Presentation by Claudia Ringler, Hartwig Kremer and Cheikh Mbow at the UNEA Science Policy Interface, May 19-20
Presentation focuses on the concept of the water, food and energy nexus and its importance within the development context. It also provides a number of cases highlighting nexus issues.
Presentation by Claudia Ringler, Hartwig Kremer and Cheikh Mbow at the UNEA Science Policy Interface, May 19-20
Presentation focuses on the concept of the water, food and energy nexus and its importance within the development context. It also provides a number of cases highlighting nexus issues.
Presented by IWMI's Peter McCornick at the World Water Day dialogue titled “Water, jobs and prosperity in Sri Lanka: Partnerships for sustainability”, held in IWMI Headquarters in Colombo Sri Lanka, on March 23, 2016.
Ecosystem based Adaptation (EbA) in the International Climate InitiativeExternalEvents
www.fao.org/climatechange
The presentation was made by Lea Herberg, Project Manager Climate Change for the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), at the Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans Workshop, 5-7 April 2016, Rome, Italy.
During the webinar, the speakers promoted a set of training materials that is freely available for those interested in learning more about the implementation of NDCs in the agriculture sector in Africa.
More info about the webinar: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/implementing-ndcs-agriculture-sector-across-africa-what-directions-capacity-building#.XxaxH_gzbfZ
The 12 Water Governance Principles provide a framework for governments to design and implement better water policies.
For more information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/water
Theme 4 - Climate Change Mitigation and AdaptationCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Christopher Martius, Henry Neufeldt, Glenn Hyman and Laura Snook focuses on the objectives and structure of the climate change adaptation and mitigation program of the FTA Research Program, their evolution over time, the major accomplishments and the main obstacles and challenges.
Sustainable Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Sustainable Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water. The survey data for determining water quality can be easily presented by using a water cycle management PowerPoint slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. It is possible to present the features that describe a suitable location for the monitoring program. It is easy to explain topics like wastewater treatment process, wastewater reuse, global wastewater reuse by sector, treated wastewater quality parameter, etc by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3tEV5qm
The Future Dams Research Consortium (originally known as DAMS 2.0) hosted a public lecture by Prof Michael Hanemann of Arizona State University on the economics of water.
The lecture discussed ‘why the economics of water is so hard’ providing a historical and contemporary US overview of the issues that make water challenging to price.
Presented by IWMI's Peter McCornick at the World Water Day dialogue titled “Water, jobs and prosperity in Sri Lanka: Partnerships for sustainability”, held in IWMI Headquarters in Colombo Sri Lanka, on March 23, 2016.
Ecosystem based Adaptation (EbA) in the International Climate InitiativeExternalEvents
www.fao.org/climatechange
The presentation was made by Lea Herberg, Project Manager Climate Change for the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), at the Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans Workshop, 5-7 April 2016, Rome, Italy.
During the webinar, the speakers promoted a set of training materials that is freely available for those interested in learning more about the implementation of NDCs in the agriculture sector in Africa.
More info about the webinar: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/implementing-ndcs-agriculture-sector-across-africa-what-directions-capacity-building#.XxaxH_gzbfZ
The 12 Water Governance Principles provide a framework for governments to design and implement better water policies.
For more information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/water
Theme 4 - Climate Change Mitigation and AdaptationCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Christopher Martius, Henry Neufeldt, Glenn Hyman and Laura Snook focuses on the objectives and structure of the climate change adaptation and mitigation program of the FTA Research Program, their evolution over time, the major accomplishments and the main obstacles and challenges.
Sustainable Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Sustainable Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water. The survey data for determining water quality can be easily presented by using a water cycle management PowerPoint slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. It is possible to present the features that describe a suitable location for the monitoring program. It is easy to explain topics like wastewater treatment process, wastewater reuse, global wastewater reuse by sector, treated wastewater quality parameter, etc by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3tEV5qm
The Future Dams Research Consortium (originally known as DAMS 2.0) hosted a public lecture by Prof Michael Hanemann of Arizona State University on the economics of water.
The lecture discussed ‘why the economics of water is so hard’ providing a historical and contemporary US overview of the issues that make water challenging to price.
