The technology of camera calibration is most important part for machine vision detection and
location, the accuracy of calibration directly determines the processing accuracy of machine vision systems. In
this paper, we use LabVIEW and MATLAB to calibrate the internal and external parameters of the camera, at
the same time, we use dot calibration board, the circle edge is detected by Canny operator, then with the method
of circle fitting based on subpixel edge extraction, the information of dots image coordinate is extracted. The
present method reduces the difficulty of camera calibration and shortens the software development cycle, the
most important is that it has a high calibration accuracy, which can meet the actual industrial detection accuracy,
the results of experimental show that the method is feasible.
IRJET- Study on the Feature of Cavitation Bubbles in Hydraulic Valve by using...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on using a single camera and 6 mirrors to measure the 3D features of cavitation bubbles inside a hydraulic valve. It first discusses previous research on using multiple cameras and a single camera with 4 mirrors. It then proposes a new virtual stereo vision system using a single camera and 6 mirrors to account for the opaque object in the hydraulic valve. The document describes the camera model, lens distortion correction, and calibration of the virtual stereo vision sensor. It also presents an algorithm to extract 3D features and size of cavitation bubbles from video data obtained by the new system. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Enhanced Algorithm for Obstacle Detection and Avoidance Using a Hybrid of Pla...IOSR Journals
This document presents an enhanced algorithm for obstacle detection and avoidance using a hybrid of plane-to-plane homography, image segmentation, corner detection, and edge detection techniques. The algorithm aims to improve upon previous methods by eliminating false positives, reducing unreliable corners and broken edges, providing depth perception without planar assumptions, and requiring less processing power. The key components of the algorithm include plane-to-plane homography, image segmentation, Canny edge detection, Harris corner detection, and the RANSAC sampling method for system analysis. Test results on sample images show the algorithm can accurately detect obstacles based on texture differences while reducing noise from ground plane textures.
Solving the Pose Ambiguity via a Simple Concentric Circle ConstraintDr. Amarjeet Singh
Estimating the pose of objects with circle feature from images is a basic and important question in computer vision
community. This paper is focused on the ambiguity problem in pose estimation of circle feature, and a new method is proposed based
on the concentric circle constraint. The pose of a single circle feature, in general, can be determined from its projection in the image
plane with a pre-calibrated camera. However, there are generally two possible sets of pose parameters. By introducing the concentric
circle constraint, interference from the false solution can be excluded. On the basis of element at infinity in projective geometry and
the Euclidean distance invariant, cases that concentric circles are coplanar and non-coplanar are discussed respectively. Experiments
on these two cases are performed to validate the proposed method.
This document summarizes research on using image stitching and optical flow to generate panoramic views from video frames in real-time. Key aspects include:
1) Features are detected in frames using Shi-Tomasi corner detection and tracked between frames using optical flow.
2) A key frame is selected when less than half of features from the previous frame are successfully tracked, allowing sufficient rotation for homography calculation.
3) Homographies relating key frames are estimated and used to stitch and map frames to a cylindrical panorama for 3D visualization by a teleoperator.
4) Experimental results found the Shi-Tomasi/optical flow method was over 10x faster than SIFT/
ADVANCED ALGORITHMS FOR ETCHING SIMULATION OF 3D MEMS-TUNABLE LASERSijctcm
This document describes new algorithms for simulating etching in the fabrication of 3D microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and MEMS-tunable lasers. The algorithms improve on existing 2D methods by applying boundary smoothing and remeshing after subtraction operations. They also use domain decomposition to more efficiently simulate etching of complex 3D structures by decomposing the structure into blocks. Numerical results demonstrating the algorithms' performance on realistic 3D MEMS and laser devices are presented and analyzed. The algorithms provide simple, robust simulations that significantly reduce runtimes for processing 3D MEMS and laser devices.
Conventional non-vision based navigation systems relying on purely Global Positioning System (GPS) or inertial sensors can provide the 3D position or orientation of the user. However GPS is often not available in forested regions and cannot be used indoors. Visual odometry provides an independent method to estimate position and orientation of the user/system based on the images captured by the moving user accurately. Vision based systems also provide information (e.g. images, 3D location of landmarks, detection of scene objects) about the scene that the user is looking at. In this project, a set of techniques are used for the accurate pose and position estimation of the moving vehicle for autonomous navigation using the images obtained from two cameras placed at two different locations of the same area on the top of the vehicle. These cases are referred to as stereo vision. Stereo vision provides a method for the 3D reconstruction of the environment which is required for pose and position estimation. Firstly, a set of images are captured. The Harris corner detector is utilized to automatically extract a set of feature points from the images and then feature matching is done using correlation based matching. Triangulation is applied on feature points to find the 3D co-ordinates. Next, a new set of images is captured. Then repeat the same technique for the new set of images too. Finally, by using the 3D feature points, obtained from the first set of images and the new set of images, the pose and position estimation of moving vehicle is done using QUEST algorithm.
An efficient feature extraction method with pseudo zernike moment for facial ...ijcsity
Face recognition is one of the most challenging problems in the domain of image processing and machine
vision. Face recognition system is critical when individuals have very similar biometric signature such as
identical twins. In this paper, new efficient facial-based identical twins recognition is proposed according
to the geometric moment. The utilized geometric moment is Pseudo-Zernike Moment (PZM) as a feature
extractor inside the facial area of identical twins images. Also, the facial area inside an image is detected
using Ada Boost approach. The proposed method is evaluated on two datasets, Twins Days Festival and
Iranian Twin Society which contain scaled, which contain the shifted and rotated facial images of identical
twins in different illuminations. The results prove the ability of proposed method to recognize a pair of
identical twins. Also, results show that the proposed method is robust to rotation, scaling and changing
illumination.
AN EFFICIENT FEATURE EXTRACTION METHOD WITH LOCAL REGION ZERNIKE MOMENT FOR F...ieijjournal
Face recognition is one of the most challenging problems in the domain of image processing and machine vision. The face recognition system is critical when individuals have very similar biometric signature such as identical twins. In this paper, the facial area in an image is detected using AdaBoost approach. After that the facial area is divided into some local regions. Finally, new efficient facial-based identical twins feature extractor based on the geometric moment is applied into local regions of face image.The utilized geometric moment is Zernike Moment (ZM) as a feature extractor inside the local regions of facial area of identical twins images. The proposed method is evaluated on two datasets, Twins Days Festival and Iranian Twin Society which contain scaled and rotated facial images of identical twins in different illuminations. The results prove the ability of proposed method to recognize a pair of identical twins.Also, results show that the proposed method is robust to rotation, scaling and changing illumination.
IRJET- Study on the Feature of Cavitation Bubbles in Hydraulic Valve by using...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on using a single camera and 6 mirrors to measure the 3D features of cavitation bubbles inside a hydraulic valve. It first discusses previous research on using multiple cameras and a single camera with 4 mirrors. It then proposes a new virtual stereo vision system using a single camera and 6 mirrors to account for the opaque object in the hydraulic valve. The document describes the camera model, lens distortion correction, and calibration of the virtual stereo vision sensor. It also presents an algorithm to extract 3D features and size of cavitation bubbles from video data obtained by the new system. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Enhanced Algorithm for Obstacle Detection and Avoidance Using a Hybrid of Pla...IOSR Journals
This document presents an enhanced algorithm for obstacle detection and avoidance using a hybrid of plane-to-plane homography, image segmentation, corner detection, and edge detection techniques. The algorithm aims to improve upon previous methods by eliminating false positives, reducing unreliable corners and broken edges, providing depth perception without planar assumptions, and requiring less processing power. The key components of the algorithm include plane-to-plane homography, image segmentation, Canny edge detection, Harris corner detection, and the RANSAC sampling method for system analysis. Test results on sample images show the algorithm can accurately detect obstacles based on texture differences while reducing noise from ground plane textures.
