Presented by IWMI's Maha Halalsheh as part of a series of training workshops held in 2021 entitled 'The safe use of wastewater' explaining the modules in the ' Governance and Reuse Safety Plans' handbook developed as part of our ReWater-MENA project. More about our work: https://rewater-mena.iwmi.org/

1. Maha Halalsheh
Wastewater treatment expert
Introduction to Reuse/Sanitation Safety Planning and
Governance System - Module One

2. Learning objectives

3. Water Scarcity
Responses to
water scarcity
Introduction
IWRM
WW as
resource

4. Water
Treatment
Distribution network
Sewer
Network
Centralised
WWTP
Effluent
discharge
Conventional paradigm

5. • Cholera, influenza, and other outbreaks were responsible for
10s of thousands mortalities in very short period of time.
• “All smell is disease” and miasma is the main cause of death
(Edwin Chadwick, commissioner of the Board of Health
created in 1849).
* Caroline Wazer, 2014
Background

6. Background
• Replacing bricks with
earthenware pipes that were
finally discharging into the
Thames river

7. Characteristics of the conventional system
• Established when very little was know about water biochemistry, chemistry and physics and
is not the zenith of scientific achievement
• Uses fresh water to flush excreta!
• Operated by the public sector
• Comfortable and invisible (practically resulting in less than 10% of sewage collected
worldwide)
• Slow implementation and high networks investments (40% global coverage)

8. Need for faster
Service provision particularly in
view of climate change
Very high energy
cost
Water is a limited
resource
Sustainable sanitation (resource recovery)
Motivation for change

9. Sanitation paradigm shift
Bringing the invisible into front: becoming visible
Social acceptance

10. Sanitation paradigm shift
Laws and regulations, institutions
1
Existing
technical
standards
EIA
2
Policies
Planning
Management
3
Codes
Others

11. Sanitation paradigm shift
Technological challenges
Fresh water to transport excreta
should be minimized
Technological
advances
(needed)

12. Business
model
Technological
developments
Resource
recovery
Sanitation paradigm shift

13. Old paradigm New paradigm
Slow implementation Rapid implementation
Prescriptive technologies Adaptive solutions
One water quality type fits all Provision of water quality based on use
Low priority on energy efficiency High priority for energy efficiency
“Siloed” health, economic, engineering Integrated systems appraoch
Financing via taxes, subsidies, tariffs Innovative financing and business models
Less priority on resources conservation High priority on resource conservation
Summary

14. SSP is following WSP
However, water is ingested while reclaimed water is not.
The idea is the quality of produce that is ingested
Water chain

15. Elements of sanitation safety plan
System
assessment
Operational
monitoring
Management plan,
Documentation and
Communication
Sanitation safety plan

16. Steps to be implemented

17. Chain with respect to WW

18. Describe historical background of the existing
sanitation paradigm
List characteristics of the new sanitation
paradigm
Describe the elements of the sanitation safety
plan
Learning outcomes

19. Questions

20. Thank you.