MedSpring: the Nexus Water-Energy-Food (W-E-F) to strengthen the EU-Mediterranean Cooperation on Research & Innovation
Dr. PhD Gaetano Ladisa - CIHEAM - Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari
Water-Food-Energy Nexus in the context of groundwater use in India: Experience from three Indian States
A presentation by Aditi Mukherji
Presented at an ‘Expert Group Meeting on Improving Access to Water, Sanitation and Energy Services in Asia and the Pacific’ in Bangkok, Thailand on 20 March 2013
Agricultural Productivity and Economic Development in Southern AfricaJason Welker
A presentation by Dr. Irene Forichi, former research officer for the Ministry of Agriculture, Zimbabwe, and Regional Emergency Agronomist for the Food and Agriculture Organization for Southern Africa. Dr. Forichi's spoke with our IB year 2 Economics classes about the role of agricultural productivity in contributing to human development and economic growth in Southern Africa.
Learning mathematical proof, lessons learned and outlines of a learning envir...Nicolas Balacheff
SDSU seminar, 2005
This talk outlined aspects of learning mathematical proof and presented the principles of the design of a learning environment (V. Luengo PhD 1997)
Introduction to image processing (or signal processing).
Types of Image processing.
Applications of Image processing.
Applications of Digital image processing.
• Understanding the ideal project lifecycle of a successful CMS implementation
• How to create truly exceptional, results-driven Web experiences
• Early considerations for building traffic through your website i.e. how to architect your website for maximum traffic, engagement and repeat visits and the feature sets you should look for in a CMS to make these happen
• Strategies for bridging social technologies into your CMS for maximum visibility, audience engagement and business benefit
• Current business and technology trends in Web Content Management
• The most common Web CMS pitfalls, and Best Practices for avoiding them.
Presented by Jennie Barron of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences at an event hosted by The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) on March 19th, 2018. The event was "Water for Agenda 2030 - balancing the needs for food, water and energy in a changing climate" was organized in celebration of Water Day.
Presentation by Jeremy Bird, DG, International Water Management Institute, at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013 in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Cities are usually viewed as sinks; pulling in water resources for domestic and industrial needs. But they can also be seen as sponges as they release water. Usually , however, this is of decreased quality. But if we can make better use of this contaminated water, we can help avert resource crises in the future.
The drafting process the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) relating to water should resist overly rigid approaches to implementation and target setting which could limit development options for poor countries. Key challenges include realistic targets, carefully considering the local context to address the needs of the poor, and promoting sustainable water resources development in a way that values healthy ecosystems. Read IWMI’s new report here: http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Books/PDF/setting_and_achieving_water-related_sustainable_development_goals.pdf
Presentation by Peter G. McCornick & Julie van der Bliek at the Water for Food Conference, Seattle, October 19, 2014.
Presented by IWMI's Director General, Claudia Sadoff, at the 3rd Karachi International Water Conference in Mövenpick Hotel, Karachi, Pakistan, on November 22, 2017.
This is a general presentation on WLE made by Andrew Noble for his trip to visit partners and donors in July 2014. Provides an overview of the WLE program and a number of examples of its work.
Dr. Andrew Noble, Program Director of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems, presented “Feeding 9 Billion People without Destroying the Planet: It is Possible,” on his trip to the US.
Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE): Building resilience in food production systems FAO
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/afns/en/
Presentation from Fabrice De Clerck (Bioversity International) describing CGIAR’s Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE) research program and outlining its relevance to sustainable intensification and ecosystems preservation. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
This presentation covers the sustainable water resources in India. It also covers the concepts of sustainablity, government policies and the role of the society in promoting water sustainability.
Presented by IWMI's Thai Thi Minh as part of the Small Scale Irrigation Multi-Stakeholder Dialogues: Bundling innovations for scaling farmer-led irrigation in Ghana (organized by ILSSI)
• Bundling innovations for scaling farmer led irrigation in Ghana – by IWMI
• Solar irrigation bundles: prospects and challenges – by PUMPTECH
• GCAP’s Experience with Bundling Innovations and Services to Support Farmer-led Irrigation: A Case of the Peri-Urban Project: Michel Camp Irrigation Scheme – by Food Systems Resilience Project (FSRP)
Presentation slides for the event titled 'Promoting sustainable groundwater irrigation for building climate resilience in West Africa' held on 18 March 2022. The event was jointly organized by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) - Water Resources Management Centre, and the Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS).
How to design your interventions to build sustainable and climate-resilient food production systems.
Presented at the Virtual forum. More information is available at https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/events/operationalizing-farmer-led-irrigation-development-at-scale/
Presentation by IWMI Kakhramon Djumaboev about the application of the water-food-energy nexus concept on transboundary rivers of Central Asia. Presented at the 10th anniversary PEER program on August 17, 2021
Presented by IWMI's Maha Halalsheh as part of a series of training workshops held in 2021 entitled 'The safe use of wastewater' explaining the modules in the ' Governance and Reuse Safety Plans' handbook developed as part of our ReWater-MENA project.
Presented by IWMI's Maha Halalsheh as part of a series of training workshops held in 2021 entitled 'The safe use of wastewater' explaining the modules in the ' Governance and Reuse Safety Plans' handbook developed as part of our ReWater-MENA project. More about our work: https://rewater-mena.iwmi.org/
Presented by IWMI's Maha Halalsheh as part of a series of training workshops held in 2021 entitled 'The safe use of wastewater' explaining the modules in the ' Governance and Reuse Safety Plans' handbook developed as part of our ReWater-MENA project. More about our work: https://rewater-mena.iwmi.org/
Presented by IWMI's Maha Halalsheh as part of a series of training workshops held in 2021 entitled 'The safe use of wastewater' explaining the modules in the ' Governance and Reuse Safety Plans' handbook developed as part of our ReWater-MENA project. More about our work: https://rewater-mena.iwmi.org/
Presented by IWMI's Maha Halalsheh as part of a series of training workshops held in 2021 entitled 'The safe use of wastewater' explaining the modules in the ' Governance and Reuse Safety Plans' handbook developed as part of our ReWater-MENA project. More about our work: https://rewater-mena.iwmi.org/
Presented by IWMI's Maha Halalsheh as part of a series of training workshops held in 2021 entitled 'The safe use of wastewater' explaining the modules in the ' Governance and Reuse Safety Plans' handbook developed as part of our ReWater-MENA project. More about our work: https://rewater-mena.iwmi.org/
Presented by Olufunke Cofie at the National WASH Action Plan Research and Capacity Building Agenda Setting Workshop in Abuja, Nigeria on February 17-18, 2020.
This webinar was jointly organized by the African Union (AU), the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and The World Bank on October 15, 2020. More info: http://bit.ly/IDAWM20
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
The Water Energy and Food Security Nexus - is it really new?
1. The Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus-
is it really new?
Gerald Lacey Memorial Lecture
Jeremy Bird, IWMI
12 May 2014
2. Ringler, Bhaduri and Lawford, Current Opinion
in Environmental Sustainability , Science Direct,
2014 in press
Correlation of food and energy prices – and rising
3. Global Risks Report 2014, World
Economic Forum
‘Water crisis’ is
the third highest
global risk
..extreme weather,
climate change and
biodiversity loss also very
high
Nexus- why worry now?
6. Subsidy on electricity
for groundwater
pumping for irrigation
Shift to more water
intensive energy mix,
e.g. fracking
Sectoral “nexus losers”
7. …water, energy provision and food security certainly lie at
the heart of climate compatible development. An emphasis
on explicit negotiation of trade-offs in delivery of these
water-energy-food services could enhance climate
compatible development approaches.
Looking at how ‘nexus thinking’ and ‘climate compatible
development’ approaches could complement each other is a
fruitful area for further exploration. (Mairi Dupar, CKDN )
More complex than just water, energy and food ….
8. Other sectors are taking water
seriously – have we found the
entry point for dialogue?
