The document discusses information and communication technology (ICT) systems and how they are used. An ICT system includes hardware, software, data, and users. ICT systems are used in offices, shops, factories, aircraft, ships, and fields like communications, medicine, and farming. The document also discusses word processing software, desktop publishing software, graphics software, and how different types of software are suited for different tasks.
Data can exist in different formats, known as data types. The main data types are text, numbers, dates, currency, and images/sounds. For computers to process analog data, it must first be converted into digital format using analog to digital converters. Databases organize data into tables containing records with fields, and can be either flat file or relational databases.
This document provides an introduction to basic computer components. It defines a computer as an electronic device that processes data. It then outlines the table of contents which includes definitions of what a computer is, computer hardware, software, input devices, and output devices. Computer hardware is defined as the physical machinery of the computer while software refers to programs that instruct the computer. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, scanners, and digital cameras, while output devices are typically monitors and printers.
System software, known as the operating system, allows a computer system to handle multiple tasks and users simultaneously. Application software is tailored for end users to perform specific tasks and can be written by programmers or purchased pre-written. The two main programming languages used to build web applications are Java and Ajax, and hypertext markup language (HTML) is needed to create web pages.
Computer applications like word processors, spreadsheets, databases, and presentation software make computers useful tools. Word processors allow creating, editing, and printing documents. Spreadsheets facilitate calculations, charts, and reports. Databases help organize and retrieve data. Presentation software enables creating and projecting slideshows. Examples of popular applications in each category are MS Word, Excel, Access, and PowerPoint.
This document provides an overview of notebook PCs and the basic components and functions of a computer system. It discusses that notebook PCs have become very popular as they are portable. It then explains the basic IPOS (Input, Processing, Output, Storage) cycle that computers perform. The document also covers common computer elements like hardware, software, data, users and procedures. Finally, it discusses some key computer applications and functions including operating systems, utilities, compilers, word processors, spreadsheets, presentation graphics, databases, image processors and paint programs.
An introduction to computers covering basic hardware components, what computers can do, and common business applications. Computers accept input, process data according to programmed instructions, and produce output. Core hardware includes input devices like keyboards and mice, storage devices like hard drives, and output devices like monitors and printers. Common software includes operating systems to control the hardware and application programs for tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, databases, and presentations. Networks and the internet allow communication and access to information between computers.
This document discusses why studying computers is important and provides an overview of computer hardware, software, data, and users. It notes that studying computers provides skills that are useful in many aspects of life and improves employment prospects. It then defines key computer components like the CPU, memory, storage, input and output devices. It also explains the basic functions of hardware, software, data, and how users interact with the system.
Data can exist in different formats, known as data types. The main data types are text, numbers, dates, currency, and images/sounds. For computers to process analog data, it must first be converted into digital format using analog to digital converters. Databases organize data into tables containing records with fields, and can be either flat file or relational databases.
This document provides an introduction to basic computer components. It defines a computer as an electronic device that processes data. It then outlines the table of contents which includes definitions of what a computer is, computer hardware, software, input devices, and output devices. Computer hardware is defined as the physical machinery of the computer while software refers to programs that instruct the computer. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, scanners, and digital cameras, while output devices are typically monitors and printers.
System software, known as the operating system, allows a computer system to handle multiple tasks and users simultaneously. Application software is tailored for end users to perform specific tasks and can be written by programmers or purchased pre-written. The two main programming languages used to build web applications are Java and Ajax, and hypertext markup language (HTML) is needed to create web pages.
Computer applications like word processors, spreadsheets, databases, and presentation software make computers useful tools. Word processors allow creating, editing, and printing documents. Spreadsheets facilitate calculations, charts, and reports. Databases help organize and retrieve data. Presentation software enables creating and projecting slideshows. Examples of popular applications in each category are MS Word, Excel, Access, and PowerPoint.
This document provides an overview of notebook PCs and the basic components and functions of a computer system. It discusses that notebook PCs have become very popular as they are portable. It then explains the basic IPOS (Input, Processing, Output, Storage) cycle that computers perform. The document also covers common computer elements like hardware, software, data, users and procedures. Finally, it discusses some key computer applications and functions including operating systems, utilities, compilers, word processors, spreadsheets, presentation graphics, databases, image processors and paint programs.
An introduction to computers covering basic hardware components, what computers can do, and common business applications. Computers accept input, process data according to programmed instructions, and produce output. Core hardware includes input devices like keyboards and mice, storage devices like hard drives, and output devices like monitors and printers. Common software includes operating systems to control the hardware and application programs for tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, databases, and presentations. Networks and the internet allow communication and access to information between computers.
This document discusses why studying computers is important and provides an overview of computer hardware, software, data, and users. It notes that studying computers provides skills that are useful in many aspects of life and improves employment prospects. It then defines key computer components like the CPU, memory, storage, input and output devices. It also explains the basic functions of hardware, software, data, and how users interact with the system.
System, sub-system, computer system, advantages, disadvantages, types of computers, classes by size and functions, server, workstations, information appliances, embedded computers etc.
This document provides definitions for many common computer terms related to user interfaces, hardware, software, networking, and the internet. It explains that a user interface allows users to interact with devices through input like keyboards and output seen on monitors. Graphical user interfaces use icons to represent files and programs on a desktop metaphor. Basic computer parts like the CPU and peripheral devices are defined as hardware, while software provides instructions to tell the computer what to do. Networking and the internet allow computers to be connected and share resources, using protocols like HTML and URLs.
This document provides an overview of basic computer concepts including defining computers and their components, how computers work, different types of computers, software, the internet, web, email and privacy concerns. It introduces key topics such as CPUs, memory, storage, operating systems, applications, networks, browsers, email addresses, attachments and etiquette. Diagrams illustrate the parts of computers, operating systems, web pages, URLs and email messages.
The document provides an introduction to computer hardware and systems, describing the basic components of a computer system including the central processing unit, primary and secondary storage, input and output devices, and communication devices. It explains how computers represent and process data using binary digits and coding systems, and describes the functions of the CPU, memory, buses, and arithmetic logic unit in processing data and carrying out instructions. Various input devices such as keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and microphones and output devices such as displays and printers are also introduced.
Computer software or simply software is a program that enables a computer to perform a specific task as oppose to the physical components of the system (i.e. hardware).
The document provides an overview of key concepts in ICT including computer systems, hardware, software, input/output devices, storage, networks, and the system development life cycle. It defines the main components of a computer system as hardware, software, and data. It describes common hardware such as motherboards, storage, and I/O devices. It also outlines different types of software including operating systems and applications. The document then discusses storage units, media, and backup methods. It concludes with a review of networks, communication methods, and the stages in the system development life cycle.
There are several ways to classify computers based on their principles of operation and configuration. In terms of principles of operation, computers can be analog, digital, or hybrid. Analog computers operate on continuous ranges of values while digital computers use binary and operate with discrete logic levels. Hybrid computers combine aspects of analog and digital. Configuration relates to size, speed, and storage; common types are supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers like desktops, laptops, and handheld devices. Supercomputers have the highest performance for applications like modeling while microcomputers are more affordable and common for individual use. [/SUMMARY]
Introduction to Basic Computer Concepts PresentationAna Tan
The document discusses the history and evolution of computers from early calculating aids like the abacus to modern computers. It describes inventions like the Pascaline, the first mechanical calculator, the Difference Engine, an early mechanical computer, and the ENIAC, one of the first general-purpose electronic computers. It then discusses the development of personal computers starting in the 1970s and the introduction of devices like the Apple I, IBM PC, and early netbooks.
This document provides an overview of computers including definitions, components, generations, software types, programming languages, number systems, and operating systems. It defines a computer as an electronic device that takes input, processes data, and provides output. The key components are described as the central processing unit, keyboard, mouse, and monitor. Generations of computers and some examples from each generation are also mentioned. The document discusses system software, application software, embedded software, and open source software. It concludes with brief descriptions of common number systems and operating systems like Windows and Linux.
This document provides an introduction to computer systems. It discusses the main hardware components of a computer system including the central processing unit, primary storage, secondary storage, input devices, output devices, and communication devices. It describes how these components work together and are connected via buses. The document also explains how computers represent and store data using binary digits and coding systems. It provides details on random access memory, read-only memory, and how program instructions are transferred between memory and secondary storage.
Are you Insearchfor Best Computer Centre in Ambala? Now you search is end here. Batra Computer Centre is an ISO certified Centre. We provide you best training in Basic Computer, HTML, PHP, C & C++ languages and so many other courses are avaible here.
This document outlines different data storage devices, how they work, and their advantages. It discusses magnetic storage devices like hard drives, optical storage devices like CDs and DVDs, flash memory devices like USB drives, online cloud storage, and older paper storage methods. Hard drives are described as using spinning disks and magnetic coating to store data, with interfaces like SATA, IDE, and SCSI. RAID configurations like RAID 0 and 1 are outlined which stripe or mirror data across multiple disks. External hard drives and solid state drives are also summarized.