Solving the Pose Ambiguity via a Simple Concentric Circle ConstraintDr. Amarjeet Singh
Estimating the pose of objects with circle feature from images is a basic and important question in computer vision
community. This paper is focused on the ambiguity problem in pose estimation of circle feature, and a new method is proposed based
on the concentric circle constraint. The pose of a single circle feature, in general, can be determined from its projection in the image
plane with a pre-calibrated camera. However, there are generally two possible sets of pose parameters. By introducing the concentric
circle constraint, interference from the false solution can be excluded. On the basis of element at infinity in projective geometry and
the Euclidean distance invariant, cases that concentric circles are coplanar and non-coplanar are discussed respectively. Experiments
on these two cases are performed to validate the proposed method.
This document summarizes research on using image stitching and optical flow to generate panoramic views from video frames in real-time. Key aspects include:
1) Features are detected in frames using Shi-Tomasi corner detection and tracked between frames using optical flow.
2) A key frame is selected when less than half of features from the previous frame are successfully tracked, allowing sufficient rotation for homography calculation.
3) Homographies relating key frames are estimated and used to stitch and map frames to a cylindrical panorama for 3D visualization by a teleoperator.
4) Experimental results found the Shi-Tomasi/optical flow method was over 10x faster than SIFT/
ADVANCED ALGORITHMS FOR ETCHING SIMULATION OF 3D MEMS-TUNABLE LASERSijctcm
This document describes new algorithms for simulating etching in the fabrication of 3D microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and MEMS-tunable lasers. The algorithms improve on existing 2D methods by applying boundary smoothing and remeshing after subtraction operations. They also use domain decomposition to more efficiently simulate etching of complex 3D structures by decomposing the structure into blocks. Numerical results demonstrating the algorithms' performance on realistic 3D MEMS and laser devices are presented and analyzed. The algorithms provide simple, robust simulations that significantly reduce runtimes for processing 3D MEMS and laser devices.
Conventional non-vision based navigation systems relying on purely Global Positioning System (GPS) or inertial sensors can provide the 3D position or orientation of the user. However GPS is often not available in forested regions and cannot be used indoors. Visual odometry provides an independent method to estimate position and orientation of the user/system based on the images captured by the moving user accurately. Vision based systems also provide information (e.g. images, 3D location of landmarks, detection of scene objects) about the scene that the user is looking at. In this project, a set of techniques are used for the accurate pose and position estimation of the moving vehicle for autonomous navigation using the images obtained from two cameras placed at two different locations of the same area on the top of the vehicle. These cases are referred to as stereo vision. Stereo vision provides a method for the 3D reconstruction of the environment which is required for pose and position estimation. Firstly, a set of images are captured. The Harris corner detector is utilized to automatically extract a set of feature points from the images and then feature matching is done using correlation based matching. Triangulation is applied on feature points to find the 3D co-ordinates. Next, a new set of images is captured. Then repeat the same technique for the new set of images too. Finally, by using the 3D feature points, obtained from the first set of images and the new set of images, the pose and position estimation of moving vehicle is done using QUEST algorithm.
An efficient feature extraction method with pseudo zernike moment for facial ...ijcsity
Face recognition is one of the most challenging problems in the domain of image processing and machine
vision. Face recognition system is critical when individuals have very similar biometric signature such as
identical twins. In this paper, new efficient facial-based identical twins recognition is proposed according
to the geometric moment. The utilized geometric moment is Pseudo-Zernike Moment (PZM) as a feature
extractor inside the facial area of identical twins images. Also, the facial area inside an image is detected
using Ada Boost approach. The proposed method is evaluated on two datasets, Twins Days Festival and
Iranian Twin Society which contain scaled, which contain the shifted and rotated facial images of identical
twins in different illuminations. The results prove the ability of proposed method to recognize a pair of
identical twins. Also, results show that the proposed method is robust to rotation, scaling and changing
illumination.
AN EFFICIENT FEATURE EXTRACTION METHOD WITH LOCAL REGION ZERNIKE MOMENT FOR F...ieijjournal
Face recognition is one of the most challenging problems in the domain of image processing and machine vision. The face recognition system is critical when individuals have very similar biometric signature such as identical twins. In this paper, the facial area in an image is detected using AdaBoost approach. After that the facial area is divided into some local regions. Finally, new efficient facial-based identical twins feature extractor based on the geometric moment is applied into local regions of face image.The utilized geometric moment is Zernike Moment (ZM) as a feature extractor inside the local regions of facial area of identical twins images. The proposed method is evaluated on two datasets, Twins Days Festival and Iranian Twin Society which contain scaled and rotated facial images of identical twins in different illuminations. The results prove the ability of proposed method to recognize a pair of identical twins.Also, results show that the proposed method is robust to rotation, scaling and changing illumination.
Hidden Markov Random Fields and Swarm Particles: a Winning Combination in Ima...EL-Hachemi Guerrout
Image segmentation, a process used to partition images into distinctive regions, is a crucial task in many nowadays ubiquitous applications. Several methods have been developed to perform segmentation. We present a method that combines Hidden Markov Random Fields (HMRF) and Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) to perform segmentation. HMRF is used for modelling the segmentation problem. This elegant model leads to an optimization problem. The latter is solved using PSO method whose parameters setting is a task in itself. We conduct a study for the choice of parameters that give a good segmentation. The quality of segmentation is evaluated on grounds truths images using Misclassification Error criterion. We use the NDT (Non Destructive Testing) image dataset to evaluate several segmentation methods. These results show a supremacy of the HMRF-PSO method over threshold based techniques.
Fingerprint Registration Using Zernike Moments : An Approach for a Supervised...CSCJournals
In this work, we deal with contactless fingerprint biometrics. More specifically, we are interested in solving the problem of registration by taking into consideration some constraints such as finger rotation and translation. In the proposed method, the registration requires: (1) a segmentation technique to extract streaks, (2) a skeletonization technique to extract the center line streaks and (3) and landmarks extraction technique. The correspondence between the sets of control points, is obtained by calculating the descriptor vector of Zernike moments on a window of size RxR centered at each point. Comparison of correlation coefficients between the descriptor vectors of Zernike moments helps define the corresponding points. The estimation of parameters of the existing deformation between images is performed using RANSAC algorithm (Random SAmple Consensus) that suppresses wrong matches. Finally, performance evaluation is achieved on a set of fingerprint images where promising results are reported.
This document summarizes various methods used to remove metal artifacts from dental CT images. It discusses projection completion methods, filtered back projection, maximum likelihood transmission, iterative reconstruction, and linear interpolation methods. The majority of metal artifact reduction methods involve reconstructing images while accounting for metal objects. Key steps include identifying metal regions, interpolating or weighting missing projection data, and iteratively reconstructing images until artifacts are reduced. Compressed sensing methods can also exploit sparsity to reduce artifacts with fewer angular projections.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
ZERNIKE MOMENT-BASED FEATURE EXTRACTION FOR FACIAL RECOGNITION OF IDENTICAL T...ijcseit
Face recognition is one of the most challenging problems in the domain of image processing and machine
vision. The face recognition system is critical when individuals have very similar biometric signature such
as identical twins. In this paper, new efficient facial-based identical twins recognition is proposed
according to geometric moment. The utilized geometric moment is Zernike Moment (ZM) as a feature
extractor inside the facial area of identical twins images. Also, the facial area in an image is detected using
AdaBoost approach. The proposed method is evaluated on two datasets, Twins Days Festival and Iranian
Twin Society which contain scaled and rotated facial images of identical twins in different illuminations.
The results prove the ability of proposed method to recognize a pair of identical twins. Also, results show
that the proposed method is robust to rotation, scaling and changing illumination.
