The second half of the French Revolution. Robespiere's provisional government, Rights of Man and the Citizen and the Terror.

1. The French Revolution (part II) &
the Rise of Napoleon 1789 - 1815

3. Daily Objectives
• 1. Specify why social inequality
& economic problems
contributed to the French
Revolution.
• 2. Explain why radicals,
Catholics priests, nobles & the
lower classes opposed the new
order.

4. II. The Reign of Terror
• The Committee of Public Safety
acted to defend France from foreign
and domestic threats.
• The Reign of Terror was a
revolutionary court system which
prosecuted enemies of the republic. 40
thousand were killed
• Marie Antoinette and Olympe de
Gourges, died under the blade of the
guillotine

5. 1.Identify- What was the purpose
of the Committee of Public
Safety?
2.Identify- What type of system
was the “Reign of Terror”?
3.Identify- How many people were
executed as “enemies of the
republic”?

6. http://www.metaphor.dk/guillotine/Media/Plast.jpg

8. A. Crushing Rebellion
• The city of Lyon was made into an example
by killing 1,880 citizens.
• The commander of the revolutionary army
ordered that no mercy be given.
• Nantes (most notorious act of violence)-
victims were executed by being sunk in
barges in the Loire river
• People of all classes were killed.
4. Identify- During the Reign of Terror
what was the most notorious example of
violence, against citizens of France?

9. B. The Republic of Virtue
• Was called “democratic republic composed of good
citizens”
• Modeled after the Roman Republic
• Passed laws on primary education but not very
successful
• Slavery abolished
• They established price limits, but weren’t very
effective
5. Identify- What form of government was
this modeled after?
6. Identify- What was abolished?

10. B. The Republic of Virtue
• Women remained active in the revolution
• National Convention pursued a policy of
dechristianization.
• The cathedral of Notre Dame was designated
a “temple of reason”
• They adopted a new calendar
• Dechristianization failed to work because
France was overwhelmingly Catholic.
7. Identify- What policy did the National
Convention attempt in France?
8. Explain- Why did the National
Convention rename Notre Dame Cathedral
a “temple of reason”?

11. • The Festival of the Supreme Being

12. III. A Nation in Arms
• The Committee of Public Safety mobilized the
Nation on August 23, 1793.
• In less than a year the French revolutionary
government had raised a huge army of over one
million.
• Largest army ever seen in European history.
• The invading forces were pushed back and France
took the Austrian Netherlands.
9. Identify- How many soldiers did the
Committee of Public Safety enlist in their new
army?
10. Analyze-Think … Why would other nations
choose this time to invade France?

13. III. A Nation in Arms
• The French revolutionary army was
an important step in the creation of
modern nationalism.
• Prior to the French Revolution,
people fought for their monarch
• Wars became the “people’s war”
11. Explain- How did France’s
revolutionary army start the modern idea
of nationalism?

14. A. End of the Terror
• The National Convention, who feared
Robespierre, decided to act and had him
guillotined.
• After his death more moderate middle-class
leaders took control.
• Reign of Terror came to a halt.
12. Identify- Who was the feared leader
of the National Convention?
13. Describe- How did the Reign of
Terror come to an end?

15. "Act of Justice"
Here Robespierre’s death is depicted as divine retribution, as in a classical myth. Numerous heads,
presumably of those who had perished at the guillotine, watch two male figures (bearing a strong
resemblance to Hercules, who had been an early symbol of the Revolution) carry the freshly severed heads of
Robespierre and his followers toward the mythological river Styx, guarded by the three–headed dog
Cerberus.

16. IV. The Directory
• The Directory was five members
that acted as an executive
committee
• The Directory, together with the
legislature, ruled France during
their revolution.
14. Describe- What was the
“Directory” and with which
group did they rule over France?

17. IV. The Directory
• The Constitution of 1795 established a
national legislative assembly consisting
of two chambers: a lower house and
upper house
• Members of the two houses were
chosen by Electors- individuals
qualified to vote in an election.
15. Identify- Which two groups made up the
national legislative assembly in the new
Constitution of France in 1795?
16. Describe- How were these two groups
chosen to vote in future elections of
France?

18. IV. The Directory
• Known as an era of
corruption and graft
17. Describe- What is
“graft” and why is this
unethical in government?

19. IV. The Directory
• The Coup of 18 Brumaire, (November 9–10,
1799), was the coup d’état that overthrew the
system of government under the Directory
in France and substituted the Consulate in its
place.
• Napoleon Bonaparte leads the new Consulate
and with the Directory out of power, the French
Revolution ends.
18. Identify- Which system of government
was overthrown?
19.
20. Identify- Which new system of
government replaces the French
Revolutionary government in 1799?

21. The remaining days
are accounted for by
having a festival at
the end of the year.
September 22
marked the
beginning of the
year.
The third month is
Frimaire, the month
of frost.
It is the hottest
period in
France.

22. The Age of Napoleon

23. Daily Objectives
• 1. Summarize how Napoleon
built & lost an empire.
• 2. Discuss how nationalism
spread as a result of the French
Revolution.
• 3. Describe how Napoleon was
exiled first to Elba, & then to St.
Helena, where he died.