A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process the data according to programmed instructions, produce output from the processing, and store the results for future use. It has a processor that interprets instructions, input devices like keyboards and mice to enter data, output devices like printers and displays to present information, storage devices like hard drives to hold data and programs, and a system unit containing the main circuit board. Software programs control computer operations and allow users to perform tasks like word processing, managing spreadsheets, and accessing the internet through networks and browsers.
The document discusses computer hardware and software. It defines hardware as the physical and electronic parts of a computer, including the CPU and peripheral devices. The CPU processes data according to instructions and contains an ALU and control unit. Software refers to computer programs and instructions that guide the hardware. There are two main types of software: system software that controls hardware operations, and application software for specific tasks like payroll or word processing. Input and output devices allow interaction between users and the CPU by translating data into forms it can understand. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, scanners, and microphones.
This document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT) and the basic parts and functions of a computer. It defines key terms like data, information, hardware, and software. It describes how a computer works by taking in input from devices, processing data in the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, then outputting information through output devices. Finally, it lists and describes common input devices, output devices, data storage devices, and network devices that make up a basic computer system.
This document defines and describes several common computing and electronic devices:
- A laptop computer is a mobile personal computer with a display, keyboard, pointing device, and speakers integrated into a single unit.
- A server is a dedicated physical computer that runs services, like databases, files, mail, printing, web pages, and games, to serve other computers on a network.
- A camera is a device that records still photographs or moving videos and images that can be stored or transmitted to other locations.
- A video game console produces a video signal to display video games on a television or monitor using technologies like blue ray, Ethernet, USB, and micro SD ports.
- A tablet computer is a larger, touch
A computer is an electronic device that can receive data, perform logical operations on that data according to a set of instructions, and produce a result. It works automatically at very high speeds and with high accuracy. A computer's main components are a processor, memory, storage devices, input/output ports and devices, and software. Information technology plays important roles in businesses by enabling communication, inventory management, data management, and customer relationship management. It also enhances education by providing access to learning resources, collaborative learning opportunities, and distance learning.
The document provides an introduction to computers, defining a computer as an electronic device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. It outlines key computer concepts such as data, information, input/output devices, software/hardware, types of computers, and common uses. The document aims to give the reader a basic overview of what a computer is and its main components.
This document discusses different types of computers and input/output devices. It defines basic computer terminology and describes the boot process and how data is processed. It outlines various types of computers including microcomputers, desktops, laptops, workstations, supercomputers, mainframes, servers, and handheld devices. It details common computer components like the system unit, CPU, input devices like keyboards and mice, and output devices such as monitors, printers, and speakers. Peripheral devices are used to expand the input, output, and storage capabilities of computers.
The document summarizes various ways that information and communication technology (ICT) is used, including:
1) Communication applications like video conferencing, websites, and e-mail;
2) Satellite and mobile phone networks that allow data transmission over large areas;
3) Data handling using surveys, spreadsheets, and databases;
4) Modelling and simulation applications;
5) Control and monitoring of processes using sensors;
6) Robotics using programmed instructions;
7) Banking applications like internet banking, ATMs, and chip-and-PIN cards;
8) Expert systems that mimic expertise in fields like medicine, mining, and chess.
This document provides terminology and templates for preparing financial statements according to international standards. It includes templates for income statements, statements of financial position, and manufacturing accounts for sole proprietorships, partnerships, and limited companies. Key sections and accounts are defined, such as appropriation accounts, receipts and payments accounts, and trading versus non-trading organizations. Template line items and account headings are explained.
System, sub-system, computer system, advantages, disadvantages, types of computers, classes by size and functions, server, workstations, information appliances, embedded computers etc.
This document provides definitions for many common computer terms related to user interfaces, hardware, software, networking, and the internet. It explains that a user interface allows users to interact with devices through input like keyboards and output seen on monitors. Graphical user interfaces use icons to represent files and programs on a desktop metaphor. Basic computer parts like the CPU and peripheral devices are defined as hardware, while software provides instructions to tell the computer what to do. Networking and the internet allow computers to be connected and share resources, using protocols like HTML and URLs.
This document provides an overview of basic computer concepts including defining computers and their components, how computers work, different types of computers, software, the internet, web, email and privacy concerns. It introduces key topics such as CPUs, memory, storage, operating systems, applications, networks, browsers, email addresses, attachments and etiquette. Diagrams illustrate the parts of computers, operating systems, web pages, URLs and email messages.
The document provides an introduction to computer hardware and systems, describing the basic components of a computer system including the central processing unit, primary and secondary storage, input and output devices, and communication devices. It explains how computers represent and process data using binary digits and coding systems, and describes the functions of the CPU, memory, buses, and arithmetic logic unit in processing data and carrying out instructions. Various input devices such as keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and microphones and output devices such as displays and printers are also introduced.
Computer software or simply software is a program that enables a computer to perform a specific task as oppose to the physical components of the system (i.e. hardware).
The document provides an overview of key concepts in ICT including computer systems, hardware, software, input/output devices, storage, networks, and the system development life cycle. It defines the main components of a computer system as hardware, software, and data. It describes common hardware such as motherboards, storage, and I/O devices. It also outlines different types of software including operating systems and applications. The document then discusses storage units, media, and backup methods. It concludes with a review of networks, communication methods, and the stages in the system development life cycle.
There are several ways to classify computers based on their principles of operation and configuration. In terms of principles of operation, computers can be analog, digital, or hybrid. Analog computers operate on continuous ranges of values while digital computers use binary and operate with discrete logic levels. Hybrid computers combine aspects of analog and digital. Configuration relates to size, speed, and storage; common types are supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers like desktops, laptops, and handheld devices. Supercomputers have the highest performance for applications like modeling while microcomputers are more affordable and common for individual use. [/SUMMARY]
Introduction to Basic Computer Concepts PresentationAna Tan
The document discusses the history and evolution of computers from early calculating aids like the abacus to modern computers. It describes inventions like the Pascaline, the first mechanical calculator, the Difference Engine, an early mechanical computer, and the ENIAC, one of the first general-purpose electronic computers. It then discusses the development of personal computers starting in the 1970s and the introduction of devices like the Apple I, IBM PC, and early netbooks.
This document provides an overview of computers including definitions, components, generations, software types, programming languages, number systems, and operating systems. It defines a computer as an electronic device that takes input, processes data, and provides output. The key components are described as the central processing unit, keyboard, mouse, and monitor. Generations of computers and some examples from each generation are also mentioned. The document discusses system software, application software, embedded software, and open source software. It concludes with brief descriptions of common number systems and operating systems like Windows and Linux.
This document provides an introduction to computer systems. It discusses the main hardware components of a computer system including the central processing unit, primary storage, secondary storage, input devices, output devices, and communication devices. It describes how these components work together and are connected via buses. The document also explains how computers represent and store data using binary digits and coding systems. It provides details on random access memory, read-only memory, and how program instructions are transferred between memory and secondary storage.
Are you Insearchfor Best Computer Centre in Ambala? Now you search is end here. Batra Computer Centre is an ISO certified Centre. We provide you best training in Basic Computer, HTML, PHP, C & C++ languages and so many other courses are avaible here.
This document outlines different data storage devices, how they work, and their advantages. It discusses magnetic storage devices like hard drives, optical storage devices like CDs and DVDs, flash memory devices like USB drives, online cloud storage, and older paper storage methods. Hard drives are described as using spinning disks and magnetic coating to store data, with interfaces like SATA, IDE, and SCSI. RAID configurations like RAID 0 and 1 are outlined which stripe or mirror data across multiple disks. External hard drives and solid state drives are also summarized.
A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process the data according to programmed instructions, produce output from the processing, and store the results for future use. It has a processor that interprets instructions, input devices like keyboards and mice to enter data, output devices like printers and displays to present information, storage devices like hard drives to hold data and programs, and a system unit containing the main circuit board. Software programs control computer operations and allow users to perform tasks like word processing, managing spreadsheets, and accessing the internet through networks and browsers.
The document discusses computer hardware and software. It defines hardware as the physical and electronic parts of a computer, including the CPU and peripheral devices. The CPU processes data according to instructions and contains an ALU and control unit. Software refers to computer programs and instructions that guide the hardware. There are two main types of software: system software that controls hardware operations, and application software for specific tasks like payroll or word processing. Input and output devices allow interaction between users and the CPU by translating data into forms it can understand. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, scanners, and microphones.
This document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT) and the basic parts and functions of a computer. It defines key terms like data, information, hardware, and software. It describes how a computer works by taking in input from devices, processing data in the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, then outputting information through output devices. Finally, it lists and describes common input devices, output devices, data storage devices, and network devices that make up a basic computer system.
This document defines and describes several common computing and electronic devices:
- A laptop computer is a mobile personal computer with a display, keyboard, pointing device, and speakers integrated into a single unit.
- A server is a dedicated physical computer that runs services, like databases, files, mail, printing, web pages, and games, to serve other computers on a network.