This document describes visual servo control of a mobile robot using homography-based image feedback. A camera is mounted on the robot to track features in the environment. Homography is estimated from matched features to relate the current and target camera views. The robot's motion model and a control law are derived to drive the robot from its initial position to the target position defined by the target image. Experimental results are presented to validate the visual servo control approach. The high-level goal is to navigate the robot to the target position using only image feedback from the mounted camera.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Hierarchical Vertebral Body Segmentation Using Graph Cuts and Statistical Sha...IJTET Journal
Abstract— Bone Mineral Density (BMD) estimations and fracture investigation of the spine bones are retrained to the vertebral bodies (VBs).A contemporary shape and appearance based method is proposed to segment VBs in clinical Computed Tomography (CT) images without any user arbitration. The proposed approach depends on both image appearance and shape information. Shape knowledge is aggregated from a set of training shapes. Then shape variations are estimated using statistical shape model which approximates the shape variations of the vertebral bodies and its background in the variability region. To segment a VB, the graph cut method used to detect the VB region automatically. Detected contours are aligned and mean shape model is created. The spatial interaction between the neighboring pixels is identified. The statistical shape model is used to produce the deformable shape model and all instances of the shape lies with the current estimate of the mean shape.
International journal of signal and image processing issues vol 2015 - no 1...sophiabelthome
This document reviews commonly used calibration patterns for camera calibration and image rectification. It discusses traditional 2D and 3D patterns using points, lines or geometric shapes. Structured light patterns using diffractive optical elements are also presented. Extraction of pattern data is important and can be done through intensity-based subpixel detection or edge detection techniques. Accuracy is evaluated using metrics like root mean square error. Image rectification transforms distorted images into rectilinear images by modeling and removing lens distortion.
This document describes a framework for 2D pose estimation using active shape models and learned entropy field approximations. A dataset of manually annotated poses was created from NBA footage to train the models. Active shape models use principal component analysis to represent poses as a linear combination of modes of variation learned from the training data. To evaluate pose likelihood, image entropy is proposed as a texture similarity measure and regression is used to learn a function mapping poses to entropy fields, which can be compared to the image entropy. Current results are presented and future work to improve and speed up the approach is discussed.
Intelligent two axis dual-ccd image-servo shooting platform designeSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design of an intelligent two-axis dual-CCD image-servo shooting platform. It uses two cameras and image processing techniques to dynamically track targets in 3D space. The system calculates the precise 3D spatial coordinate of the target based on pixel differences between the dual camera images. Experimental results showed the system could hit dynamic targets with precision of 5mm.
In this paper the process of 3D modelling from video is presented. Analysed previous research related to
this process, and specifically described algorithms for detecting and matching key points. We described
their advantages and disadvantages, and made a critical analysis of algorithms. In this paper, the three
detectors (SUSAN, Plessey and Förstner) are tested and compare. We used video taken with hand held
camera of a cube and compare these detectors on it (taking into account their parameters of accuracy and
repeatability). In conclusion, we practically made 3D model of the cube from video used these detectors in
the first step of the process and three algorithms (RANSAC, MSAC and MLESAC) for matching data.
This document appears to be a research paper submitted by Anutam Majumder for their M.Sc. degree. The paper discusses estimation of camera trajectory using visual odometry. It provides an introduction to visual odometry and discusses challenges in the field. The paper then reviews relevant literature on visual SLAM and deep learning based methods. It proposes a methodology using a CNN-RNN network for visual odometry estimation and discusses the network architecture, feature extraction, sequential modeling, and optimization. Results are presented on a dataset and the paper concludes with an evaluation comparing the method to other approaches.
Automatic Segmentation of Brachial Artery based on Fuzzy C-Means Pixel Clust...IJECEIAES
Automatic extraction of brachial artery and measuring associated indices such as flow-mediated dilatation and Intima-media thickness are important for early detection of cardiovascular disease and other vascular endothelial malfunctions. In this paper, we propose the basic but important component of such decision-assisting medical software development – noise tolerant fully automatic segmentation of brachial artery from ultrasound images. Pixel clustering with Fuzzy C-Means algorithm in the quantization process is the key component of that segmentation with various image processing algorithms involved. This algorithm could be an alternative choice of segmentation process that can replace speckle noise-suffering edge detection procedures in this application domain.
Obstacle detection for autonomous systems using stereoscopic images and bacte...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a low cost strategy for real-time estimation of the position of ob- stacles in an unknown environment for autonomous robots. The strategy was intended for use in autonomous service robots, which navigate in unknown and dynamic indoor environments. In addition to human interaction, these environments are characterized by a design created for the human being, which is why our developments seek morphological and functional similarity equivalent to the human model. We use a pair of cameras on our robot to achieve a stereoscopic vision of the environment, and we analyze this information to determine the distance to obstacles using an algorithm that mimics bacterial behavior. The algorithm was evaluated on our robotic platform demonstrating high performance in the location of obstacles and real-time operation.
EFFECT OF THE PROCESS PARAMETERS ON GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTS ...IAEME Publication
This document reviews the direct metal deposition (DMD) process and the effects of various process parameters on the geometrical characteristics of parts produced. It discusses how the laser power, beam diameter, scanning speed, powder flow rate, and other parameters influence characteristics like clad height, width, roughness, and dilution. Several studies that developed models and conducted experiments relating parameters to outcomes are summarized. In general, increasing laser power or powder flow rate tends to increase clad height and deposition rate while increasing scanning speed decreases these. Optimal surface roughness requires intermediate parameter values.
A study on improvement activities for indian manufacturing industrieseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents findings of an extensive survey of Indian manufacturing industries. The survey encompassed three sectors: Four Wheeler Automobile Industries, Two Wheeler Automobile Industries and General Manufacturing Industries. Various Improvement Activities such as Advance Manufacturing Technology, Integrated Information System and Advance Management System have been identified and assessed the degree of investment in Improvement Activities in Indian manufacturing environment. Their sub classifications are also made. Sector wise comparisons of these Improvement Activities are provided. Correlation is also made between the various Improvement Activities. Our results showed that most of the Indian industries are still emphasizing Advanced Management Systems. Four Wheeler Automobile Industries and General Manufacturing Industries are emphasizing on Total Quality Management. However Two Wheeler Automobile Industries are investing more on Activity Based Costing. But, in overall sector it is observed from data analysis that all sectors are emphasizing on Total Quality Management. Key words: Improvement activities, Advance Manufacturing Technology, Integrated Information System, Advance Management System.
The document discusses improving the performance of photopolymer resins used in 3D printing through oxygen desensitization. It examines adding visco enhancers and antioxidants to photopolymer resins to protect the ruthenium catalyst from deactivating in the presence of oxygen. Testing found that increasing the resin viscosity by 30x improved its ambient lifespan by over 100x. Adding the antioxidant 4-methoxyphenol (MEHQ) at 0.1-0.2 wt.% also improved performance by 9x. Raman spectroscopy confirmed MEHQ was the most effective antioxidant at protecting the catalyst compared to others tested. The modifications aim to allow photopolymer resins to polymerize after longer exposures to ambient oxygen levels.
The document describes an experimental study on improving the productivity of gas metal arc welding (GMAW). It investigates the effect of varying three input parameters - welding current, voltage, and gas flow rate - on the amount of filler metal deposited and welding time. Samples of mild steel were welded using different combinations of the parameters and the weight of deposited metal and welding time were measured. The results showed that higher current leads to higher heat generation and metal deposition rate. Maximizing deposition rate while minimizing welding time can improve the productivity of GMAW.
IBC Group provides advanced surface treatment and coating solutions using techniques like laser cladding, thin film coating, nitriding, and heat treating. The company has facilities in Indiana and Canada with about 85 employees. Laser cladding is used to rebuild worn components and increase hardness and wear resistance through applying cladding layers and subsequent treatments. Examples showed laser cladding repaired turbo shafts and agricultural parts with no wear after testing.
