A presentation by Dr. Irene Forichi, former research officer for the Ministry of Agriculture, Zimbabwe, and Regional Emergency Agronomist for the Food and Agriculture Organization for Southern Africa. Dr. Forichi's spoke with our IB year 2 Economics classes about the role of agricultural productivity in contributing to human development and economic growth in Southern Africa.

1. SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE AND SOCIO-
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN
AFRICA
Prepared by Dr. Irene Kadzere-
Forichi
For ZIS Grade 12 Economics Class

2. SOUTHERN AFRICA
15 countries in
SADC

3. • Vegetables
• Maize/corn
• Tobacco
• Wheat
• Potatoes
• Small grains
• Sweet potatoes
• Sugarcane
• Cassava
• Cotton
• Plantation crops e.g.
• Fruits

4. http://www.liv.ac.uk/~kempsj/projects.html#top
http://www.newcastle-
staffs.gov.uk
http://www.foodnet.cgiar.org/images/Livestock_MIS.jp

5. SELECTED HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
Basic Indicators Malawi South Africa Zimbabwe
Total population (thousands), 2009 15263 50110 12523
Total adult literacy rate (%), 2005-2008* 73 89 91
Primary school net enrolment/attendance (%), 2005-2009* 91 87 90
% of population using improved drinking-water sources 2008, urban 95 99 99
% of population using improved drinking-water sources 2008, rural 77 78 72
% of population using improved sanitation facilities 2008, urban 51 84 56
% of population using improved sanitation facilities 2008, rural 57 65 37
Estimated adult HIV prevalence rate (aged 15-49), 2009 11 17.8 14.3
Orphans, Children (aged 0-17) orphaned due to all causes, 2009, estimate (thousands) 1000 3400 1400
Youth (15-24 years) literacy rate, 2004-2008*, male 87 96 98
Youth (15-24 years) literacy rate, 2004-2008*, female 85 98 99
Number per 100 population , 2008, phones 12 91 13
Number per 100 population , 2008, Internet users 2 8 11
Life expectancy, 1970 41 53 55
Life expectancy, 1990 49 61 61
Life expectancy, 2009 54 52 46
GNI per capita (US$), 2009 280 5770 a
GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1970-1990 -0.1 0.1 -0.4
GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1990-2009 0.5 1.2 -1.9
Average annual rate of inflation (%), 1990-2009 28 8 62
% of population below international poverty line of US$1.25 per day, 1994-2008* 74 26 -
Source:

7. POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS
SADC National SADC Aggregated
Population
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Angola 15.9 16.3 16.8 17.3 17.8 280 277
Botswana 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
275
DRC 63.7 65.8 68.1 70.4 72.8
Population (millions)
Lesotho 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 270 267.1
Madagascar 19.2 19.7 20.2 20.8 21.3 265
Malawi 12.8 12.9 13.1 13.5 15.9 260.3
260
Mauritius 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
255 253.8
Mozambiqu
19.9 20.6 21.2 21.8 22.4
e 248
250
Namibia 2 2 2.1 2.1 2.1
Seychelles 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 245
South Africa 47.4 47.9 48.7 49.3 50 240
Swaziland 1 1 1 1 1.1
235
Tanzania 37.5 38.3 39.5 40.7 42
Zambia 11.8 12.2 12.5 12.9 13 230
Zimbabwe 12 12 12.1 12.2 13.5 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
SADC
Region
248 253.8 260.3 267.1 277 Source, SADC

8. RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION
Steady increase in
urban population
and
decline in rural
population
Source: Southern African Development Community, 2012

9. :
Growth (%)
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
An
go
la
Bo
ts
w
an
a
Source, SADC
D
R
C
Le
so
th
o
M
al
aw
i
M
au
ri t
iu
M s
oz
am
bi
qu
e
N
am
ib
So ia
ut
h
Af
ric
a
Sw
az
il a
nd
Fig 2: SADC – Inflation, 2008-2010
Ta
nz
an
ia
Za
m
2008
bi
a
Zi
m
ba
bw
2009
e
SA
D
2010
C

10. Source: Rugube, 2011

11. Source: Rugube, 2011

12. Source: Rugube, 2011

13. AGRICULTURE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

14.  Up to 80% of the population in SADC
depends on agriculture
 Crops
 Livestock
 GDP contribution (see figure below)

15. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/spn/2009/spn0914.pdf

16. FACTORS LIMITING ATTAINMENT OF
AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL IN THE REGION
 Poverty – limited use of external inputs such as fertilizers, poor asset base e.g.
Animals for land preparation
 Technological limitations
 Gender imbalance in access to production resources and decision making
 Policy limitations
 Limited/lack of financing or access to credit by smallholder farmers
 Limited technical know-how/capacity
 Limited access to information
 Poor access to markets
 Poor infrastructure – roads, rail, air, ports, storage facilities, etc
 High postharvest losses on farm, in transit to markets, during marketing
 Limited diversity of crops/livestock
 Climatic challenges – floods, droughts, variability in rainfall
 High land degradation problems (erosion, siltation, salinity, deforestation etc)
 Disease pandemics – human
 Pests and diseases outbreaks – and implications on output, qulity and
marketability
 Conflicts/unrest
 Low investments into agricultural resach and development

17. Land Degradation
Source, ACT

18. Source: IFPRI, 2004

19. Low investments into
agriculture
Source: Rugube, 2011

20. 5.0
Botswana
4.5 Lesotho
Malawi
Maize Yield (tonnes per hectare)
4.0 Mozambique
South Africa
3.5
Zambia
3.0 Zimbabwe
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Source, FAO STAT