- A camera is a device that records still photographs or moving videos and images that can be stored or transmitted to other locations.
- A video game console produces a video signal to display video games on a television or monitor using technologies like blue ray, Ethernet, USB, and micro SD ports.
- A tablet computer is a larger, touch
A computer is an electronic device that can receive data, perform logical operations on that data according to a set of instructions, and produce a result. It works automatically at very high speeds and with high accuracy. A computer's main components are a processor, memory, storage devices, input/output ports and devices, and software. Information technology plays important roles in businesses by enabling communication, inventory management, data management, and customer relationship management. It also enhances education by providing access to learning resources, collaborative learning opportunities, and distance learning.
The document provides an introduction to computers, defining a computer as an electronic device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. It outlines key computer concepts such as data, information, input/output devices, software/hardware, types of computers, and common uses. The document aims to give the reader a basic overview of what a computer is and its main components.
This document discusses different types of computers and input/output devices. It defines basic computer terminology and describes the boot process and how data is processed. It outlines various types of computers including microcomputers, desktops, laptops, workstations, supercomputers, mainframes, servers, and handheld devices. It details common computer components like the system unit, CPU, input devices like keyboards and mice, and output devices such as monitors, printers, and speakers. Peripheral devices are used to expand the input, output, and storage capabilities of computers.
The document summarizes various ways that information and communication technology (ICT) is used, including:
1) Communication applications like video conferencing, websites, and e-mail;
2) Satellite and mobile phone networks that allow data transmission over large areas;
3) Data handling using surveys, spreadsheets, and databases;
4) Modelling and simulation applications;
5) Control and monitoring of processes using sensors;
6) Robotics using programmed instructions;
7) Banking applications like internet banking, ATMs, and chip-and-PIN cards;
8) Expert systems that mimic expertise in fields like medicine, mining, and chess.
This document provides terminology and templates for preparing financial statements according to international standards. It includes templates for income statements, statements of financial position, and manufacturing accounts for sole proprietorships, partnerships, and limited companies. Key sections and accounts are defined, such as appropriation accounts, receipts and payments accounts, and trading versus non-trading organizations. Template line items and account headings are explained.
This document provides revision notes on solving linear equations. It discusses solving simple equations by doing the same operation to both sides and the opposite operation. It also covers equations with brackets, which require expanding the bracket first before solving. Finally, it discusses equations with letters on both sides, which involve grouping letters on one side and numbers on the other. Examples are provided for each type of equation along with key points to remember when solving different kinds of linear equations. Practice and exam questions are included at the end.
1) A peak flow meter is a device used to measure lung function by measuring how fast a person can blow air out of their lungs.
2) It tells doctors and patients about lung strength and any restrictions in the airways that could indicate asthma or other lung conditions.
3) Peak flow meters are used by doctors to monitor lung conditions like asthma over time, and to see if medication is effectively treating symptoms.
IGCSE Science Double Award SpecificationMrs Parker
This document provides information about the Edexcel IGCSE in Science (Double Award) specification. It outlines the key content areas covered in Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. It also describes the assessment structure, which consists of three externally assessed papers - one each for Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. Each paper is worth 33.3% of the total IGCSE marks and is 2 hours in duration. The specification aims to provide students with a broad foundation in the three sciences and prepare them for further study.
The document lists various input and output devices that can be used with computers and other electronic devices, including midi interfaces, video cameras, touchscreens, microphones, light pens, remote controls, numeric keypads, joysticks, digital cameras, mice, keyboards, scanners, graphics tablets, Chip & PIN pads, trackerballs, webcams, magnetic stripe readers, magnetic stripes, magnetic ink characters, chips, optical marks, barcodes, touch pads, sensors, barcode readers, card readers, fingerprint readers, and number pads.
Classification of living organisms - IGCSE - Biology - QuestionsMustafa Rashid
Credits:-
Mustafa Rashid, Aslan Ammar, Ali Essa, Shadi Kaddah, Wael M. Awad, Sami B. Tria, Ibrahim Akram, Ahmed Ali
http://www.freepik.com/free-vector/vectors_795232.htm
Grade 8-C
Biology
Al-Reeyada International School, Saudi Arabia - Hofuf
Google+ : https://goo.gl/gnbHnZ
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MustfaRashid
This document provides instructions for navigating an online presentation about plant reproduction. It explains that users should complete all activities and worksheets, navigate through the presentation by clicking, and can view embedded videos by clicking on icons. Some slides have audio explanations. The presentation covers flower structure, pollination, fertilization, fruit development, seed dispersal, germination, and ends with a test.
Teks tersebut berisi soalan-soalan latihan tatabahasa bahasa Melayu untuk ujian UPSR. Soalan-soalannya meliputi tatabahasa dasar seperti kata kerja, kata ganti, kata sifat, dan peribahasa. Terdapat pula soalan-soalan yang disertai gambar untuk memudahkan pemahaman.
A network connects two or more computers together to share resources. Computers on a network can be connected through cables, phone lines, wireless connections or other methods. A local area network (LAN) connects computers within a small area like a building through cables or wireless connections. Each computer needs a network interface card to connect to the LAN. Most LANs use a powerful server computer that stores shared files and software and controls the network, while other computers that access these resources are called clients.
The document discusses gas exchange and emphysema. It begins by outlining lesson objectives on explaining gas exchange in the alveoli and justifying the symptoms of emphysema using evidence. It then provides information on emphysema including that smoking damages elastic tissue in the lungs, reducing elasticity and surface area for gas exchange. The key symptoms of emphysema are discussed as shortness of breath due to reduced lung function, chronic cough to remove damaged tissue, and cyanosis from low oxygen levels.
Here is a draft persuasive argument for your patient with emphysema who smokes:
Dear [Patient's Name],
I understand smoking can be difficult to quit, but as your doctor I'm concerned about your health and want to help you understand the serious risks of continuing to smoke. Let's discuss the facts so you can make an informed decision.
Emphysema damages your lungs by destroying the tiny air sacs (alveoli) that allow oxygen to pass into your bloodstream and carbon dioxide to pass out. This damage is permanent and progressive - it only gets worse over time. Continuing to smoke will accelerate this damage. Some short-term effects you may already be experiencing include shortness of breath,
The document provides information about biology concepts covered in the IGCSE curriculum. It discusses the seven characteristics of living things - movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion and nutrition. It also covers classification of organisms, cell structure, diffusion, osmosis and active transport, enzymes, and nutrition and digestion. The levels of classification from kingdom to species are described. The structures and functions of animal and plant cells and specialized cells are outlined.
The document summarizes changes to the IGCSE ICT examination and certification in the UK. It discusses replacing coursework with practical exams, emulating exam tasks in lessons, focusing on software skills and revising lessons to prepare students. It also notes the exam will assess computer systems, networks, data types and other topics and links to their school's A-Level ICT course.
This document provides information about nutrition and balanced diets. It discusses the main nutrients required - carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, fiber and water. It describes how to test for these nutrients and the importance of a balanced diet. Not eating a balanced diet can lead to malnutrition and health problems like obesity, heart disease and constipation. The document also discusses how microorganisms are used in food production and the uses and risks of food additives.
A network allows two or more electronic devices to connect and exchange data. Computers can be connected via cables, wireless connections, phone lines, or satellite links. Networks allow users to share files and resources, communicate, store data centrally, and access the internet for services, information, and entertainment. Special server computers provide centralized services to other computers on the network like file storage, printing, and user access control. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, and hybrid configurations. Wireless networks use radio signals instead of cables. Network hardware like network interface cards, cables, hubs, switches, routers, firewalls, proxies, bridges, and modems facilitate device connections and data exchange within networks.
The document summarizes several key functions and processes of the digestive system:
1) The mouth, esophagus, and stomach are involved in mechanical and chemical digestion of food. 2) The small intestine absorbs digested molecules into the bloodstream through villi. 3) The liver and pancreas produce enzymes like lipase, amylase, and protease to aid digestion.
The document discusses systems analysis and design. It explains that systems analysis involves analyzing existing systems within organizations to identify problems and improve efficiency. The stages of designing a new system are then outlined, including research, analysis, design, production, testing, documentation, implementation and evaluation. Various aspects of analyzing existing systems and designing new systems are then described in more detail, such as identifying inputs, outputs, and processes, specifying requirements, and designing data entry, validation, storage, outputs and system processes. Testing methods and strategies are also discussed.
This document discusses different types of ICT systems and how organizations use them. It provides information on what constitutes an ICT system, the importance of ICT systems, and types of ICT systems including information systems, control systems, and communication systems. It also discusses how businesses use ICT systems to improve communication, stock control, production, marketing, and reduce costs. Graphics software, HTML, presentation software, applications, programming languages, and operating systems are also overviewed.
Bitmap images store color information for each individual pixel arranged in a pattern, while vector images use mathematical formulas to draw lines and curves. Bitmaps can be edited by changing pixel colors, while vectors are edited by manipulating lines and curves. Vector images tend to be smaller files since they just store formulas rather than individual pixel data.