9. Proportion of energy inputs to irrigated agriculture
Source: T. Jackson and MA Hanjra in Sustanable Energy Solutions in Agriculture, 2014
Surface irrigated Groundwater irrigated
10. Increase policy coherence
• Identify synergies and trade-offs and incentivize cooperation
Accelerate access
• Prioritize access for the poor and marginalized to water, sanitation, energy and
food
Create more with less
• sustainable intensification use of land and water, increasing resource
productivity
End waste and minimize losses
• To reduce demands on water, land and energy, and turn waste into a resource
Value natural infrastructure
• Secure, improve and restore the multi-functional values of biodiversity
Mobilize consumer influence
• encouraging the catalytic role of consumers
Bonn2011 Nexus: Key messages
19. Trade off – irrigation and hydropower production –
Kotmale dam - Mahaweli system, Sri Lanka
Peronne and Hornberger, Wiley, 2013
20. Integrated Water Resources
Management
Acknowledgements to GWP
….a process which promotes the coordinated
development and management of water, land
and related resources in order to maximise
economic and social welfare in an equitable
manner without compromising the sustainability
of vital ecosystems.
… a cross-sectoral policy approach, designed to
replace the traditional, fragmented sectoral
approach to water resources and management
that has led to poor services and unsustainable
resource use.
21. Some question the efficacy of IWRM
1. “Ideas of IWRM are fine, but costs of IWRM implementation must not
be forgotten
2. IWRM principles should not have a monopoly on potential solutions.
3. There are imperfect alternatives to the IWRM package and its
components that can solve real world water problems
4. An implemented, imperfect solution is usually better than an
unimplemented ideal”.
M. Giodarno and T. Shah
22. Nexus dimension to much of IWMI’s work
Sustainable
groundwater use
Revisiting water
storage
Balancing built and
natural infrastructure
Recycling
waste
Urban expansion
25. E.g. new approaches to rehabilitate and adapt
• For example, encourage
distributed storage to improve
system flexibility and reliability
e.g. Rajasthan: farm-storages;
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh: village tanks
replenished by canal water
• Modernize irrigation systems
e.g. pressurized systems
26. Groundwater – a clear nexus issue
two contrasting cases from India
1. Gujarat - ‘free’ electricity
encouraged groundwater overuse
2. Eastern Gangetic Plain –
barriers to access
27. Jyotigram in Gujarat – separate feeders
• Pragmatic solution - separation of
electricity supply to villages and pumps
• Outcome - reduced electricity use, less
groundwater use, improved power
supply to domestic users
Tushaar Shah, IWMI
28.
29. Halved subsidy to agriculture
Reduced groundwater overdraft
Increased yields
Spurred rural non-farm
enterprises
Now rolling out in other states
Result in Gujarat
30. West Bengal – easing regulatory and
pricing barriers
• Agricultural growth in West Bengal
had slumped by more than half
• Research identified that a major
obstacle to agricultural productivity
was getting access to groundwater
• New policies recommended by IWMI
were adopted to reduce ‘red-tape’
and improve groundwater access for
smallholder farmers.
• The policy change could benefit more
than 5.6 million smallholders
31. Uniting agriculture and nature for poverty reduction
Aral Sea Basin
Groundwater irrigation (GWI) has higher energy and water use
efficiency compared to traditional Lift Irrigation (LI)
Crop Water productivity,
kg/m
3
Energy productivity
(kg/Kwh)
LI GWI LI GWI
Cotton 0.19 0.21 0.25 2.10
Vegetables 0.59 1.00 1.65 7.93
Maize for silage 1.99 1.46 2.61 14.17
Sorghum 0.55 1.66 1.54 3.30
Alfalfa 0.59 0.78 0.78 1.56
Apricots 0.16 0.51 0.44 4.92
Grapevines 0.11 0.70 0.15 1.37
GW irrigation
32. …back on the agenda in Africa and India – groundwater a major source
Unlocking the potential for
smallholder agriculture to
improve the lives of
smallholder farmers in 5
countries in sub-Saharan
Africa and 2 states in India
Small-scale irrigation
(Giordano et al, 2012)
35. Pulling water in from an increasing distance
Hyderabad, India
Krishna River
Himayat Sagar
Osman Sagar
GW
Musi River
GW – Ground Water
NJS – Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir
Hyderabad
Waste water irrigation
industry
Godavari Basin
Krishna Basin
NJS
Musi River
P ET
Manjira
Singur
Godavari River water
W
a
te
r
p
u
m
p
e
d
Waterpumped
Source: van Rooijen, D.; Turral, H.; Biggs, T.W. 2005. Sponge city: Water balance of mega-city
water use and wastewater use in Hyderabad, India. Irrigation and Drainage 54: 81-91.