Hidden Markov Random Fields and Swarm Particles: a Winning Combination in Ima...EL-Hachemi Guerrout
Image segmentation, a process used to partition images into distinctive regions, is a crucial task in many nowadays ubiquitous applications. Several methods have been developed to perform segmentation. We present a method that combines Hidden Markov Random Fields (HMRF) and Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) to perform segmentation. HMRF is used for modelling the segmentation problem. This elegant model leads to an optimization problem. The latter is solved using PSO method whose parameters setting is a task in itself. We conduct a study for the choice of parameters that give a good segmentation. The quality of segmentation is evaluated on grounds truths images using Misclassification Error criterion. We use the NDT (Non Destructive Testing) image dataset to evaluate several segmentation methods. These results show a supremacy of the HMRF-PSO method over threshold based techniques.
Fingerprint Registration Using Zernike Moments : An Approach for a Supervised...CSCJournals
In this work, we deal with contactless fingerprint biometrics. More specifically, we are interested in solving the problem of registration by taking into consideration some constraints such as finger rotation and translation. In the proposed method, the registration requires: (1) a segmentation technique to extract streaks, (2) a skeletonization technique to extract the center line streaks and (3) and landmarks extraction technique. The correspondence between the sets of control points, is obtained by calculating the descriptor vector of Zernike moments on a window of size RxR centered at each point. Comparison of correlation coefficients between the descriptor vectors of Zernike moments helps define the corresponding points. The estimation of parameters of the existing deformation between images is performed using RANSAC algorithm (Random SAmple Consensus) that suppresses wrong matches. Finally, performance evaluation is achieved on a set of fingerprint images where promising results are reported.
This document summarizes various methods used to remove metal artifacts from dental CT images. It discusses projection completion methods, filtered back projection, maximum likelihood transmission, iterative reconstruction, and linear interpolation methods. The majority of metal artifact reduction methods involve reconstructing images while accounting for metal objects. Key steps include identifying metal regions, interpolating or weighting missing projection data, and iteratively reconstructing images until artifacts are reduced. Compressed sensing methods can also exploit sparsity to reduce artifacts with fewer angular projections.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
ZERNIKE MOMENT-BASED FEATURE EXTRACTION FOR FACIAL RECOGNITION OF IDENTICAL T...ijcseit
Face recognition is one of the most challenging problems in the domain of image processing and machine
vision. The face recognition system is critical when individuals have very similar biometric signature such
as identical twins. In this paper, new efficient facial-based identical twins recognition is proposed
according to geometric moment. The utilized geometric moment is Zernike Moment (ZM) as a feature
extractor inside the facial area of identical twins images. Also, the facial area in an image is detected using
AdaBoost approach. The proposed method is evaluated on two datasets, Twins Days Festival and Iranian
Twin Society which contain scaled and rotated facial images of identical twins in different illuminations.
The results prove the ability of proposed method to recognize a pair of identical twins. Also, results show
that the proposed method is robust to rotation, scaling and changing illumination.
This document describes visual servo control of a mobile robot using homography-based image feedback. A camera is mounted on the robot to track features in the environment. Homography is estimated from matched features to relate the current and target camera views. The robot's motion model and a control law are derived to drive the robot from its initial position to the target position defined by the target image. Experimental results are presented to validate the visual servo control approach. The high-level goal is to navigate the robot to the target position using only image feedback from the mounted camera.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Hierarchical Vertebral Body Segmentation Using Graph Cuts and Statistical Sha...IJTET Journal
Abstract— Bone Mineral Density (BMD) estimations and fracture investigation of the spine bones are retrained to the vertebral bodies (VBs).A contemporary shape and appearance based method is proposed to segment VBs in clinical Computed Tomography (CT) images without any user arbitration. The proposed approach depends on both image appearance and shape information. Shape knowledge is aggregated from a set of training shapes. Then shape variations are estimated using statistical shape model which approximates the shape variations of the vertebral bodies and its background in the variability region. To segment a VB, the graph cut method used to detect the VB region automatically. Detected contours are aligned and mean shape model is created. The spatial interaction between the neighboring pixels is identified. The statistical shape model is used to produce the deformable shape model and all instances of the shape lies with the current estimate of the mean shape.
International journal of signal and image processing issues vol 2015 - no 1...sophiabelthome
This document reviews commonly used calibration patterns for camera calibration and image rectification. It discusses traditional 2D and 3D patterns using points, lines or geometric shapes. Structured light patterns using diffractive optical elements are also presented. Extraction of pattern data is important and can be done through intensity-based subpixel detection or edge detection techniques. Accuracy is evaluated using metrics like root mean square error. Image rectification transforms distorted images into rectilinear images by modeling and removing lens distortion.
This document describes a framework for 2D pose estimation using active shape models and learned entropy field approximations. A dataset of manually annotated poses was created from NBA footage to train the models. Active shape models use principal component analysis to represent poses as a linear combination of modes of variation learned from the training data. To evaluate pose likelihood, image entropy is proposed as a texture similarity measure and regression is used to learn a function mapping poses to entropy fields, which can be compared to the image entropy. Current results are presented and future work to improve and speed up the approach is discussed.
Intelligent two axis dual-ccd image-servo shooting platform designeSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design of an intelligent two-axis dual-CCD image-servo shooting platform. It uses two cameras and image processing techniques to dynamically track targets in 3D space. The system calculates the precise 3D spatial coordinate of the target based on pixel differences between the dual camera images. Experimental results showed the system could hit dynamic targets with precision of 5mm.
In this paper the process of 3D modelling from video is presented. Analysed previous research related to
this process, and specifically described algorithms for detecting and matching key points. We described
their advantages and disadvantages, and made a critical analysis of algorithms. In this paper, the three
detectors (SUSAN, Plessey and Förstner) are tested and compare. We used video taken with hand held
camera of a cube and compare these detectors on it (taking into account their parameters of accuracy and
repeatability). In conclusion, we practically made 3D model of the cube from video used these detectors in
the first step of the process and three algorithms (RANSAC, MSAC and MLESAC) for matching data.
This document appears to be a research paper submitted by Anutam Majumder for their M.Sc. degree. The paper discusses estimation of camera trajectory using visual odometry. It provides an introduction to visual odometry and discusses challenges in the field. The paper then reviews relevant literature on visual SLAM and deep learning based methods. It proposes a methodology using a CNN-RNN network for visual odometry estimation and discusses the network architecture, feature extraction, sequential modeling, and optimization. Results are presented on a dataset and the paper concludes with an evaluation comparing the method to other approaches.
Automatic Segmentation of Brachial Artery based on Fuzzy C-Means Pixel Clust...IJECEIAES
Automatic extraction of brachial artery and measuring associated indices such as flow-mediated dilatation and Intima-media thickness are important for early detection of cardiovascular disease and other vascular endothelial malfunctions. In this paper, we propose the basic but important component of such decision-assisting medical software development – noise tolerant fully automatic segmentation of brachial artery from ultrasound images. Pixel clustering with Fuzzy C-Means algorithm in the quantization process is the key component of that segmentation with various image processing algorithms involved. This algorithm could be an alternative choice of segmentation process that can replace speckle noise-suffering edge detection procedures in this application domain.
Obstacle detection for autonomous systems using stereoscopic images and bacte...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a low cost strategy for real-time estimation of the position of ob- stacles in an unknown environment for autonomous robots. The strategy was intended for use in autonomous service robots, which navigate in unknown and dynamic indoor environments. In addition to human interaction, these environments are characterized by a design created for the human being, which is why our developments seek morphological and functional similarity equivalent to the human model. We use a pair of cameras on our robot to achieve a stereoscopic vision of the environment, and we analyze this information to determine the distance to obstacles using an algorithm that mimics bacterial behavior. The algorithm was evaluated on our robotic platform demonstrating high performance in the location of obstacles and real-time operation.