Graphics software allows users to manipulate images on a computer and can be categorized as raster or vector based. Common software includes paint programs for photo editing, draw programs, and CAD for design. Word processors, publishing software, illustration programs, and presentation software allow combining text and graphics. Clip art contains images that can be imported, while multimedia integrates various media types into an interactive experience.
The document discusses various types of computer applications and software. It defines an application as any program designed for end users. Examples provided include word processors, spreadsheets, web browsers, and database programs. It also discusses mobile apps and how they are designed for smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices. Popular mobile apps are described as those for social networking, games, music and videos. The document provides overviews of different types of software like word processors, spreadsheets, presentation software, graphics software, desktop publishing software, and more.
Different software packages are used to perform different tasks on a computer. Common software types include text editors, word processors, desktop publishers, databases, spreadsheets, charting packages, presentation software, web browsers, email clients, graphics software, and programming languages. Each software type has different strengths and capabilities that make it more suitable for certain tasks over others.
computer definition,software and hardware, difference between hardware and software,major areas of applications,ms-word, word count,thesaurus in ms word,inserting objects in word, advanced in ms word
introduction to computer,computer,software and hardware,difference between software and hardware,major areas of application,ms word, evolution of ms word, word count, thesaurus,word count,advancement in ms word
This document provides a syllabus for a Desktop Publishing course for B.Com 1st year students. The syllabus covers 5 units:
1) Introduction to desktop publishing software, hardware requirements, and commercial DTP packages.
2) Types of graphics, fonts, printers, and scanners used in DTP.
Desktop publishing allows users to combine text and graphics to produce publications. It builds on word processing skills and uses software like Adobe InDesign, QuarkXPress, and Microsoft Publisher. Key aspects of desktop publishing include setting up pages, columns, margins and master pages. Users can also customize fonts, colors, and paragraph styles. Documents are created by selecting templates, arranging text and images, and manipulating type through techniques like kerning and leading. Desktop publishing is important as it enhances visual communication and streamlines information dissemination.
Desktop publishing introduces concepts for developing sophisticated documents like brochures and reports using industry software and hardware. It builds on word processing skills by allowing manipulation of text and graphics. Upon completing the course, students will be able to understand and apply computer technology related to careers, basic terminology, produce newsletters with publication software, and understand the importance of desktop publishing in business.
The document discusses advanced features in Microsoft Word such as mail merge and image integration that can be used to increase productivity. It explains how to create form letters and labels for mass distribution using mail merge as well as how to insert different types of images, charts, shapes, and other materials into Word documents. The document also provides information on image file types and various image placement options within documents.
Office automation refers to using computers and software to digitally handle office tasks like data storage, transfer, and management. An office automation system allows tasks to be completed faster, eliminates the need for a large staff, and requires less storage space. It has advantages like speed, cost savings, and efficiency but also disadvantages like costs of implementation and training older staff.
This document provides an overview of a 100-hour information technology training program. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking the teacher for their guidance. The contents section lists topics covered including introductions to MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Tally ERP9. These sections provide high-level descriptions of the features and capabilities of each software program. The document serves to outline the content and objectives of the training program.
This document discusses the application of computers in the textile industry. It provides examples of how computers are used at various stages of the textile design and manufacturing process, including for research, design, production, distribution, and sales. Key applications mentioned include CAD for design, CAM for production control, and CIM for integrated manufacturing support. The roles of word processors, spreadsheets, graphs, and digital photography in design are also summarized.
Microsoft Word was introduced in 1983 and allows users to type and save documents on personal computers and mobile devices. It has tools to help format text and create documents like letters, reports, and emails. Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program introduced for Windows and Mac systems. It uses a grid of cells organized in rows and columns to manipulate data through arithmetic functions and create charts, graphs, and pivot tables to analyze information. Both programs are part of the Microsoft Office suite and allow advanced formatting and analysis of documents and data.
CC Report for College Students PPTx.pptxKathButron
Application software includes programs that help users complete tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, email, and more. There are different types of application software such as packaged software for general use, custom software for specific businesses, and web applications accessed online. Application software is available in formats like open source, shareware, freeware, and public domain. System software acts as an interface between the user, application software, and computer hardware. Users work with application software through a graphical user interface using elements like icons, buttons, menus, and windows.
Microsoft Office is a suite of desktop productivity applications that was first released in 1990. It consists of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, OneNote, Outlook and Publisher applications. Office is produced in several versions targeted towards different users and environments, including desktop, online, and mobile versions. Word is used for creating text documents. Excel creates spreadsheets for data and numerical analysis. PowerPoint is used for creating presentations. The other applications serve specific business functions like databases (Access) and publishing (Publisher). Microsoft Office 2016 is the latest desktop version available in different editions.
This document provides an overview of topics to be covered in a presentation about computers and their applications. The presentation will discuss MS Word, Coral Draw, networks, Windows OS, scanners and their types, digital computers, the Power Clip effect in Corel Draw, mail merge in Word, adding watermarks in Word, computer hardware and software, changing slide backgrounds in PowerPoint, operating systems, the Internet, intranets, and LAN, WAN and VPN networks. Basic concepts like industrial design, product design, scanner types, and how digital computers work will also be explained.
This document provides information about Microsoft Office applications. It describes Microsoft Word as a word processing software used to create documents, Excel as a spreadsheet program for calculations and data, PowerPoint for presentations, and Access for database management. Each application is discussed in terms of its features, components, and functions.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
5. farming ICT Systems are everyday and ordinary, yet extraordinary in how they can add extra power to what we do and want to do. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 3
6. What is an ICT System? A system is an assembly of parts that together make a whole. ICT systems are made up of some or all of the parts shown in the diagram. Various devices are used for input, processing, output, and communication. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 4
7. The importance of ICT systems By using ICT systems we are: more productive - we can complete a greater number of tasks in the same time at reduced cost by using computers than we could prior to their invention able to deal with vast amounts of information and process it quickly able to transmit and receive information rapidly Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 5
8. Types of ICT system The three main types of ICT system to be considered for GCSE are: Information systems- This type of ICT system is focused on managing data and Information. Control systems- These ICT systems mainly control machines. Communications systems- The output of these ICT systems is the successful transport of data from one place to another. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 6
9. Word processing and desktop publishing Word processing applications allow users to type and edit text. Desktop publishing (DTP) applications allow users to create page layouts using text and pictures. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 7
10. Word processing All word processing allow us to: Cut/Copy & Paste- Cut and copy work in a similar way. Highlighting a piece of text, right-clicking and selecting copy/cut will store the text in memory. The difference is copy leaves the highlighted text behind where as cut removes it. To insert the copied/cut text into a different area of the document, a different document, or an entirely different application altogether, right-click and select paste. The use of cut, copy, and paste is not necessarily limited to text. Text formatting -Formatting text makes a document easier to read. We can: change font-style applied to text, type and size change the alignment of text (left, centre, right or justified) Bold, Underline and Italicize text create bulleted or numbered lists Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 8
11. Word processing Other features that may be expected includes find and replace, which replaces one word with another, and the ability to import graphics from a clipart library Insert Headers and footers Insert Tables Insert page numbering. Insert Pictures, Images Page Layout Check the spelling and grammar of text in the document . Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 9 clip art: clip art is a library of images, photos and sounds provided by Microsoft as part of its office suite
12. Word processing Mail merge is a word processing feature that allows users to personalize letters with names and addresses from a database. The five main steps in setting up a mail-merged letter are: Create the database with fieldsfor the names and addresses of the people to send the letter to. Write the letter using a word processing package and link the letter to the database. Use a query to find a subset of relevant people and send a targeted letter to them. Using the mail merge wizard, enter codes in the letter where the name and address of the customers should appear. Merge-print, taking the data from the database and inserting it in the letters, producing one letter for each person in the subset of relevant people from the database. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 10
13. Word processing Advantages of Mail Merge one standard letter can be written and sent to all customers without having to manually add each name and address the letter can be personalized - it looks as though the letter has been written to the individual person it’s a very fast way to produce hundreds of personalized letters Disadvantages of Mail Merge letters can lack the personal touch the database that provides the information for the mail merge letter must be kept up to date if it is going to be useful Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 11
14. Desktop publishing A word processor is not always the best package to use to produce a document. If more control over the layout of a page is required or the document is to include a lot of graphics-visuals intended to brand, inform, illustrate or entertain, e.g. photographs, drawings, maps, diagrams etc., then a desktop publishing package such as Microsoft Publisher would be more suitable. Desktop publishers are often used to produce newspapers, magazines, newsletters and leaflets. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 12
15. Desktop publishing The main advantage of desktop publishing is that it is frame based. Text and picture frames can be laid out on the page, and moved and resized as necessary. Text and graphics can be inserted, e.g. from clipart and imported from other sources too. For example, text written by a professional writer or photos and illustrations provided by a professional designer. The view of the page is WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get). Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 13
27. Important Word processing software is the most suitable choice for creating and editing large amounts of text in a report. Desktop publishing software is the most suitable for creating a newspaper page layout with text and images. Word processing packages are not able to design new fonts as standard. The mail-merge process enables you to personalise letters with names and addresses from a database. Find and replace allows you to find one word in a document and automatically replace with with another. A DTP package makes use of the frames feature to help with page layout. The acronym WYSIWYG stands for what you see is what you get. The correct order for writing a mail-merge letter is: create the database, write the letter, insert special codes, merge-print. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 16
28. Graphics software The range of pictures, drawings and images which can be produced by a computer are called graphics. The main types of graphics packages are painting, drawing, photo editing and CAD. There may be some cross over between the packages, i.e. certain packages may be suitable for more than one task. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 17
29.