24. The Coup of 18
Brumaire, 1799 • By 1799, people had lost
confidence in the Directory
due to corruption.
• Directors had control over
the army which kept the
Directory in power.
• November 9, 1799
Napoleon seized power
by sending troops to drive
out elected members from
one chamber of the
National Legislature.
21. Identify- Which part of the
French Revolutionary
government retained control of
the army until Napoleon led
them to this coupe de tat?
22. Describe- What is a coup de
tat?
Click on this link to answer 22.
The Posse Comitatus Act
Explained | Brennan Center for
Justice
22. Discuss- What law was
passed after the American
Civil War and what was it’s
purpose?
23. Explain- What action did
Julius Caesar take that
started the end of the Roman
Republic?
24. Describe- What is the danger
involved when military force
is used in a republic?

25. I. The Rise of Napoleon
• Dominated French & European history from
1799 to 1815
• Helped bring an end to the French Revolution
The Coup of 18 Brumaire

26. A. Early Life
• Born in 1769 in Corsica, an
island in the Mediterranean Sea
• Educated in French military
schools
• Commissioned as a artillery
lieutenant in the French army in
1785.

27. B. Military Successes
• At 24 he became Brigadier
General
• Fought in Italy
• Energy, charm, and ability to
make quick decisions
• Intelligence, ease with words, &
supreme confidence

28. http://www.paintingstogo.com/david/napoleon.jpg

29. B. Military Successes
• 1797- Napoleon
takes Egypt from
British and
threatened India, a
major source of
British wealth.
• British controlled the
seas, Napoleon
forced to abandon his
army in Egypt in
1799 and return to
Paris.
• Replicate this map

30. C. Consul & Emperor
• In 1799, he took part in the :The Coup of
18 Brumaire “ coup d’etat, he was only 30.
• A new gov’t called the consulate was
proclaimed composed of Three Consuls.
• As First Consul, Napoleon dismissed the
other two consuls, which gave him absolute
power.
25. Describe- Napoleon used the military
to dominate the Consulate; how did
Napoleon use military force to consolidate
power?

31. C. Consul & Emperor
• Napoleon appointed members of the
bureaucracy, controlled the army, conducted
foreign affairs & influenced the legislature.
• In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor
Napoleon I.
26. Describe- How is Napoleon acting more like a
dictator than the leader of a republic here?
27. Remember when we studied Montesquie?
What was his solution to avoiding too much
political power in one branch of government?

32. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ddg.com/LIS/InfoDesignF96/Emin/napoleon/images/personal/coronation.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ddg.com/LIS/InfoDesignF96/Emin/napoleon/photo.html&h=307&
w=522&sz=69&tbnid=I7kZfQUW4qAJ:&tbnh=75&tbnw=128&start=21&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNapoleon%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
The crowning of Emperor Napoleon I
28. Identify- Who is crowning Napoleon I?

33. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ddg.com/LIS/InfoDesignF96/Emin/napoleon/images/personal/coronation.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ddg.com/LIS/InfoDesignF96/Emin/napoleon/photo.html&h=307
&w=522&sz=69&tbnid=I7kZfQUW4qAJ:&tbnh=75&tbnw=128&start=21&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNapoleon%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
Emperor Napoleon I
What were his
domestic policies?
( in other
words…how did he
rule France?)

34. A. Peace with the Church
• In 1801, Napoleon made an agreement with
the Pope to recognize Catholicism as the
religion of France.
• In return the Pope would not ask for the
return of seized church lands.
28. In 1801, Napoleon returned France to a state
of normalcy, after all the craziness of the French
Revolution. Describe- How did the French
Revolutionary government try to abolish
Christian worship prior to this?

35. B. Codification of Laws
• Most famous domestic achievement was his
codification of the laws / called the
Seven Codes of Law
• The most important was the Civil Code, or
Napoleonic Code
29. Identify- What was the most
famous domestic achievement of
Napoleon I?

36. B. Codification of Laws
• The Napoleonic Code recognized the
principle of equality of all citizens before the
law, the right of the individual to choose a
profession, religious toleration & the
abolition of serfdom & feudalism.
30. Compare- How is the Napoleonic Code of
1801 similar to the U.S. Constitution of the same
era?
31. Contrast- Describe-How is this code different
from the U.S. Constitution?

37. C. A New Bureaucracy
• Napoleon worked hard to develop a
bureaucracy of capable officials.
• Promotion, whether in civil or military
offices, was to be based NOT on rank or
birth but on ability only.
32. Describe- What is the difference between
someone who is part of a bureaucracy (a
bureaucrat) and one who is elected to office?
33. Describe- Promotion in post-revolutionary
France became based on what?

38. D. Preserver of the Revolution?
• Did preserve aspects of the Revolution through
his Civil Code & access to gov’t jobs
• Napoleon shut down 60% of France’s 73
newspapers.
• Mail was opened by gov’t police.
34. Identify- Which aspects of the Revolution did
Napoleon continue to use?
35. Describe- How did Napoleon’s government squash
privacy and a free press?
36. Identify- Which U.S. constitutional Amendments
protect privacy and a free press?