EFFECT OF THE PROCESS PARAMETERS ON GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTS ...IAEME Publication
This document reviews the direct metal deposition (DMD) process and the effects of various process parameters on the geometrical characteristics of parts produced. It discusses how the laser power, beam diameter, scanning speed, powder flow rate, and other parameters influence characteristics like clad height, width, roughness, and dilution. Several studies that developed models and conducted experiments relating parameters to outcomes are summarized. In general, increasing laser power or powder flow rate tends to increase clad height and deposition rate while increasing scanning speed decreases these. Optimal surface roughness requires intermediate parameter values.
A study on improvement activities for indian manufacturing industrieseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents findings of an extensive survey of Indian manufacturing industries. The survey encompassed three sectors: Four Wheeler Automobile Industries, Two Wheeler Automobile Industries and General Manufacturing Industries. Various Improvement Activities such as Advance Manufacturing Technology, Integrated Information System and Advance Management System have been identified and assessed the degree of investment in Improvement Activities in Indian manufacturing environment. Their sub classifications are also made. Sector wise comparisons of these Improvement Activities are provided. Correlation is also made between the various Improvement Activities. Our results showed that most of the Indian industries are still emphasizing Advanced Management Systems. Four Wheeler Automobile Industries and General Manufacturing Industries are emphasizing on Total Quality Management. However Two Wheeler Automobile Industries are investing more on Activity Based Costing. But, in overall sector it is observed from data analysis that all sectors are emphasizing on Total Quality Management. Key words: Improvement activities, Advance Manufacturing Technology, Integrated Information System, Advance Management System.
The document discusses improving the performance of photopolymer resins used in 3D printing through oxygen desensitization. It examines adding visco enhancers and antioxidants to photopolymer resins to protect the ruthenium catalyst from deactivating in the presence of oxygen. Testing found that increasing the resin viscosity by 30x improved its ambient lifespan by over 100x. Adding the antioxidant 4-methoxyphenol (MEHQ) at 0.1-0.2 wt.% also improved performance by 9x. Raman spectroscopy confirmed MEHQ was the most effective antioxidant at protecting the catalyst compared to others tested. The modifications aim to allow photopolymer resins to polymerize after longer exposures to ambient oxygen levels.
The document describes an experimental study on improving the productivity of gas metal arc welding (GMAW). It investigates the effect of varying three input parameters - welding current, voltage, and gas flow rate - on the amount of filler metal deposited and welding time. Samples of mild steel were welded using different combinations of the parameters and the weight of deposited metal and welding time were measured. The results showed that higher current leads to higher heat generation and metal deposition rate. Maximizing deposition rate while minimizing welding time can improve the productivity of GMAW.
IBC Group provides advanced surface treatment and coating solutions using techniques like laser cladding, thin film coating, nitriding, and heat treating. The company has facilities in Indiana and Canada with about 85 employees. Laser cladding is used to rebuild worn components and increase hardness and wear resistance through applying cladding layers and subsequent treatments. Examples showed laser cladding repaired turbo shafts and agricultural parts with no wear after testing.
Advanced Materials and Processes Magazine - January 2015 - Additive Manufactu...Machine Tool Systems Inc.
Attached is a research paper about DMLS™ and steels that appeared in the January edition of Advanced Materials and Processes magazine. The paper is authored by engineers at EWI, an EOS partner.
Effect of chromium powder mixed dielectric on performance characteristic of a...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of chromium powder mixed dielectric fluid on machining characteristics of AISI D2 die steel has been studied. Peak current, pulse on time, pulse off time, concentration of powder are the process parameters. The process performance is measured in terms of material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (SR). The research outcome will identify the important process parameters that maximize MRR, minimize TWR and SR. The design of experiment has been undertaken using Taguchi method. ANOVA analysis has been used to investigate the percentage contribution of each process parameter for optimizing the performance. The study indicates that all the selected parameters except pulse off time have a significant effect on MRR. Current is found to be the most significant factor for MRR and TWR. With increase in current, TWR increases. Also, surface roughness increases with increase in pulse off time.
Keywords: PMEDM, Material removal rate, Tool wear rate, Surface roughness, Taguchi method
LaserBond™ achieves a welded or metallurgical bond with minimal, precisely controlled heat input provided by an optimized laser beam. Temperature sensitive components and materials, such as hardened shafts, gears etc, can be repaired with minimal risk of distortion or other undesirable heat effects. The metallurgical bond allows LaserBond™ applied layers to be used in high impact, heavily loaded/stressed situations with no risk of spalling or separation of the overlay. The controlled energy minimizes the undesirable thermal decomposition of hard phases such as carbides, resulting in optimum wear resistance. Due to the extremely low dilution with the substrate, high specification materials can be applied in a thin layer with corrosion and wear resistant surfaces as thin as 0.3mm possible. Thick overlays for significant repairs of up to 20mm can also be applied in multiple passes. Heat affected zones are minimized and the stress related cracking inherent in welded or PTA applied hard facing is generally eliminated. Standard LaserBond™ overlay options include Tungsten Carbide, Stainless Steels, Nickel alloys such as Inconel, and Cobalt alloys such as Stellite1. Other materials can be applied on request.
The High Pressure High Velocity Oxy-Fuel process applies coating material at supersonic velocities, resulting in surfaces of the highest possible quality and performance.
HP HVOF coatings are very dense, very well bonded, and free of the oxides and tensile stresses typically found in coatings produced with other thermal spray processes. Consequently, they perform better in most service environments. HP HVOF wear resistant coatings are being adopted globally as an environmentally friendly, and technically superior, alternative to Chrome plating on components such as aircraft landing gear. Surfaces combining resistance to corrosion and wear are also routinely applied by HP HVOF. LaserBond™ approved HP HVOF coatings include Tungsten Carbide, Chrome Carbide, Nickel based alloys (e.g. Inconel 625 and 718), Cobalt alloys such as Stellite1, stainless steels and copper based alloys.
Ajith Ranasinghe | Sales Engineer
LaserBond Ltd
2/57 Anderson Road, Smeaton Grange NSW 2567
| m:+61417618512 | t: +612 4631 4500 | f: +612 4631 4555
ajithr@laserbond.com.au
This document reviews the use of Taguchi methods to optimize gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process parameters for tensile strength. The study used an L09 orthogonal array to experiment with three welding parameters (wire feed rate, voltage, current) at three levels each. Tensile strength and signal-to-noise ratios were calculated for each experiment. Analysis of variance found wire feed rate to be the most influential parameter on tensile strength, followed by current, with voltage having less effect. The optimal welding parameters for maximum tensile strength were determined using the signal-to-noise ratio analysis.
A study on overall quality assurance in just in time manufacturing process in...Sathiskumar M
JIT manufacturing is a philosophy by which an organization seeks continually to improve
its products and processes by eliminating waste. Organizations wanting to use the JIT approach
to manufacturing must have several building blocks in place. The building blocks include:
company-wide commitment, proper materials at the right time, supplier relationships, quality,
and personnel. The present work will analyze what have been the results throughout the supply
chain, in terms of inventory management, of those companies who do business with OEMs that
utilize JIT systems. The results of this study should enable managers that have or are considering
implementing or participating in a JIT inventory management system to become more effective.
The JIT system runs smoothly with no peaks or valleys. The typical inventory system, on the
other hand, is fraught with peaks and valleys that represent costs to the organization in the form
of inventory holding costs, back order and stock-out costs, overtime and idle time labor costs,
and waste of materials and space.
This document provides a summary of how lasers are used in various manufacturing applications. It discusses laser welding, cleaning, surface treatments, direct laser fabrication, and selective laser sintering. Laser welding is now commonly used in production and can provide benefits like high speeds, narrow welds with less distortion, and accuracy. Laser cleaning is an emerging process being used for applications like tool restoration and electronics. Surface treatments like hardening, melting, and alloying can improve properties using lasers. Direct laser fabrication and selective laser sintering allow building parts layer-by-layer from powders. Emerging applications also include laser forming of sheet metal and nanostructure generation.