30. freehand pens and brushes offering different styles and line thickness
31. a range of standard shape tools such as rectangles and circles
35. zoom (to work in finer detail)Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 18
36. Graphics software Bitmap graphics- Bitmap graphics made with painting packages consist of many tiny dots called pixels. It is possible to edit each individual pixel. Since the computer has to store information about every single pixel (the colour for example) in the image, the file size of a bitmap graphic is often quite large. Bitmap graphics lose quality when they're resized. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 19
37. Graphics software Drawing packages- Images made with drawing packages consist of lines, shapes and co-ordinates. Drawing packages are also known as vector drawing packages. Generally a drawing package offers many similar features to a painting. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 20 Vector graphics are based on mathematical relationships with control points that make up the image, information is not stored about each pixel. These points are connected by lines and curves called vector paths or vectors.
38. Graphics software Photo editing- Photo editing software allows the user to edit and adjust photographs. Usually these photos come from a digital camera, but they could also be scanned from existing photos. Digital photos are bitmap images. There is a large range of photo editing software available, eg Adobe Photoshop, Corel Paint Shop Pro, GIMP and Paint.NET. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 21
39. Graphics software Features of Photo Editing Software Crop – cut off sides of an image to make it a suitable size or remove unwanted areas. Adjust contrast and brightness. Remove red-eye. Layers - you can have several different elements of the graphic as separate layers. These layers can be made invisible or even deleted at any time. Clone tool – allows the user to clone one part of the picture to another to remove an unwanted element. Special effects – the effects vary from one piece of software to another but usually include: Artistic effects - for example, making a picture look like an oil painting. Geometric effects - for example, making an image appear to be on the surface of a ball. Colour adjustments - for example, turning a photo into grayscale or brightening certain colours. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 22
40. Graphics software Computer Aided Design (CAD)- CAD packages are more sophisticated drawing packages. They are used by engineers, architects and designers to produce detailed design plans and technical drawings. CAD software all the features of standard drawing software but in addition may also offer: greater accuracy (it is possible to work to within 1/72 of an inch) objects and drawings can be created in 2D, 3D, 2D CAD and 3D CAD images can be viewed from any angle powerful scaling, rotation and reflection options libraries of engineering components which can be imported links to packages to calculate costs Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 23
41. Important A collective name for the range of pictures, images and drawings produced by a computer is graphics. The tiny dots that make up images produced with painting packages are called pixels. Images stored in bitmap format take up a large amount of memory. Images stored in bitmap format lose their quality when resized. Sound clips are NOT a feature commonly found in painting packages. Vector images are made up of lines, shapes and coordinates. CAD stands for Computer Aided Design. CAD packages are used by engineers and architects to produce technical drawings. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 24
42. Presentation software Presentation software is used to create presentations, quizzes, e-learning packages, information points and many other multimedia products. Most presentation software packages allow you to create your multimedia product using a series of slides. Text, images, video, animations, links and sound can be combined on each slide to create a sophisticated final product. The most widely used presentation software is Microsoft PowerPoint but there is other presentation software, such as Impress (part of the OpenOffice suite). Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 25 Multimedia is the use of several types of media outputs from a computer in order to give the user a richer and more interesting experience
43.
44. Animation effects that allow the various elements on each slide to appear after a certain amount of time or when a presenter presses a button.
45. Slide master – this allows the style to be set once and then used throughout the presentation.
46. Transitions – this is how the presentation software “moves” the display of one slide to another. Transitions usually include dissolving from one slide to the next or the current slide being moved in some way to show the next slide as though it was underneath.
47. Slide notes – when these are used the presenter will see the current slide and any notes associated with it on his/her display and the audience will see just the slide on another screen or from a projector.Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 26
48. Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a basic programming language for building web pages. It uses a set of predefined tags that the web browser then interprets and renders/displays. Working with HTML HTML is typically written (or generated) in two ways: using a plain text editor, eg Notepad, Notepad++, TextPad etc using a What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG) editor, egFrontpage, Dreamweaver, iWeb, SeaMonkey Composer etc Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 27
49. Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) Plain text editor An editor like Notepad offers greater control over the code when compared to a WYSIWYG editor because each and every character that forms the HTML and the resulting web page is hand typed. The disadvantage is it’s a slow process. WYSIWYG editor The web page is designed, and the content written and styled, using a series of tools. The page can be previewed in the default browser from within the application. This makes building a web page much faster because only a limited knowledge of HTML is needed as it’s automatically generated. However, the code can still be edited by hand. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 28
54. Chrome The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) W3C is responsible for standardizing HTML and releasing updated specifications that revise existing tags, introduce new tags and identify deprecated tags and should be the first reference point for any matters concerning HTML. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 29
55. Important A web browser (a software application used to locate and display Web pages.) is needed to view web pages. Web pages (A document on the World Wide Web. Every Web page is identified by a unique URL- Uniform Resource Locator ) are written in HTML. WYSIWYG stands for what you see is what you get. HTML stands for Hyper Text Mark-up Language. HTML uses tags to tell the web browser how to display text. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 30
56. Question A student has been asked by his headmaster to produce a way of advertising the school to the local public. One option is to use a desktop publishing package to produce a magazine to distribute to every household in the neighborhood. He could also create a presentation to be shown in the local library. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each option. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 31 Click for answer……..
57. Answer DTP Advantages Disabled people / elderly people do not have to go to the library It can be printed in Braille You can read it at a time which suits you Disadvantages Need for physical distribution No sound No animation No video Printing costs/paper and ink costs Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 32 Presentation Advantages Sound Animation Video Interactive / hyperlinks Disadvantages Library will need to have screen / computer / appropriate software Not everyone will visit the library / takes time to go to the library / costs money to travel to the library / may not be seen by everyone
63. Applications and Programming Languages Types of applications software Applications come in several different types: Utility programs - examples include virus scanners, disk defragmenters and backup utilities. Generic - general purpose software that is not written for any particular type of business. Examples of this include word processors and spreadsheets. Integrated - a collection of software that has a common set of commands/icons. Usually they include word processors, spreadsheets and graphics software, but they can contain databases as well. They tend to be cheaper than purchasing each application separately. Specific - software written for a defined purpose. Accountancy software is a good example of this that can be bought by anyone. Other Example is Railway Reservation System. Bespoke - bespoke software is written when a company requires a piece of software to perform a very specific task or function and there's no existing software that does what they need. It can be very expensive. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 34 Utility is a program that performs a very specific task, usually related to managing system resources. Operating systems contain a number of utilities for managing disk drives, printers, and other devices. Utilities differ from applications mostly in terms of size, complexity and function. For example, word processors, spreadsheet programs, and database applications are considered applications because they are large programs that perform a variety of functions not directly related to managing computer resources.
64. Applications and Programming Languages Programming languages A programming language is a specially written code used for writing applications. C++ and Java are examples of programming languages. These are known as high level languages because they have been developed to be a little like a human language. High level languages are much easier to use than a low level language such as Machine Code, or Assembly Language. The advantage of a low level language is that it runs very fast on the computer. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 35 Programming Languages- 1. Machine Language- Machine Friendly 2. Assembly Language- Machine Friendly 3. High Level Language- Human/User Friendly
65. Operating systems An Operating System is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 36
66. Operating systems Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called applicationprograms, can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you can run. In any computer, the operating system: controls the backing store and peripherals such as scanners and printers deals with the transfer of programs in and out of memory organizes the use of memory between programs organizes processing time between programs and users maintains security and access rights of users deals with errors and user instructions allows the user to save files to a backing store provides the interface between the user and the computer - for example, Windows Vista and Apple OSX . issues simple error messages Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 37 The platform defines a standard around which a system can be developed.