21. Poor Crop

22. SOME POSSIBLE WAYS TO ADDRESS THE CONSTRAINTS
 Development and promotion of suitable technologies
 Empower women – address gender disparities and mainstream issues such as HIV/AIDS
 Promote policies that are more favourable to smallholder farmers including subsidies as
appropriate
 Improved credit access or financing of rural farming interventions
 Improved access to quality inputs
 Capacity building including information generation, networks and communication
 Support to establishment of sustainable market linkages
 Infrastrucre development including local level storage facilities and handling and processing zones
 Reduce postharvest losses – improve onfarm storage etc
 Diversify production and support COMMERCIALIZATION OF SMALLHOLDER FARMING
 Increase productivity
 Climate mitigation through e.g. small scale irrigation
 Building up the asset base for the poor – e.g livetsock
 Social protection measures
 Addressing soil and land degradation problems (erosion, siltation, salinity, deforestation etc) –
intergrating agroforesty
 Smallscale agroprocessing initiatives – value addition
 Increased public and private sector invetsments into agricultural research and development

23. Selected imports by Malawi - 2009
160000
140000
Quantity (tonnes)
120000
100000 Major sources
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
90000
80000
Total Value ('000 US $)
70000
60000
50000
$81 million of wheat imported in 40000
2010, a 23% rise from 2009 30000
20000
10000
0

24. Source: FAO STAT, 2012

25. SUPPORTING VULNERABLE FARMERS TO
INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
Recovery from emergencies/disasters, risk
reduction and mitigation
• Access to inputs and market linkages (e.g. Contract farming)
• Improved production techniques
• Mitigation to disastsers - diversification, conservation
farming techniques, local seed production, small scale
irrigation, gardening
• Small livestock projects including pass on-schemes
• Control of pests and diseases
• Improved postharvest handling

26. Most common method of planting under smallholder farming

27. CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
Conservation agriculture (CA)
can increase maize yields by up
to 200%
Source: ACT and FAO

28. Conservation agriculture can help farmers to prepare their
fields and plant on time
100
90
80
70
percent of plots
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
ay
ly
t
y
ry
ne
h
ril
er
r
r
r
us
be
be
be
ar
c
Ju
Ap
ua
ob
M
ar
Ju
g
nu
m
m
m
Au
br
M
ct
ve
ce
te
Ja
O
Fe
p
No
De
Se
timing of field preparation
CF basins plow
Source: Haggblade and Tembo (2003)

29. Practicing various forms of
crop mixtures/rotations under
CA help to improve soil health
and diversiy food
Source, ACT

30. AWARENESS AND CAPACITY
BUILDING REQUIRED AT ALL
LEVELS
Training of agricultural
extension workers

32. Capacity building – practical sessions for farmers
Awareness and training among farmers and extension
staff
Source, ACT and GART

33. Increasing awareness among policy
and decision makers
Source, FAO and ACT

34. More research on
the farms

35. AGROFORESTR
Y

36. CAN AGRICULTURE HELP SADC COUNTIRES TO
DEVELOP?
http://www.sarpn.org/documents/d0000393/index.php
 Most are pre-dominantly agricultural based
 Food dominates agricultural trade
 Enhanced agricultural trade could help to
 fight poverty
 promoting regional integration
 increasing economic growth and welfare.
 The World Bank estimates - 10% increase in crop yields
could reduce by 9% the proportion of people surviving on
less than $1 per day.
 IFPRI: Increased farm incomes (by $1) can significantly
increase rural incomes (by between $0.5 and $1.5)

37. MALAWI AS AN EXAMPLEOF AGRICULTURE-BASED
ECONOMIC GROWTH
 2005 -launched an improved seed and
fertilizer voucher subsidy programme
targeted at the vulnerable households
 Increased maize yields observed – see
earlier graph
 Positive balance on maize supply – surplus
exported

38. Malawi Agricutural Value and GDP
3000 12
Gross Production Value of food
(million US$)
2500 10
Gross Production Value (million US$)
Gross Production Value of
Tobacco (million US$)
2000 GDP Growth 8
GDP Growth (%)
1500 6
1000 4
500 2
122 108 116 113 153
109
65
0 0
1980-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-2005 2006 2007 2008
According to NEPAD CAADP report, Malawi is among the
Source: FAO STAT; SADC countries allocating more than 10% of their annual budgets
to agriculture

39. Malawi is one of the countries reported to be allocating more than 10% (2007 CAADP
report)
Source: http://www.nepad.org,

40. GLOBAL TRADE AND AFRICAN SMALLHOLDER
FARMERS – OBSTACLES FACED IN COMPETING
WITH WESTERN COUNTRIES
 Quota system
 More border restrictions – exporting as a country
rather than as region – compare e.g. with EU
 Competitiveness – costs of production
 Subsidies in developed countries which may render
their goods cheaper than those from developing
countries
 Quality standards of produce is lower
 Exporting primary or semi processed products
 Trade policies – need for regional trade policies to
conform to a global economy
 SADC countries are members of other regional
trading block, such as COMESA - overlaps in trade

41. General exports from the SADC
Region
45
Yr 2000
40
Proportion of export (%)
35 Yr 2007
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Source: Negasi 2009

42. IFPRI, 2004

43. MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
 Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
 Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
 Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower
women
 Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
 Goal 5: Improve maternal health
 Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other
diseases
 Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
 Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

44. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 All sources of information used
 All organizations and projects that I have
worked for and with

45. THANK YOU