The world of microorganisms' .
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you will learn about 1 What is microorganisms' . 2.types of microorganisms' . 3 .Advantages and Disadvantages of microorganisms' . 4. Examples of microorganisms' . 5. microorganism on microscope . Thank you .
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This document provides an overview of microbiology, including its history, branches, and scope. It begins with definitions of microbiology and microorganisms. It then discusses the 6 major groups studied in microbiology and the branches associated with each. The history is divided into the discovery stage, transition stage, and modern microbiology. Key figures who advanced the field are described. The major branches of microbiology are listed. Finally, the large scope and importance of microbiology is discussed in areas like antibiotic production, vitamin production, baking, acid/enzyme production, dairy, agriculture, and food.
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Toxins are poisonous substances produced by living organisms that can cause harm by interacting with biological molecules or cellular receptors. Toxicity refers to the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. Different toxins can cause a range of effects from minor damage to death. Common types of toxins include hemotoxins, phototoxins, and biotoxins produced by organisms for predation or defense. Antitoxins are antibodies that can neutralize specific toxins. They are produced within organisms but can also be administered to other organisms to induce immunity.
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Bacteria are classified in several ways:
1. By staining (Gram positive/negative, acid-fast), shape (cocci, bacilli), motility, environment (aerobic/anaerobic).
2. The bacterial cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, flagella/fimbriae and cytoplasm. The cell wall provides structure and protection through its peptidoglycan layer.
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Germs are microorganisms that can only be seen with a microscope. There are different types of germs including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can be helpful or harmful. Viruses are even smaller and can only reproduce inside living cells. Fungi are plant-like and get nutrients from other organisms. Protozoa are single-celled organisms that thrive in moist environments. Germs can spread through direct contact, contaminated food/water, airborne transmission, and contact with surfaces. Bacterial diseases are caused by bacteria and include diseases like tuberculosis, cholera, and tetanus. Viral diseases have different causes and symptoms and include diseases like
Microorganisms (3) (2)
Microorganisms are tiny organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. They can live in various environments ranging from ice cold climates to hot springs. Microorganisms include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and some algae. Viruses are also considered microbes though they can only reproduce inside host cells. Some microorganisms are useful for producing medicines and alcohol, while others decompose organic waste and help clean the environment. However, some microorganisms can also cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants.
Types of pathogen
Pathogens are disease-causing organisms and can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or parasitic worms. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can be saprophytic, parasitic, or produce toxins. Viruses are the smallest pathogens and can only replicate inside host cells. Fungi are simple organisms that cannot produce their own food and often live on dead organic matter. Protozoa are single-celled organisms larger than bacteria with more complex cells, and can cause diseases like malaria. Parasitic worms live in or on humans and animals, with examples including roundworms, pinworms, tapeworms, flukes, and trichinella spiralis which causes
Microorganisms
This document discusses microorganisms and their roles as both friends and foes. It describes that microorganisms can be unicellular or multicellular, and exist in diverse environments including inside human and animal bodies. There are four main types - bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. While some microorganisms are beneficial in activities like making bread, alcohol, medicines, and increasing soil fertility, others are harmful causing diseases in humans, plants and animals as well as food poisoning. Microorganisms also have roles in sewage treatment and human gut health.
Microorganisms:freinds and foe
Microorganisms are very small organisms that cannot be seen without magnification. There are four main types of microorganisms: bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Microorganisms can be beneficial by decomposing waste, fixing nitrogen in soil, and aiding in production of foods like cheese and bread, but some can also cause diseases in plants and humans or spoil materials.
Micro Organisms
Micro-organisms are tiny living things that can only be seen with a microscope. They include bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Bacteria are single-celled microbes that come in different shapes and sizes, and can cause both disease and cure infections. Viruses are even smaller and rely on host cells to reproduce. Fungi feed on dead and living organic matter and include mushrooms and yeasts. Micro-organisms play important roles like decomposing waste, recycling nutrients, and aiding in food production.
Microbes
Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi are the four main types of microbes. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can cause infections like strep throat or pneumonia. Viruses cannot live on their own and must infect living cells, causing diseases like the flu. Protozoa are single-celled parasites that often spread through water and can cause diarrhea. Fungi are multicellular organisms that live off other organisms and can cause infections like athlete's foot.
Microorganisms our friends
In the presentation I have shown the various ways the microbes help us in our day to day life. There are different types of microbes in and around us who help us in ways we even don't know about. Please comment if any improvement needed.
Similar to The world of microorganisms' . (20)
What Causes A Virus Pandemic and How to Prevent Future Ones.pdf
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在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
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Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
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2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
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Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
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Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
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MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
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Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
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Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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The world of microorganisms' .
- 2. A living organism that is very minute to be seen by the naked eye, especially a single celled organism .
- 4. Bacteria are small single-celled organisms. Some species can live under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure. Bacteria are microorganisms that come in various shapes.They can be spheres, they can be rods, or they can be spirals. There are some bacteria that are bad we call that pathogenic .
- 5. The beneficial uses of bacteria include the production of traditional foods such as yogurt, cheese, and vinegar. Other good bacteria can produce oxygen are used to create antibiotics.
- 6. If you consume or come in contact with harmful bacteria, they may reproduce in your body and release toxins that can damage your body’s tissues and make you feel ill. Ex - strep throat, staph infections, cholera, tuberculosis, and food poisoning.
- 10. E.col
- 11. Fungi grow in decomposers in the soil or on dead plant matter . Fungi can be single celled or very complex multicellular organisms. they live on the land, mainly in soil or on plant material rather than in sea or fresh water.
- 12. Mushroom Yeast used to make bread
- 15. Plant Diseases Human Diseases Destruction of timber and timber products Mushroom poisoning Food Spoilage
- 16. penicillium
- 18. Organisms with no root , stem and leaves . Algae are green substances floating on the surface of a pond, lake, river, stagnant water, moist soil, stones.They tend to grow on wet surfaces.Therefore, they can synthesize their own food.They are found in water or in very moist places.
- 21. Water may contain blue –green alage that is harmful to humans and animals . Reduce carbon dioxide
- 24. Chlamydomonas
- 25. Viruses are non-cellular, microscopic infectious agents that can only replicate inside a host cell . When viruses enter to the body it reproduce. Ex - Coranavirus , common cold, Flu Etc…
- 26. natural and laboratory-modified viruses can be used to target and kill cancer cells . to treat a variety of genetic diseases as gene and cell therapy tools . to serve as vaccines or vaccine delivery agents. Ex - Mammalian viruses can also provide immunity against bacterial pathogens .Etc…
- 27. Virus causes a wide range of diseases which include HIV, chickenpox, influenza etc. Viruses have the ability to replicate and thus causes dead diseases like HIV. Virus transmits from person to person through air Viruses can cause cancer in humans and other species.Viruses that cause cancers in humans are included in the genotypes of human papillomavirus, hepatitis B virus.
- 30. These are unicellular microscopic organisms similar to animals that can move about to capture food and are heterotrophic in nature. They are mostly aquatic in nature Protozoa are single celled organisms. Ex – Amoeba , Paramecium , Egunala
- 31. Protozoa's play important roles in the fertility of soils. Protozoa's serve as food for many small aquatic organisms . Some protozoa's live in the body of other organisms and help them.
- 32. Some protozoan's cause diseases . Eg - sleeping sickness . Protozoa that spread through unclean food or water usually affect the digestive system by living and multiplying in the intestines . Protozoa that are transmitted through an insect bite usually cause a fever and inflammation among other physical problems.