67. Operating systems Modes of operation Computers can operate in many different ways requiring different and complex operating systems. Real-time processing Data is processed so quickly that the results are able to influence the activity currently taking place. Possible applications are: process control - in a chemical plant it may be necessary for the system to react to a change in temperature, simulation systems – in an aircraft simulator the instruments must reflect the controls of the pilot and the simulator itself must react instantly, airline bookings – when a customer’s booking is complete the files need to be updated immediately before another customer tries to book the same ‘seat’. Real time systems must be quick and reliable. They have complex (and expensive) OS. They may involve multiprocessing (2 or more CPUs ‘sharing’ the workload), plus a front end processor handling communications problems so that the main CPU can concentrate on other tasks. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 38
68. Operating systems Multi-programming Multi-programming is a method of operating such that several programs appear to be running at once. The operating system switches jobs in and out of processor time according to priority. For example, while one job is being allocated printer time, another will be being processed in memory. The processor is so fast that it seems that many jobs are being processed at the same time. Batch processing A batch processing system is where programs or data are collected together in a batch and processed in one go. Typically the processing of payrolls, electricity bills, invoices and daily transactions are dealt with this way. This method of operation lends itself to jobs with similar inputs, processing and outputs where no human intervention is needed. Jobs are stored in a queue until the computer is ready to deal with them. Often batch processed jobs are done overnight. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 39
69. Operating systems Interactive processing An interactive processing system is where the tasks on the computer system require a continual exchange of information between the user and the computer system. It can be seen as the opposite of batch processing. Multi-tasking This isn't just about running more than one application at the same time. Multi-tasking allows multiple tasks to run concurrently, taking turns using the resources of the computer. This can mean running a couple of applications, sending a document to the printer and downloading a web page. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 40
70. Operating systems Multi-access or multi-user Modern personal computers can allow multi-user access. A multi-access (or multi-user) system is one where several users can use the same system together via a LAN-Local Area Network. The CPU (central processing unit) deals with users in turn; clearly the more users, the slower the response time. Generally, however, the processor is so fast that the response time at the most is a fraction of a second and the user feels they are being dealt with immediately. Multithreading The ability of an operating system to execute different parts of a program, called threads, simultaneously. The programmer must carefully design the program in such a way that all the threads can run at the same time without interfering with each other. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 41
71. Important An operating system can't adjust the bass level on a music file, but it can controls the transfer of data to peripherals such as printers Real-time processing is the best type of operating system when the computer has to react within a guaranteed time to an input. Multi-tasking allows multiple tasks to run at the same time, each taking turns using the resources of the computer. Multi-user will allow a number of users to use the same system at the same time. Multi-user would be needed to allow the students in a class to read a file that the teacher also had open. Batch processing is the processing method where tasks are collected together, stored and then processed in one go at a designated time. Batch processing would be the most appropriate for printing the bank statements ordered by customers each day. Real-time processing would be the best choice to control the braking system on a car. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 42
72. User Interfaces A user interface is the method by which the user and the computer exchange information and instructions. There are two main types: Command Line or Character User Interface (CUI) Graphical User Interface (GUI) Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 43
73.
74. Experienced users who know the commands can work very quickly without having to find their way around menus.
75. An inexperienced user can sometimes find a command driven program difficult to use because of the number of commands that have to be learnt.Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 44
76.
77. They enable you to easily exchange information between softwareusing cut and paste or 'drag and drop'.
78. They use a lot of memory and processing power.Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 45
79. User Interfaces When discussing user interfaces, it is important to note that Windows XP, Windows Vista, Apple OSX and Ubuntu all have graphical user interfaces. Windows XP: an operating system by Microsoft Windows Vista: an operating system by Microsoft Apple OSX: an operating system by Apple Computers Ubuntu: an open source (freely available) operating system Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 46 Simply, a GUI is a one where the Operating System uses a WIMP- Windows Icons Menus Pointers environment.
80. User Interfaces Good user interfaces A good user interface should: be attractive and pleasing to the eye allow the user to try out different options easily be easy to use use suitable colours for key areas use words that are easy to understand aimed at the type of user have help documentation It should also consider the needs of the users. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 47
97. What Might You Store on a Computer? Club / Society Records Clubs / societies need to keep track of their members. A membership database allows the club / society to easily contact members, check that they have paid any fees, etc. A typical computerized membership database might store: Membership number Name Address Phone number Fees to charge Have fees been paid (Y/N) Etc. If a letter needs to be sent to every member of the club / society, the names and addresses of the members can be taken from the membership database and automatically placed onto a letter. This is called a mail-merge.A mail-merge is a very easy way to automatically create lots of letters that seem to be personally written for each person, but in fact are all the same letter, just with the name and address changed. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 51
98. What Might You Store on a Computer? Results of Surveys Many groups / organizations undertake surveys to try to discover what people like / want / think. Surveys can be performed using paper questionnaires, and then the results entered into the computer by: Typing data in Scanning the paper forms, using OMR technology Alternatively, results can be entered into the computer directly, using an on-screen form (e.g. if using a tablet PC). The survey results are best stored on a computer so that they can easily be analysed. Survey results on a computer allow: Data to be quickly and easily queried (filtered) Charts to be easily created Summary reports to be created Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 52
99. What Might You Store on a Computer? Sales Records for a Tuck Shop It's important, when selling things, and dealing with cash, to keep track of the numbers involved. A computer spreadsheet is an good way to record which items you have sold, and also to perform calculations on the data (calculate totals, averages, etc.). A typical sales spreadsheet might contain the following columns:Item code Item description Item cost Number sold Total cost Profit made Doing calculations manually can lead to mistakes. When money is involved, it's best to let a computer do the work! Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 53
100. What Might You Store on a Computer? School Reports A school would typically keep data on student academic performance in a computerized database. This would allow the school to easily track how students were doing as the year progressed, as well as making the creation of printed reports very easy (compared to hand writing every report). A typical school report database might contain: Student ID Name Tutor group Grades for Term 1 Attendance for Term 1 Comments by teachers for Term 1 Grades for Term 2 Etc. Most database programs allow data to be presented in attractively design reports that can include headers and footers, school logos, etc. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 54
101. What Might You Store on a Computer? School Library Database Even a small library, such as the one in a school, needs to keep track of which books are available, and who has borrowed any of them.A typical school library system would store the following information: Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 55 The library system is a real-time system as data is updated immediately a book is loaned out.
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103. program: a list of instructions written in a programming language
104. sensor: an automatic input device that continuously monitors a set of computer controlled parameters, eg a parking sensor detects how close a vehicle is to the nearest object and alerts the driver if the distance falls outside of the specified parameters
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106. Computer Control The role of sensors in control Sensors are used to measure physical quantities such as temperature, light, pressure, sound, and humidity. They send signals to the processor. For example: A security alarm system may have an infrared sensor which sends a signal when the beam is broken. A heat sensitive sensor in the corner of a room may detect the presence of a person. Temperature sensors could be used to control the heating in a large building. Magnetic sensors are used to detect metal and can be placed in roads to monitor traffic flow. Other physical quantities that can be transmitted directly to the computer's processor include: rainfall/water levels radiation level pH level oxygen level Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 58 Data such as pressure, light and temperature is analogue data. Computers can only work with digital data. An interface box or analogue to digital converter (ADC) is needed to convert the analogue data from the sensors into digital data the computer can process.
107. Computer Control Feedback cycle The diagram below shows a control program for maintaining the water level in a fish tank. The control program stores the highest and lowest acceptable water levels and what action to take if they're exceeded. The process is continuous and is called a feedback cycle. Stages of the feedback cycle sensor detects water level is too high water level falls too low sensor detects water level is too low valve opened to let water in valve opened to let water out Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 59
108. Computer Control A computer-controlled greenhouse To get the best plant growing conditions temperature and humidity (moisture in the air) have to be controlled. The greenhouse therefore has temperature and humidity sensors linked to a computer, and the computer has a control program storing details of the correct temperature and humidity settings. The greenhouse is fitted with a heater, sprinkler and window motor, also linked to the computer. If the humidity falls below the values stored in the program, the computer activates the sprinklers and closes the windows. If the temperature falls outside the values stored in the program, the heater is activated by the computer. The system monitors the conditions night and day with immediate response to any changes. To alter the growing conditions the values in the computer program can of course be changed. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 60
109. Points to Remember Computers CANNOT make instant decisions when something unusual happens. An interface box is used to convert signals between the sensors and processor. Sensors are used to measure physical quantities such as heat, light and sound. A magnetic sensor is often used to detect a car approaching a traffic light. A temperature sensor would be used in an air conditioning system. A humidity sensor would be used in a public swimming pool. An ADC (analogue to digital convertor) converts analogue data from the sensors into digital data. Central heating and air conditioning control systems often make use of feedback. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 61
110. A burglar alarm system is used to detect when a burglar has entered a house. Name sensorswhich could be used to detect the burglar’s presence. For each one say how it is used to do this. Sensor Pressure Pad detects weight of burglar Light/Infra Red Sensor detects broken beam Contact Sensor detects door /window opening Temperature Sensor detects body heat Sound Sensor detects any noise made by burglar Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 62 Q U E S T I O N A N S W E R
111. Question/Answer A gardener wants to use a computer to monitor the growing conditions in his greenhouse. Name three sensors that he will need. Humidity Sensor, Moisture Sensor, Temperature Sensor, pH Sensor and Light Sensor. Explain why computers are unable to read the data directly from these sensors. Sensors produce analogue data / signal Computers work in digital, So computer is unable to understand data generated by the sensors. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 63
112. Question/Answer What device is needed to enable the computer to read the data? Analogue to digital converter / ADC will convert analogue data generated by sensor into computer understandable digital data. Give two advantages of using a computer to monitor the conditions rather than having it done by humans. Computer readings are more accurate / precise Readings can be taken more frequently. Readings can be taken any time of day or night Can produce graphs more quickly More reliable Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 64
113. Modelling and Simulation Computer models of mathematical data, such as budgets, are usually done using a spreadsheet application that processes and performs calculations on the data entered by the user. For example, a computer model of a school's budget might show that the school will run out of money before the end of the term if it hires an extra teacher. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 65 spreadsheet: A spreadsheet is made up of cells, rows and columns. Each cell holds a piece of numeric (numbers) or alphanumeric (text) data. Cells can also contain formulae to calculate their contents.
114. Modelling and Simulation Advantages of using spreadsheets Using a spreadsheet rather than a calculator or pen and paper offers the following advantages: More effective data handling Formulae can be used to instantly recalculate totals. For example, if the builder changed his call-out charge, the total cost would be instantly recalculated taking the change into account. You can carry out "what if?" investigations. For example, the grocer could increase his prices to see the effect on sales and the builder could increase his hourly charge to see the effect on his daily total. The information can be presented in different ways. For example, the grocer could produce a graph of fruit and vegetable sales by choosing the ranges A4:A10 and E4:E10 in order to make the graph. It is easy to make these changes, save your work and print it out again. More flexible presentation Alter column widths and easily delete or add columns and rows. Underline, embolden text and use different fonts and graphics. Justify your data to the left, centre or right. Control the types of numbers you enter - for example you can choose percentage, currency or set the number of decimal places. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 66
115. Modelling and Simulation Modelling: what if? A spreadsheet can be used as a modelling tool. The model is controlled by a set of rules introduced by formulae. These rules can be changed easily to vary the model and, for example, provide information about running costs and profit margins. A company could use a spreadsheet to find out what would happen if they reduced the price of their product, and the effect it would have on their income from sales. To do this they lower the value in the price column and the data in the income from sales column will be automatically recalculated (downwards). If the lower price resulted in higher sales, by adjusting the data in the number of sales column, the income from sales data will again be recalculated (upwards). Being able to answer "what if?" questions like this is vital and allows a company to predict future trends in its income and outgoings. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 67
116. Modelling and Simulation Why use computer models? As well as financial modelling, spreadsheet software can be used for many other kinds of computer model: modelling supermarket queues modelling the stresses which will be borne by a new bridge modelling traffic flow in a new road system Computer models are cheaper to setup than alternative methods that could be used to predict what will happen in a system, e.g. building a prototype. Other benefits include being able to: make alterations and quickly see the outcomes repeat tests several times over learn from "what if?" scenarios model dangerous situations safely Limitations of computer models A model is only as good as the rules used to create it. A mistake could have been made by whoever wrote the model and not every situation might have been considered - both of these issues could cause the model to give incorrect answers. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 68
117. Modelling and Simulation A computer simulation is an application designed to imitate a real-life situation. A good example is software which simulates the experience of piloting a plane. Flight simulation software Simple simulation software running on a PC offers the user entertainment and practice in simple controls and navigation. A real-life flight simulator - used for training pilots - is far more sophisticated, and is very expensive. The pilot sits inside a specially designed cockpit on hydraulically controlled struts which move the cockpit to give the feel of the pitch and roll of a real plane. Sensors detect the actions of the pilot and move the cockpit accordingly. The view from the cockpit window is replaced with computer generated images. Flight simulators give trainee pilots experience of: different flying conditions, e.g. poor weather, night flying emergency situations, e.g. frozen runways, fog, engine failure landing procedures and how they differ from airport to airport Flight simulators are safe and cost effective too. No fuel is needed and there's no crew to pay, any damage to the plane is simulated, and the pilot is never at risk. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 69
118. Modelling and Simulation Other uses of simulation Nuclear power stations use simulation to improve output by looking at temperature, pressure and gas flow in the plant. Scientific experiments (for example plant growth) can be observed in varying conditions. Coastal erosion (the effect of the sea on the coastline) can be studied to anticipate possible flooding, so that defences can be best positioned. Traffic flow can be simulated in major cities to investigate the need for new roads and/or traffic lights. The aerodynamic effect on the shape of cars can be investigated by simulating air flow over different body shapes. Virtual Reality Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer simulation which allows the user to interact with the system. Special interfaces give the user the feel, sound and view of the virtual system. The user wears a head-mounted display through which the virtual world can be seen. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 70
119. Modelling and Simulation Advantages and disadvantages of simulation Advantages It can avoid danger and loss of life. Conditions can be varied and outcomes investigated. Critical situations can be investigated without risk. It is cost effective. Simulations can be sped up so behaviour can be studied easily over a long period of time. Simulations can be slowed down to study behaviour more closely. Disadvantages It can be expensive to measure how one thing affects another, to take the initial measurements, to create the model itself (such as aerodynamic wind tunnels). To simulate something a thorough understanding is needed and an awareness of all the factors involved, without this a simulation cannot be created. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 71
120. Points to Remember The individual boxes in a spreadsheet are called cells. Every cell in a spreadsheet can be uniquely identified by its cell reference , for example, C5 means column C, row 5. Cells can contain numbers, text or formulae. The separate pages of a spreadsheet are called worksheets. Calculations are performed by writing formulas. Cells containing money values should be formatted as currency. An accountant is most likely to use a spreadsheet every day as part of their job. Computer modelling enables you to enter data and then see what happens when the rules are changed. Modelling is used by businesses to predict future trends. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 72
121. Points to Remember A computer simulation is a program designed to imitate a real-life situation. With flight simulation software, Sensors are used to detect the actions of the pilot and move the cockpit accordingly. What is the view from the cockpit replaced with in a flight simulator? The view from the cockpit is replaced by computer generated images. A disadvantage of computer simulation is that certain things cannot be simulated effectively because we don't know enough about them, e.g. earthquakes. A bridge designer testing different designs is most likely to use computer simulation software. The accuracy of a simulation is dependent on what? A simulation is only as good as its rules. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 73
122. AUTOMATED SYSTEMS An automated system is a system where you provide the INPUT, the machine or computer caries out the PROCESS and provides you with the OUTPUT. A washing machine is an example of an automated system. Water is put in, together with washing powder and dirty clothes. The machine contains a number of stored programs. By setting the controls of the washing machine, you can select the program you want for the clothes you put in. You do not have to do anything else. Other examples: Central heating Air conditioning A vending machine Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 74
123. AUTOMATED SYSTEMS There are two types of control which can be used on any automated system -OPEN LOOP and CLOSED LOOP. Open Loop Control Systems In an open loop control system the processor is instructed to perform a task and it does not stop until it has finished the task. Open loop systems are used for repetitive tasks. An example would be a system of traffic lights. They follow a pre-programmed set of instructions. The sequence will not change, no matter how many cars are waiting, if none of the bulbs are working or even if a lorry crashes into the lights and breaks them! Other examples: A toaster A dishwasher Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 75
124. AUTOMATED SYSTEMS Closed Loop Control Systems A closed loop system uses one or more sensors to detect what is going on around it, and change what it is doing depending on the information it gets from the sensors. This method of passing information from a sensor to a control system is called FEEDBACK. Closed loop systems are used for tasks where different actions have to be performed depending on the feedback from the sensors (like a heater controlled by a thermostat). For example a closed loop system could be used to control the traffic lights. The lights still follow a pre-programmed sequence, but in the closed loop type of control a sensor detects cars waiting at the junction and passes the information to the control computer which changes the lights. Sometimes the sensor is a loop of wire buried under the road surface. Other examples: An oven or refrigerator An automatic kettle Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 76
125. AUTOMATED SYSTEMS The difference between an open loop and a closed loop system: Closed loop systems use feedback, open loop systems don’t. Open loop systems carry on whatever happens. Closed loop systems examine what is happening and may change what they do in response to that. Advantages of Automation: immediate response when needed. fewer staff are needed to run the process. the system can work all day - every day it keeps people away from dangerous processes. Disadvantages of Automation : Unemployment may be greater as fewer staff are needed. the initial cost of the system may be expensive. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 77
126. AUTOMATED SYSTEMS Example : Glass Manufacture When flat glass is made, it is important that the molten glass is allowed to cool at the proper rate. If it cools too slow or too fast, the glass will be of poor quality with visible defects or it may lack the proper strength. 'Annealing' of glass is the controlled cooling process and is normally done in a special oven. The glass is allowed to cool down to a certain point and then kept at that temperature for a while to allow stresses in the glass to relax, before the final cooling. This annealing process would be done by a process control system. Sensors would carefully monitor the temperature in the oven. If the glass is cooling too quickly the computer will send a signal to increase the heating. If the glass is cooling too slowly, the computer will send a signal to activate a cooling fan. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 78
127. Billing Systems An example of a billing system is - electricity payments. Every customer receives an electricity bill which must be paid. The electricity company has a large database (master file) of all its customers. The file will also include information such as latest meter readings, how much electricity the customer has used this year, how much has been paid etc... At regular intervals, meter readers go round each house to read the electricity meter. The reading is recorded onto pre-printed forms. The forms are all collected and input to the computer system. This may be done using OMR or OCR, or by manually keying in the data. The data must be validated before it is processed to make sure no 'silly' data is input. Keyed data will need to be verified to check for transcribing errors. The electricity bill for each customer is calculated by the computer and printed. These bills will be posted to the customers. The customer then pays the bill by either sending a cheque or by credit/debit card. Some customers may pay by monthly standing orders or direct debits. Payments received will need to be recorded as transactions on a transaction file and used to update the master file. For some billing systems statistical analysis can be done on ... customer usage or spending patterns (eg seasonal variations) payments Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 79
128. MASTER & TRANSACTION FILES MASTER FILES: Permanent collection of data against which transactions are usually processed. Will contain REFERENCE and DYNAMIC data. Reference data tends to be relatively permanent (occasional or infrequent changes are made: insertion of new records, deletions or alterations) and is processed by AMENDING. Dynamic data is data which changes frequently and is processed by UPDATING. Usually have some order to the way records are stored: use the RECORD KEY. For example a HOTEL FILE will contain both reference and dynamic data: REFERENCE DATA. Items of data describing the rooms: type, size, number of beds, sea view…, which will rarely change. DYNAMIC DATA. Items of data describing the guest: name, length of stay, special requirements…. Which will change frequently, perhaps every day. TRANSACTION FILES: Temporary collection of data used to change information on a master file. Contains only that information which is needed to identify a record in the master file and make the necessary changes. The records may not be in any order at all: either SERIAL or SEQUENTIAL ordering is normal. Once used the transaction file may be deleted. For example a company will hold a PAYROLL file. Each week information about employees will need to be processed. What data would the transaction file contain? Employee number (to identify the employees record in the master file), weekly pay, days off sick, new employee, employee left the company….. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 80
129. MASTER & TRANSACTION FILES Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 81 File type may be Sequential Index Sequential Random
130. OPERATIONS ON FILES SORTING To sort a file is to put it into order. The order that is needed will usually be that of the key field (primary Key) – a field which contains a data item unique to that record. Sometimes another field is used to help in sorting out the records. For example, suppose a sports club wants to sort its file of members into alphabetical order of names. The surname field could be the primary key (the field used to sort out the file first) and then – because there might be people with the same surname – use the first name of the member as the secondary key, which would then put people with the same surname into alphabetical order of first name. Another way of describing this sort is to say that the file is sorted into first names within surnames. It is better to have a field that is short (only a few characters long) or numeric, because sorting will be quicker. MERGING At times it may be necessary to join two files together. The two files are merged. For example, may be two sports clubs are joining to form a larger club. The two membership files will need to be merged in order to make a membership file that contains the details of the members from both clubs. But this can only happen if both the membership files have the same record structure: same field layout, same record key…. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 82
131. OPERATIONS ON FILES UPDATING This is a term that describes keeping a file up-to-date. It is different to maintenance. Updating is done regularly to dynamic data in the record. Every time a product is passed over the scanner at the supermarket the stock file is updated. Every time you take a book from the library the book record is updated. Often a master file is updated with a sorted transaction file. In this case the transaction file must be in the same order as the master file – key field order. MAINTENANCE This also means making sure that a file is up-to-date but this time the data being changed will be more static or permanent in nature. The price of a product in a stock file will change – but not every day or week. A student’s telephone number or address may need changing in the school student file. This is not a regular operation. Maintenance will also include operations on an entire record: insertion and deletion. Adding a completely new record to the file (insertion) – a new student joins the school, a new product goes on sale at the supermarket. Removing an old record (deletion) – a student leaves the school, a product is not sold anymore. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 83
132. Expert Systems An expert system is a knowledge-based system which attempts to replace a human 'expert' in a particular field. The system will consist of a large database of knowledge facilities for searching the knowledge database a set of rules for making deductions from the data (inference engine) Example A medical diagnosis expert system (e.g. MYCIN) would have information about diseases and their symptoms, the drugs used in treatments etc. A patient is asked by a doctor about symptoms and the replies are input to the expert system. The computer searches its database, uses its rules and makes suggestions about the disease and its treatments. Sometimes probabilities are assigned to diagnoses. The computer does not take the place of the doctor but can be used to help the doctor make decisions. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 84
133. Expert Systems Advantages. The computer can store far more information than a human. The computer does not 'forget' or make mistakes. Data can be kept up-to-date. The expert system is always available 24 hours a day and will never 'retire'. The system can be used at a distance over a network. Disadvantages Well we don't want to do the experts out of jobs! Lacks the 'human touch'! Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 85
134. Applications in the retail industryCase Study-Super Market All goods in a supermarket have barcodes printed on them. When a customer pays for the goods, each item's barcode is passed over a laser scanner built into the POS (Point-of-Sale) terminal. This reads the bar code and sends it to the main computer. The computer stores a database containing information about all the products the supermarket sells. The computer sends the price and the description of the item back to the POS terminal. The price is added to the customer's bill. The price and the description are displayed on a small monitor. They also get printed onto the customer's receipt. The computer will also note that one of this item has been sold and will reduce the stock level on file. The computer always knows exactly how many of each item is in the supermarket. This is called automatic stock-taking. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 86
135. Applications in the retail industryCase Study-Super Market At the end of each day, the computer sends out requests for more of those items which are running low. The customer can pay the bill using EFTPOS (Electronic Fund Transfer at Point of Sale). A credit card (or debit card) is swiped through a card reader to read the customer's bank account details. These details and the amount of the bill are sent through the telephone system to the bank's computer system. The correct amount of money is transferred by the computer system from the customer's account to the supermarket's account. Some supermarkets offer a loyalty scheme. Each customer has a Loyalty card which has a magnetic strip. The card is swiped each time the customer buys goods and 'points' are awarded. The customer can use these points for discounts or vouchers. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 87
136. Applications in the retail industryCase Study-Super Market Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 88 1. Product passed over the scanner 2. Scanner reads the bar code 3. Bar code sent to the main computer 4. Stock file on the main computer searched for details relating to that bar code 5. Stock level for that product reduced by one 6. If stock level is getting low a message may be sent to reorder that product 7. Price and description sent to the checkout 8. Checkout calculates the total cost 9. Checkout calculates the change from money given 10. Checkout calculates the number of products bought The price is NEVER in the bar code because: · prices might change – sales, special promotions, shops charge different amounts….. · currencies – amount means different things in different countries
151. cannot withdraw money Write answer in your words, See the Advantages and Disadvantages .
152. Medical & Hospital Systems Computer system are used in several quite different ways within doctor's surgeries and hospitals.. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 91
153. Monitoring of Patients When a patient is in hospital, they often require close monitoring. It is not possible for a doctor or nurse to monitor patients continuously, 24 hours a day, so computerized monitors are used instead.Sensors are attached to the patient. Sensors are used to monitor: Pulse rate (heart beats per minute) Temperature Breathing rate (breathes per minute) Blood oxygen levels Blood pressure The sensors feed information back to a computer which processes the data: Data is checked for any problems (e.g. pulse rate too low/high) Data is logged so that it can be checked later Several outputs from the computer system let hospital staff the patient's condition: A large display / monitor shows graphs of pulse, breathing, etc. A loud buzzer / alarm can be sounded if there is a problem to attract the attention of a nurse/doctor Asmall printer can produce a hard-copy of the data The data from several patients can be fed back to a central nursing station so that the nursing staff can see exactly what is happening in the ward. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 92
154. Diagnosis of Illness- Body Scanners CT scanners and MRI scanners allow doctors to investigate what is happening inside a patient's body without intrusive surgery. The complex signals that come back from these huge machines are picked up by sensors and fed into a computer. The computer processes the data, then outputs full-colour images, sometimes in 3D, for the doctor, giving views of the patient's body. Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 93
155. Diagnosis of Illness- Expert Systems Expert systems allow medical staff with limited medical knowledge (e.g. nurses) to get advice from a computer 'expert‘. They essentially work by: Medical staff inputs patient's symptoms (or answers questions about them) The expert system's search engine searches the knowledge base (a collection of medical knowledge) to find possible diagnoses The system outputs a list of possible diagnoses, and treatments Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 94
156. Managing Patient Records Doctors and hospitals have to deal with thousands of patients every week. It is essential that the medical details of every patient is recorded accurately so that the correct diagnosis can be made, and the correct treatment can be given. For this reason, hospitals make use of computerized databases to store patient records. Computerized databases mean that- Patient data can be easily shared between doctors, pharmacies and other hospitals It is easy to search for and retrieve patient records Doctors can instruct a pharmacy to issue medication for a patient (no paper note needs to be written) Manoj K. CVS Lonavala 95