3d Machine Vision Systems Paper Presentationguestac67362
ww
1) 3D machine vision systems have advanced to enable quantitative metrology applications on the shop floor. Technologies like laser scanning, structured light, and stereo vision can provide measurements in the sub-mil range at speeds of a few seconds.
2) Key factors for production use are measurement resolution in mils/sub-mils, speeds under a few seconds, and robustness to varying surface finishes and conditions. Technologies were tested on features like edges, textures, and spheres to evaluate performance.
3) Applications include industrial inspection, autonomous vehicles, transport safety, surveillance, remote sensing, and medical imaging. Continued improvements in computing, cameras, and light sources will further expand use of 3D machine
This document provides instructions for searching for journal articles using the ScienceDirect database. It outlines the steps to access the database through the university library website, perform an advanced search within the Journals tab by entering search terms and limiting the results to journal articles within a specified date range, and download full-text PDFs of matching articles. The last step notes an email contact for additional assistance.
Paper on Forming, Welding & Heat treatment of SS equip & component for NRPSantosh Takale
The document summarizes key aspects of forming, welding, heat treatment, and cleanliness procedures for fabricating stainless steel equipment used in nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. Cold working during forming can reduce corrosion resistance, so techniques are used to minimize it like higher knuckle radii and avoiding sharp bends. Welding uses gas tungsten arc welding for quality and heat treatment involves solution annealing and rapid quenching to negate sensitization effects from welding and forming. Thorough cleaning including pickling and passivation is critical for equipment reliability in the corrosive operating environment.
This document discusses additive manufacturing (AM) and its potential applications in the maritime and oil & gas industries. It provides an overview of important AM processes such as binder jetting, material jetting, powder bed fusion, sheet lamination, vat photopolymerization, and direct energy deposition. While AM currently only accounts for about 5% of these industries, its use is anticipated to rapidly expand. The document outlines both limiting and encouraging factors for AM adoption. It then presents a Bayesian network approach that can be used to assess risks to manufacturers and end users from AM part variability and lack of standards/regulations. Case studies demonstrate how this approach can evaluate risks from an original equipment manufacturer or end user perspective.
This document discusses industrial robotics and presents techniques for cooperative robot-human systems. It describes the anatomy of robots including joints, configurations, and introduces a hand guiding system that allows both manual and automatic operation. The document also proposes a cooperative handling system using multiple smaller robots instead of one large robot to improve versatility when handling various workpiece sizes. Robot welding applications are also discussed.
Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are automated production systems comprised of multiple computer-controlled machines linked together by an automated material handling and transport system and controlled by a distributed computer system. An FMS allows for flexible production of different part types by easily changing production schedules and introducing new product styles. FMS range from single machine cells to larger systems with multiple workstations. They provide benefits like reduced costs and lead times but also have disadvantages like high initial costs and limited ability to adapt to product changes.
3d machine-vision-systems-paper-presentationChidananda M
ww
1) 3D machine vision systems have advanced to enable quantitative metrology applications on the shop floor. Technologies like laser scanning, structured light, and stereo viewing can provide measurements at sub-mil resolution and speeds sufficient for inspection.
2) Key challenges for 3D optical systems include varying surface finishes and textures that can scatter or diffuse light signals. Thorough testing on representative surfaces and features is important to validate measurement capabilities.
3) Comparisons to independent measurement methods help qualify new 3D vision systems, as traditional gauges may not provide the same level of capability or repeatability. Standard artifacts can verify optical measurements.
Leader Follower Formation Control of Ground Vehicles Using Dynamic Pixel Coun...ijma
This paper deals with leader-follower formations of non-holonomic mobile robots, introducing a formation
control strategy based on pixel counts using a commercial grade electro optics camera. Localization of the
leader for motions along line of sight as well as the obliquely inclined directions are considered based on
pixel variation of the images by referencing to two arbitrarily designated positions in the image frames.
Based on an established relationship between the displacement of the camera movement along the viewing
direction and the difference in pixel counts between reference points in the images, the range and the angle
estimate between the follower camera and the leader is calculated. The Inverse Perspective Transform is
used to account for non linear relationship between the height of vehicle in a forward facing image and its
distance from the camera. The formulation is validated with experiments.
Stereo Vision Distance Estimation Employing Canny Edge Detector with Interpol...ZaidHussein6
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a stereo vision algorithm called the Canny Block Matching Algorithm (CBMA) to estimate distance from stereo images. CBMA uses the Canny edge detector to extract edges from images and block matching with Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) to determine disparity maps and reduce processing time. The algorithm was tested on stereo image pairs and achieved an error reduction of about 2% and processing time reduction compared to other methods. Interpolation techniques including bilinear, 1st order polynomial and 2nd order polynomial were also evaluated to enhance the output images and further reduce errors.
Design and implementation of video tracking system based on camera field of viewsipij
The basic idea of this paper is to design and implement of video tracking system based on Camera Field of
View (CFOV), Otsu’s method was used to detect targets such as vehicles and people. Whereas most
algorithms were spent a lot of time to execute the process, an algorithm was developed to achieve it in a
little time. The histogram projection was used in both directional to detect target from search region,
which is robust to various light conditions in Charge Couple Device (CCD) camera images and saves
computation time.
Our algorithm based on background subtraction, and normalize cross correlation operation from a series
of sequential sub images can estimate the motion vector. Camera field of view (CFOV) was determined and
calibrated to find the relation between real distance and image distance. The system was tested by
measuring the real position of object in the laboratory and compares it with the result of computed one. So
these results are promising to develop the system in future.
Mechanism Design and Kinematics Analysis of Display Bracket Based on AdamsIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In view of the problem of conventional display support equipment which has a poor intelligent, low technological level, easy to cause the body with sub-health, and can't meet the needs of high level office, designed a new type of display bracket mechanism. The principle and force analysis was carried out on the display bracket mechanism, and to simplify the original mechanism with three linkages for facilitating analysis and simulation. Forward kinematics analysis was carried out on the bracket mechanism based on DH method and obtained pose transformation matrix between each joint coordinate, and expressed the relationship between the end speed and the velocity of each joint by using Jacobian matrix. Establishing simplified virtual prototype and kinematics simulation was carried out on displacement, velocity, acceleration, angular velocity and acceleration of bracket mechanism based on the software of ADAMS which verified the correctness of theoretical analysis. The simulation results showed that the design of bracket mechanism complied with the requirements of free readjustment of display. Realizing the combination between high-tech and high emotion, improving the body with sub-health at the present situation of office, and meet the needs of advanced intelligent office by using the new display bracket mechanism
Phase Measuring Deflectometry (PMD) is a full-field 3D shape measurement technique that uses fringe pattern projection and analysis. It works by projecting fringe patterns onto a surface and capturing the reflected patterns with a camera. Fringe analysis is used to extract phase maps from the images, which provide slope information about the surface. Numerical integration of the slopes then allows reconstruction of the full 3D shape. PMD can measure both micro- and macro-scale shapes of specular surfaces. Various system configurations have been developed using different patterns, cameras, and additional sensors to address height-slope ambiguity issues and improve measurement accuracy and resolution. PMD is a low-cost, non-contact method suitable for industrial inspection and
1. The document describes the development of an automatic welding and inspection system for nuts welded on support hinges using machine vision. The system aims to improve over manual inspection by reducing variability and costs.
2. The system uses a vision system and conveyor belt to automatically capture images of welded parts and identify defects like missing or eccentrically placed nuts using template matching algorithms. An actuator module transfers parts between welding and inspection stages.