36. Water quality improves over 40 km along the Musi River
Hyderabad
Sources: IWMI/J. Ensink
37. Managing transfers from rural to urban -
Zhanghe Irrigation District, China
• Top-down approach with water
reallocated to cities
• Farmers “induced” to respond with
construction of 1000s of small
reservoirs to capture runoff and
return flow.
• Research provided ways to grow
more rice with less water through
alternative wetting and drying and
extension got the message out.
38. Result - less water, but stable production
Agricultural
production levels
maintained…
…as allocation to
agriculture reduced
and transferred to
urban use
39. In most cities in sub-Saharan Africa, S. Asia and SE Asia, population growth has
outpaced the development of sanitation infrastructure, making the management
of urban waste, human excreta and wastewater ineffective. Investment in
treatment will not catch up for decades.
Waste – another nexus issue
Source:LiqaRaschid-Sally
43. Introducing business models to turn waste into
an asset
• Solid waste and fecal sludge composting
in Asia and Africa could save billions of
US$ per year, assuming a market for only
25% of the urban organic waste.
• Not a new concept, but many pilots not
viable or sustainable
• Business models for resource recovery
& reuse (RRR) target private and public
investors and business schools.
44. Resource recovery and reuse -
Sustainable waste and wastewater treatment
Source: Drechsel
Nexus benefits:
Energy reduction in: Water
treatment, chemical fertilizer
production and transport
Environmental benefits: Reduced
pollution of water bodies,
reduced nitrogen and
phosphorous demand, reduced
GHG emissions
45. Interactions between “agricultural” and “natural”
ecosystems – providing multiple services
Sources: McCartney, Senaratne Sellamuttu, de Silva
Sustainable use of wetlands:
fulfilling multiple needs
through
ecosystem services including
food production, fisheries,
storage
46. Benefit from functioning ecosystems
Natural basin
Crops
Hydropower
Industrial Regulation of
water balance
Erosion control
Climate
regulationSoil
formation
Nutrient
cycling
Recreation
Crops
Hydropower
Industrial Regulation of
water balance
Erosion control
Climate
regulationSoil
formation
Nutrient
cycling
Recreation
Intensively utilized basin
Crops
Hydropower
Industrial Regulation of
water balance
Erosion control
Climate
regulationSoil
formation
Nutrient
cycling
Recreation
Multifunctional “green” basin
Provisioning services
Regulatory services
Cultural services
Supporting services
49. www.iwmi.org
A water-secure world
Sri Lanka Environmental Flow Calculator (SLEFC)
A software package to provide a preliminary planning
estimate of how much water should be left in rivers to
ensure they remain healthy
50. Awareness raising is spreading
Knowledge base expanding
Analytic tools being developed
Increasing evidence of engagement across sectors,
particularly private sector
? Policy formulation – still predominantly sector based
? Planning systems mainly fragmented
Nexus scorecard
51. Concluding thoughts on the nexus
No its not entirely new, but ‘the nexus’ frames the debate differently at a
time of heightened competition – it has convening power
There is no single nexus – multi-dimensional – water, energy, food, land,
climate change, natural resources, etc
In a world of increasing water demands, the consequences of not taking a
cross-sectoral approach are more significant now than a generation ago
We shouldn’t turn nexus concept into a structured framework – its value lies
in its principles and flexibility
Doesn’t displace other forms of planning (regulatory frameworks, SEA,
IWRM, etc), but provides a focus or ‘lens’ for integration
Important to extend the knowledge base and analysis of nexus issues
Ultimate test is who is ‘sitting at the table’ to discuss the consequences and
implications of policy and planning interventions