, Burglary, Robbery, Arson
Inchoate Crimes: Attempt, Conspiracy, Solicitation
White-Collar Crimes: Fraud, Embezzlement, Money Laundering
Victimless Crimes: Drug Possession, Prostitution
V. Criminal Procedure
Investigation: Arrest, Search, Seizure
Charging: Complaint, Indictment, Information
Pre-trial Proceedings: Bail, Plea Bargaining
Trial: Jury Selection, Opening Statements, Evidence Presentation
Verdict: Guilty, Not Guilty, Jury Nullification
Sentencing: Determinate vs. Indeterminate Sentencing, Probation, Parole
Appeals Process
VI. Defenses in Criminal Law
Justifications: Self-Defense, Defense of Others, Defense of Property
Excuses: Insanity, Duress, Mistake of Fact, Intoxication
Procedural Defenses: Entrapment, Double Jeopardy, Statute of Limitations
VII. Contemporary Issues in Criminal Law
Emerging Technologies and Cybercrime
Criminal Responsibility of Corporations
Criminalization of Poverty and Social Issues
Racial Disparities in Criminal Justice
Mental Health and Criminal Liability
Globalization and Transnational Crime
VIII. Conclusion
Recapitulation of Key Points
Reflection on the Evolution and Challenges of Criminal Law
Importance of Balancing Justice, Rehabilitation, and Public Safety
Each section can be elaborated upon using relevant legal principles, case examples, and scholarly insights to provide a comprehensive understanding of criminal law within the specified word limit. Additionally, the conclusion can offer a synthesis of the discussed topics, highlighting the ongoing debates and future directions in the field of criminal law.
Criminal law, often referred to as penal law, ewwwww
Fundamentals of law -ece
This document discusses the fundamentals of law, including definitions of law and ethics. It describes the differences between substantive and procedural law, as well as civil and criminal law. It also outlines the key purposes and functions of law in establishing standards, maintaining order, resolving disputes, and protecting rights and liberties. Additionally, it examines the sources of law including constitutions, legislatures, executives, judiciaries, administrative agencies, and international organizations. Finally, it summarizes Republic Act No. 9292, also known as the Electronics Engineering Law of 2004, which regulates the licensing and practice of electronics engineers and technicians in the Philippines.
sources of law
The document discusses the sources of law. It identifies the key formal sources of law as legislation, judicial precedents, and treaties. Legislation includes acts passed by parliament and subordinate legislation. Judicial precedents refer to binding case law from superior courts. Material sources that influence legal development include customs, standards of justice, and juristic writings. Non-formal sources lack formal recognition but can still persuade, such as customs, equity, and public policy. Scholars have debated the terminology around "sources of law" and whether it refers to the authority, knowledge, causes, or organs of law.
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VICE SIN TORT
- 1. Criminal law Unit 1 Introduction to criminal law
- 2. Definitions: Vice A vice is a habit which is regarded as a weakness in someone's character, but not usually as a serious fault. Immoral or wicked behaviour. Vice is a practice, behaviour, or habit generally considered immoral, sinful, criminal, rude, taboo, depraved, or degrading in the associated society. In more minor usage, vice can refer to a fault, a negative character trait, a defect, an infirmity, or a bad or unhealthy habit (such as an addiction to smoking).
- 3. Sin an immoral act considered to be a transgression against divine law.
- 4. Tort Unlawful, wrongful act or infringement of a right leading to legal disability. Something you do or fail to do which harms someone else and for which you can be sued for damages Legal definition: a civil wrong arising from an act or failure to act, which can cause a personal injury or property damage. Example: negligence and accidents
- 5. Tort cont….. Civil wrong Civil proceedings in civil court Appropriate remedy : compensation The injured starts action Guilty intention is not required Burden of proof lies with injured Civil law is not codified Latest branch of law Natural principles of law is followed
- 6. Crime Paul W. Tappen "An intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law, committed, without defense or justification and sanctioned by law as felony or misdemeanor.“ Stephen "Crime is an act which is forbidden by law and revolting to the moral sentiments of the society". Sir William Blackstone "an act committed or omitted in violation of Public Law forbidding or commanding it".
- 7. Crime cont….. Felony more serious crimes such as murder, kidnapping, and robbery Carries a year or more in state prison Misdemeanor Less serious crimes such as shoplifting or a DUI Usually carries a fine and jail sentence of less than a year, if at all.
- 8. Elements of Crime Mensrea "a guilty mind” guilty intention Actusreus "guilty act“ physical act
- 9. History of Criminal Law MANU : “DHARMA SUTRAS” Admin of justice, primary function of king, the law giver, ancient law book. Belief, values, tradition and assumptios collective wisdom of intellectual Arthasashtra by koutalya : the rule book Code of Hammurabi first code maker of Babylon eye for eye : tooth for tooth Canon Law : presumption of innocence ; opportunity to provide evidence Sharia Law : Islamic , religious, politics in saudi Kazi retaliation, blood money , fixed and exemplary punishment, depending upon culprits power : lacks uniformity IPC : uniform code of penal law, law of land
- 10. Types of crimes Offenses against the Person Offenses against Property Theft: Larceny, Robbery, Embezzlement, False Pretenses Offences against nation White-Collar Crime Cyber crime Environmental crimes
- 11. Indian penal code 1860 lord Macaulay Indian Penal Code popularly known as IPC is the primary criminal law of India Defines crimes and punishments Substantive law twenty-three chapters 511 sections, covering different types of offences, penalties, punishments and exceptions. five major punishment sections, i.e. death, imprisonment for life, general imprisonment, forfeiture of property and fine.
- 12. Criminal procedure code 1973 Criminal Procedure Code can be described as the fundamental law on the procedure for the regulation of criminal law in India. It is concerned with the set of rules that administer the series of proceedings, that take place during a criminal offence. Procedural law Lays down the steps that are followed for a criminal case Thirty seven chapters 484 sections
- 13. Indian Evidence Act, 1872, eleven chapters 167 sections contains a set of rules and allied issues governing admissibility of evidence in the Indian courts of law.
- 14. Constitution 1949 Latin word constituere means to establish to construct to form later French constitution regularities and orders Constitution of India means “A set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which Indian state is governed” It is the mother law (or) basic law (or) fundamental law Supreme law of the nation 25 parts 448 articles 12 schedule
- 15. THANK YOU ANY QUESTIONS ?