3. The study presents the system design and algorithm development including template creation, matching approaches, and setting inspection thresholds to minimize false acceptance/rejection. Experimental results demonstrate the system's ability to accurately detect different defect types in welded parts.
AUTO LANDING PROCESS FOR AUTONOMOUS FLYING ROBOT BY USING IMAGE PROCESSING BA...csandit
In today’s technological life, everyone is quite familiar with the importance of security
measures in our lives. So in this regard, many attempts have been made by researchers and one
of them is flying robots technology. One well-known usage of flying robot, perhaps, is its
capability in security and care measurements which made this device extremely practical, not
only for its unmanned movement, but also for the unique manoeuvre during flight over the
arbitrary areas. In this research, the automatic landing of a flying robot is discussed. The
system is based on the frequent interruptions that is sent from main microcontroller to camera
module in order to take images; these images have been distinguished by image processing
system based on edge detection, after analysing the image the system can tell whether or not to
land on the ground. This method shows better performance in terms of precision as well as
experimentally.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A ROS IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MONO-SLAM ALGORITHMcsandit
Computer vision approaches are increasingly used in mobile robotic systems, since they allow
to obtain a very good representation of the environment by using low-power and cheap sensors.
In particular it has been shown that they can compete with standard solutions based on laser
range scanners when dealing with the problem of simultaneous localization and mapping
(SLAM), where the robot has to explore an unknown environment while building a map of it and
localizing in the same map. We present a package for simultaneous localization and mapping in
ROS (Robot Operating System) using a monocular camera sensor only. Experimental results in
real scenarios as well as on standard datasets show that the algorithm is able to track the
trajectory of the robot and build a consistent map of small environments, while running in near
real-time on a standard PC.
An algorithm to quantify the swelling by reconstructing 3D model of the face with stereo images is presented. We
analyzed the primary problems in computational stereo, which include correspondence and depth calculation. Work has been carried out to determine suitable methods for depth estimation and standardizing volume estimations. Finally we designed software for reconstructing 3D images from 2D stereo images, which was built on Matlab and Visual C++. Utilizing
techniques from multi-view geometry, a 3D model of the face was constructed and refined. An explicit analysis of the stereo
disparity calculation methods and filter elimination disparity estimation for increasing reliability of the disparity map was
used. Minimizing variability in position by using more precise positioning techniques and resources will increase the accuracy of this technique and is a focus for future work
Vehicle tracking and distance estimation based on multiple image featuresYixin Chen
This document presents a vehicle tracking algorithm that uses multiple image features to detect and track vehicles in images captured from a moving vehicle. The algorithm aims to identify vehicles, track their movement, and estimate the distance between the tracked vehicle and the host vehicle. It uses features like corners, edges, gradients, vehicle symmetry, and image matching. Corners and edges are extracted from the bottom portion of vehicles which is less occluded. Vehicle width is estimated and then height and distance are estimated using width and optical perspective principles. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated on real-world video images.
Intelligent two axis dual-ccd image-servo shooting platform designeSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design of an intelligent two-axis dual-CCD image-servo shooting platform. It uses two cameras and image processing techniques to dynamically track targets in 3D space. The system calculates the precise 3D spatial coordinate of the target based on pixel differences between the dual camera images. Experimental results showed the system could hit dynamic targets with precision of 5mm.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The document describes the development of an automatic MATLAB-based tool for measuring beam emittance at the Idaho Accelerator Center. An optical transition radiation screen and camera were installed to capture beam images during a quadrupole scan. MATLAB codes were developed to extract beam sizes from the images, perform a polynomial fit to determine emittance, and control the scan automatically via EPICS and MATLAB Channel Access. The tool was tested by measuring the emittance of the HRRL accelerator, reducing measurement time and error compared to manual methods.
Tracking Chessboard Corners Using Projective Transformation for Augmented Rea...CSCJournals
Augmented reality has been a topic of intense research for several years for many applications. It consists of inserting a virtual object into a real scene. The virtual object must be accurately positioned in a desired place. Some measurements (calibration) are thus required and a set of correspondences between points on the calibration target and the camera images must be found. In this paper, we present a tracking technique based on both detection of Chessboard corners and a least squares method; the objective is to estimate the perspective transformation matrix for the current view of the camera. This technique does not require any information or computation of the camera parameters; it can used in real time without any initialization and the user can change the camera focal without any fear of losing alignment between real and virtual object.
Using Generic Image Processing Operations to Detect a Calibration GridJan Wedekind
Camera calibration is an important problem in 3D computer vision. The problem of determining the camera parameters has been studied extensively. However the algorithms for determining the required correspondences are either semi-automatic (i.e. they require user interaction) or they involve difficult to implement custom algorithms.
We present a robust algorithm for detecting the corners of a calibration grid and assigning the correct correspondences for calibration . The solution is based on generic image processing operations so that it can be implemented quickly. The algorithm is limited to distortion-free cameras but it could potentially be extended to deal with camera distortion as well. We also present a corner detector based on steerable filters. The corner detector is particularly suited for the problem of detecting the corners of a calibration grid.
- See more at: http://figshare.com/articles/Using_Generic_Image_Processing_Operations_to_Detect_a_Calibration_Grid/696880#sthash.EG8dWyTH.dpuf
Trajectory Based Unusual Human Movement Identification for ATM SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a system to identify unusual human movements at ATMs using trajectory analysis. The proposed system uses computer vision techniques like background subtraction and template matching to detect and track human movements. If a person's trajectory does not match expected patterns or if their face is covered, an alarm is triggered. The system is intended to prevent crimes and unauthorized access at ATMs by continuously monitoring movements and alerting administrators of any suspicious activity in real-time.
Method of optimization of the fundamental matrix by technique speeded up rob...IJECEIAES
The purpose of determining the fundamental matrix (F) is to define the epipolar geometry and to relate two 2D images of the same scene or video series to find the 3D scenes. The problem we address in this work is the estimation of the localization error and the processing time. We start by comparing the following feature extraction techniques: Harris, features from accelerated segment test (FAST), scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) and speed-up robust features (SURF) with respect to the number of detected points and correct matches by different changes in images. Then, we merged the best chosen by the objective function, which groups the descriptors by different regions in order to calculate F. Then, we applied the standardized eight-point algorithm which also automatically eliminates the outliers to find the optimal solution F. The test of our optimization approach is applied on the real images with different scene variations. Our simulation results provided good results in terms of accuracy and the computation time of F does not exceed 900 ms, as well as the projection error of maximum 1 pixel, regardless of the modification.
IRJET- 3D Vision System using Calibrated Stereo CameraIRJET Journal
This document describes a 3D vision system that uses calibrated stereo cameras to estimate the depth of objects. It discusses using two digital cameras placed at different positions to capture images of the same object. Feature matching and disparity calculation algorithms are used to calculate depth based on the difference between images. The cameras are calibrated using camera parameters derived from images of a checkerboard pattern. Trigonometry formulas are then used to calculate depth based on the camera positions and disparity. A servo system is used to independently and synchronously move the cameras along the x and y axes to capture views of objects from different angles.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Similar to The Technology Research of Camera Calibration Based On LabVIEW (20)
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Congenital Malaria: Correlation of Umbilical Cord Plasmodium falciparum Paras...IJRES Journal
The vertical (trans-placental) transmission of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum from
pregnant mother to fetus during gestational period was investigated in a clinical research involving 43 full term
pregnant women in selected Hospitals in Jimeta Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria. During the observational study,
parasitemia was determined by light microscopic examination of umbilical and maternal peripheral blood film
for the presence of the trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum. Correlational analysis was then carried on the
result obtained at p<0.05.><0.05) was established between maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord
blood parasitemia with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.762. Thus, in a malaria endemic area like Yola,
Adamawa State, Nigeria, with a stable transmission of parasite, there is a high probability of vertical
transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasite from mother to fetus during gestation that can be followed by
the presentation of the symptoms of malaria by the newborn and other malaria related complications. Families
are advised to consistently sleep under appropriately treated insecticide mosquito net to avoid mosquito bite and
subsequent infestation.