39. A. Building the Empire
• From 1805 to 1807, Napoleon’s Grand
Army defeated the Austrian, Prussian &
Russian armies.
• His Grand Empire was composed of three
major parts: the French Empire,
dependent states and allied states.
37. Identify- What three tough armies did Napoleon’s
Grand Army defeat between 1805 and 1807?
38. Identify- Name the three major parts of Napoleon’s
Grand Empire.
Map Activity -Replicate the following map, including
legend, color and all labels.

41. B. Spreading the Principles of the
Revolution
• Within his empire, Napoleon sought to
spread some of the principles of the French
Revolution, including legal equality,
religious toleration & economic
freedom.
39. Identify- What three principles of the French
Revolution did Napoleon seek to spread in
Europe?

42. IV. The European Response
• Napoleon’s Grand empire collapsed almost as
rapidly as it had been formed
• Two major reasons for the collapse of Napoleon’s
Grand Empire are: the survival of Great Britain &
the force of nationalism.
40. Identify- What were the two main reasons why
Napoleon’s Grand Empire collapsed?

43. A. Britain's Survival
• Britain’s survival was due primarily to its
naval power.
• The British navy’s decisive defeat of a
combined French-Spanish fleet at the
Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 destroyed any
thought of an invasion of Britain.
41. Describe- How did Britain survive against the
attacks from Spain and France?

44. http://www.napoleonguide.com/pd_15.htm

45. A. Britain's Survival
• The aim of the Continental System was to stop
British goods from reaching the European
continent to be sold there.
• Economic warfare- the Continental System
was designed to cripple British economy to try and
force Britain out of the Napoleonic Wars.
• It failed, Allied States resented being told not to
trade with Britain, others began to cheat, others
resisted.
42. Describe- Why did Napoleon’s economic weapon fail
(the Continental System), when it was supposed to
weaken the British economy?

46. B. Nationalism
• Nationalism is the unique cultural identity of a
people based on common language, religion &
national symbols.
• Indirectly help spread nationalism to other
European countries.
43. Napoleon’s empire spread the popularity of
nationalism across Europe. Identify- Name three
characteristics that are commonly identified that go
along with nationalism.

47. V. The Fall of Napoleon
• The beginning of Napoleon’s downfall came in
1812 with his invasion of Russia.
44. Identify- Which states were dependent on the French
Empire in 1810?

48. A. Disaster in Russia
• The Russian forces refused to give battle &
retreated for hundreds of miles.
• As they retreated, they burned their own villages
& country side to keep Napoleon’s army from
finding food.
• When the remaining Grand Army arrived in
Moscow, they found the city ablaze.

49. A. Disaster in Russia
• Napoleon abandoned Moscow late in October
1812 and began the “Great Retreat”
• Less than 40,000 out of the original 600,000
managed to arrive back in Poland in January
1813.
45. Describe- How did Russia beat Napoleon’s armies?

50. http://www.pinakoteka.zascianek.pl/Suchodolski/Images/Berezyna.jpg
•Napoleon’s “Great Retreat” from
Russia

51. A. Disaster in Russia
• Napoleon was soon sent into exile
on the island of Elba, off the coast
of Tuscany.
Watch
https://youtu.be/puZh2LARvHU?feature=shared
46. Describe- How did Napoleon’s
Grand Army receive him
after his escape from Elba?

52. B. The Final Defeat
• The restored monarch Louis XVIII had little
support & Napoleon bored on the island of Elba,
slipped back into France.
• At Waterloo in Belgium on June 18, 1815,
Napoleon met a combined British & Prussian army
under the Duke of Wellington & suffered a
bloody defeat.
47. Identify- What two armies
combined their efforts to
defeat Napoleon at the Battle
Of Waterloo in June of 1815?

53. http://www.imh.org/imh/jpg/waterloo.jpg

54. B. The Final Defeat
• This time, the victorious allies exiled Napoleon to
St. Helena, a small island in the South Atlantic.
48. Following the British and Prussian victory at
Waterloo, why didn’t
The victors execute
Napoleon? (Discuss
as a class.)
49. In the next slide,
Replicate the timeline
For Napoleon’s career
And illustrate each point
from 1790-1830.

55. Napoleon was
crowned emperor in
1804.
Lord Nelson defeated
the French at the Battle
of Trafalgar.
Napoleon was exiled
to Elba in 1814.

56. 50. Describe- What are some notable differences between the first
revolution in France and the second?

57. Revolutionary France
In 1784, deputies in the
National Convention proposed
a new military school that
would train several thousand
young males aged 16 and 17
in the arts of war and the love
of country. A few months
later, the École de Mars,
or School of Mars (the Roman
god of war), opened on the
outskirts of Paris.

59. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ddg.com/LIS/InfoDesignF96/Emin/napoleon/images/personal/coronation.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ddg.com/LIS/InfoDesignF96/Emin/napol
eon/photo.html&h=307&w=522&sz=69&tbnid=I7kZfQUW4qAJ:&tbnh=75&tbnw=128&start=21&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNapoleon%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN