Computer fundamental

Computer Fundamental
Wednesday, May 17, 2017
Contact: asand343@gmail.com

What Is A Computer
 An electronic device which is capable of receiving
information (data) in a particular form and of
performing a sequence of operations in accordance
with a predetermined but variable set of procedural
instructions (program) to produce a result in the form
of information or signals.
 The word computer comes from the word "compute",
which means, "to calculate"

Characteristics of Computer
 Automatic: Given a job, computer can work on it
automatically without human interventions.
 Speed: Computer can perform data processing jobs
very fast, usually measured in microseconds (10-6),
nanoseconds (10-9), and picoseconds (10-12).
 Accuracy: Accuracy of a computer is consistently high
and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design.
Computer errors caused due to incorrect input data or
unreliable programs are often referred to as Garbage-
In-Garbage-Out (GIGO) .

Cont…
 Diligence: Computer is free from tiredness, and lack of
concentration. It can continuously work for hours without
creating any error and without grumbling.
 Versatility: Computer is capable of performing almost
any task, if the task can be reduced to a finite series of
logical steps.
 Power of Remembering: Computer can store and
recall any amount of information because of its secondary
storage capability. It forgets or looses certain information
only when it is asked to do so.

Evolution of Computers
 Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding
machine in 1642.
 Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the
first calculator for multiplication in 1671.
 Keyboard machines originated in the United States
around 1880.

Generation of Computers
Generatio
n
(Period)
Key hardware
technologies
Key software
technologies
Key
characteristi
cs
Some
representativ
e
systems
First
(1942-
1955)
•Vacuum tubes
•Electromagnetic
relay memory
•Punched cards
secondary storage
device
•Machine and
assembly language
•Mostly Scientific
application.
•Bulky in
size
•Highly
unreliable
•Difficult to
use
•ENIAC
•EDVAC
•EDSAC
•IBM 701

Cont..
Second(1955-64) •Transistors
•Magnetic core
memory
•Magnetic tapes
•Disk for
Secondary
storage device
•Batch operating
system
•High level
programming
language
•Scientific and
Commercial
application
•IBM7030
•CDC 1604
Third
(1964-1975)
•ICs with SSI
and
MSI
technologies
•Larger
magnetic
cores memory
•Larger capacity
disks and
magnetic tapes
secondary
•Timesharing
operating
system
•Standardization
of high-level
programming
languages
•Unbundling of
software from
hardware
•IBM 360/370
•CDC 6600

Cont..
Fourth (1975-89) •Ic’s with VLSI
Technology
•Microprocessor
semiconductor
memory
•Large capacity
hard disk
•Magnetic disk
and floppy disk
are the portable
device.
•Super computer
based on parallel
Computing
•Operating System
with GUI
•Multi-processing
OS
•Unix operating
system.
•Small, affordable
and east to use

Cont..
Fifith (1989-
present
•ULSI technology
•Larger capacity main
memory
•Optical disk work as a
storage media
•Notebook ,powerful
desktop
•Cluster computing
•Multi-threading
distributed OS
•Parallel
programming
•Power full super
comuters
•IBM notebooks
•PARAM 10000
•IBM SP/2

Components of Computer
CABINET

What is a Processor
A processor is the logic
circuitry that responds to and
processes the basic instructions
that drive a computer.
The term processor has
generally replaced the term
central processing unit (CPU).
The processor in a personal
computer or embedded in small
devices is often called a
microprocessor.

Components of Computer

Hard Disk
A hard disk is part of a
unit, often called a "disk
drive," "hard drive," or
"hard disk drive," that
stores and provides
relatively quick access to
large amounts of data on an
electromagnetically
charged surface or set of
surfaces.

Storage Devices
Primary Storage: primary storage of a computer system, also
known as main memory, store piece of program instruction
and data, intermediate result of processing and recently
produced result of those jobs on which the computer system is
currently working. Primary storage is a volatile, and has a
limited storage.
Secondary Storage: It is also known as auxiliary storage. it is
much cheaper than primary storage. This is uses for store the
data, information.

RAM(Random Access Memory)
RAM (pronounced ramm) is an
acronym for random access
memory, a type of computer
memory that can be accessed
randomly; that is, any byte of
memory can be accessed without
touching the preceding bytes. RAM
is the most common type of
memory found in computers and
other devices, such as printers.

Types of RAM
RAM are two types
 SRAM DRAM
DRAM has become the mainstream in computer main
memory despite being slower and more power
hungry compared to SRAM. SRAM memory is still
used in a lot of devices where speed is more crucial
than capacity. The most prominent use of SRAM is
in the cache memory of processors where speed is
very essential, and the low power consumption
translates to less heat that needs to be dissipated.
Even hard drives, optical drives, and other devices
that needs cache memory or buffers use SRAM
modules.

CPU Architecture
Contact: asand343@gmail.com

Input Devices
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Electronic Pen
 Scanner
 OMR(Optical Mark Reader)
 Barcode reader
 Magnetic character Recognition(MICR)
 Electronic Card Reader

Output Device
 Monitors
 Printers
 Plotters
 Projector

I/O (Input-Output Interface)
Ports: A computer port is a type of electronic, software- or
programming-related docking point through which
information flows from a program on your computer or to
your computer from the Internet or another computer in a
network. (A network, by the way, is a series of computers that
are physically or electronically linked.) In computer terms, a
computer or a program connects to somewhere or something
else on the Internet via a port. Port numbers and the user's IP
address combine into the "who does what" information kept
by every Internet Service Provider.

Examples of ports
 20 & 21: File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 22: Secure Shell (SSH)
 23: Telnet remote login service
 25: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 53: Domain Name System (DNS) service
 80: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) used in the World Wide Web
 110: Post Office Protocol (POP3)
 119: Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
 143: Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
 161: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
 194: Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
 443: HTTP Secure (HTTPS)
 465: SMTP Secure (SMTPS)

Role Of IT in Business
Information technology (IT) has become a vital and
integral part of every business plan. From multi-
national corporations who maintain mainframe
systems and databases to small businesses that own a
single computer, IT plays a role.
 Communication
 Inventory Management
 Data Management
 Management Information Systems
 Customer Relationship Management

Communication
For many companies, email is the principal means of
communication between employees, suppliers and
customers. Email was one of the early drivers of the
Internet, providing a simple and inexpensive means
to communicate. Over the years, a number of other
communications tools have also evolved, allowing
staff to communicate using live chat systems, online
meeting tools and video-conferencing systems.

Inventory System
When it comes to managing inventory, organizations
need to maintain enough stock to meet demand
without investing in more than they require.
Inventory management systems track the quantity of
each item a company maintains, triggering an order
of additional stock when the quantities fall below a
pre-determined amount. These systems are best used
when the inventory management system is connected
to the point-of-sale (POS) system.

Data Management
 Companies are able to store and maintain a tremendous
amount of historical data economically, and employees
benefit from immediate access to the documents they
need.
 The role of the management information system (MIS)
manager is to focus on the organization's information and
technology systems. The MIS manager typically analyzes
business problems and then designs and maintains
computer applications to solve the organization's
problems.

Role of IT In Education Sector
 Access to variety of learning resources
 Immediacy to information
 Any time learning
 Collaborative learning
 Multimedia approach to education
 Authentic and up to date information
 Online library
 Distance learning
 Better accesses to children with disabilities
Wednesday, May 17, 2017Contact: asand343@gmail.com

Computer fundamental

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Computer fundamental