Review: Nonlinear Techniques for Analysis of Heart Rate VariabilityIJRES Journal
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between sympathetic mediators of heart
rate that is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve fibres acting on the
sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes which increase the rate of cardiac contraction and facilitate conduction at
the atrio-ventricular node and parasympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the influence of acetylcholine
released by the parasympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes leading to a
decrease in the heart rate and a slowing of conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. Sympathetic mediators
appear to exert their influence over longer time periods and are reflected in the low frequency power(LFP) of
the HRV spectrum (between 0.04Hz and 0.15 Hz).Vagal mediators exert their influence more quickly on the
heart and principally affect the high frequency power (HFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.15Hz and 0.4
Hz). Thus at any point in time the LFP:HFP ratio is a proxy for the sympatho- vagal balance. Thus HRV is a
valuable tool to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system.
Study of HRV enhance our understanding of physiological phenomenon, the actions of medications and disease
mechanisms but large scale prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive
values of heart rate variability regarding death or morbidity in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. This paper
presents the linear and nonlinear to analysis the HRV.
Dynamic Modeling for Gas Phase Propylene Copolymerization in a Fluidized Bed ...IJRES Journal
The document presents a dynamic two-phase model for a fluidized bed reactor used to produce polypropylene. The model divides the reactor into an emulsion phase and bubble phase, with reaction assumed to occur in both phases. Simulation results show the temperature profile is lower than previous single-phase models due to considering both phases. Approximately 13% of the produced polymer comes from the bubble phase, demonstrating the importance of accounting for both phases.
Study and evaluation for different types of Sudanese crude oil propertiesIJRES Journal
Sudanese crude oil is regarded as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, Sulphur containing
compounds are un desirable in petroleum because they de activate the catalyst during the refining processes and
are the main source of acid rains and environmental pollution.(Mark Cullen 2001),Since it contains considerable
amount of salts and acids, it negatively impact the production facilities and transportation lines with corrosive
materials. However it suffers other problems in flow properties represented by the high viscosity and high
percentage of wax. Samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at CPF, and tested for
physical and chemical properties.wax content is in the range 23-31 weight % while asphalting content is about
0.1 weight% . Resin content is 13-7 weight % and deposits are 0.01 weight%. The carbon number distribution in
the crude is in the range 7-35 carbon atoms. The pour point vary between 39°C-42°C and the boiling point is in
the range 70 °C - 533 °C.
A Short Report on Different Wavelets and Their StructuresIJRES Journal
This article consists of basics of wavelet analysis required for understanding of and use of wavelet
theory. In this article we briefly discuss about HAAR wavelet transform their space and structures.
A Case Study on Academic Services Application Using Agile Methodology for Mob...IJRES Journal
Recently, Mobile Cloud Computing reveals many modern development areas in the Information
Technology industry. Several software engineering frameworks and methodologies have been developed to
provide solutions for deploying cloud computing resources on mobile application development. Agile
methodology is one of the most commonly used methodologies in the field. This paper presents the MCCAS a
Web and Mobile application that provide feature for the Palestinian higher education/academic institutions. An
Agile methodology was used in the development of the MCCAS but in parallel with emphasis on Cloud
computing resources deployment. Also many related issues is discussed such as how software engineering
modern methodologies (advances) influenced the development process.
Wear Analysis on Cylindrical Cam with Flexible RodIJRES Journal
Firstly, the kinetic equation of spatial cylindrical cam with flexible rod has been established. Then, an
accurate cylindrical cam mechanism model has been established based on the spatial modeling software
Solidworks. The dynamic effect of flexible rod on mechanical system was studied in detail based on the
mechanical system dynamics analytical software Adams, and Archard wear model is used to predict the wear of
the cam. We used Ansys to create finite element model of the cam link, extracted the first five order mode to
export into Adams. The simulation results show that the dynamic characteristics of spatial cylindrical cam
mechanical system with flexible rod is closed to ideal mechanism. During the cam rotate one cycle, the collision
in the linkage with a clearance occurs in some special location, others still keep a continuous contact, and the
prediction of wear loss is smaller than rigid body.
DDOS Attacks-A Stealthy Way of Implementation and DetectionIJRES Journal
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm provides various host service [paas, saas, Iaas over the internet.
According to a self-service,on-demand and pay as you use business model,the customers will obtain the cloud
resources and services.It is a virtual shared service.Cloud Computing has three basic abstraction layers System
layer(Virtual Machine abstraction of a server),Platform layer(A virtualized operating system, database and
webserver of a server and Application layer(It includes Web Applications).Denial of Service attack is an attempt
to make a machine or network resource unavailable to the intended user. In DOS a user or organization is
deprived of the services of a resource they would normally expect to have.A Successful DOS attack is a highly
noticeable event impacting the entire online user base.DOS attack is found by First Mathematical Metrical
Method (Rate Controlling,Timing Window,Worst Case and Pattern Matching)DOS attack not only affect the
Quality of the service and also affect the performance of the server. DDOS attacks are launched from Botnet-A
large Cluster of Connected device(cellphone,pc or router) infected with malware that allow remote control by an
attacker. Intruder using SIPDAS in DDOS to perform attack.SIPDAS attack strategies are detected using Heap
Space Monitoring Algorithm.
An improved fading Kalman filter in the application of BDS dynamic positioningIJRES Journal
Aiming at the poor dynamic performance and low navigation precision of traditional fading
Kalman filter in BDS dynamic positioning, an improved fading Kalman filter based on fading factor vector is
proposed. The fading factor is extended to a fading factor vector, and each element of the vector corresponds to
each state component. Based on the difference between the actual observed quantity and the predicted one, the
value of the vector is changed automatically. The memory length of different channel is changed in real time
according to the dynamic property of the corresponding state component. The actual observation data of BDS is
used to test the algorithm. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional fading Kalman filter
and the method of the third references, the positioning precision of the algorithm is improved by 46.3% and
23.6% respectively.
Positioning Error Analysis and Compensation of Differential Precision WorkbenchIJRES Journal
The document analyzes positioning errors in differential precision workbenches and proposes a compensation method. It discusses sources of error in workbench transmission systems and guides. Through theoretical analysis and experimentation, it is shown that positioning errors increase with travel distance due to factors like guideway errors. A method is developed to sample positioning at multiple points, compare values to identify errors, and implement reverse error correction through motion control cards. This allows positioning accuracy better than 15 micrometers over 150mm of travel to be achieved. The compensation method can improve precision for a range of machine tool designs.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
The Low-Temperature Radiant Floor Heating System Design and Experimental Stud...IJRES Journal
In order to analyze the temperature distribution of the low-temperature radiant floor heating system
that uses the condensing wall-hung boiler as the heat source, the heating system is designed according to a typical
house facing south in Shanghai. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of the supply water
temperature on the thermal comfort of the system. Eventually, the supply water temperature that makes people in
the room feel more comfortable is obtained. The result shows that in the condition of that the outside temperature
is 8~15℃ and the relative humidity is 30~70%RH, the temperature distribution in the room is from high to low
when the height is from bottom to top. The floor surface temperature is highest, but its uniformity is very poor.
When the heating system reaches the steady state, the air temperature of the room is uniform. When the supply
water temperature is 63℃ The room is relatively comfortable at the above experimental condition.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
This study examines the critical closing pressure of fractures in mudstone reservoir cores from the Daqing oilfield in China. Laboratory experiments subjected fractured and unfractured mudstone cores to increasing external pressures while measuring permeability. The critical closing pressure is defined as the pressure when fractured core permeability matches unfractured permeability, indicating fracture closure. Results show fractured cores have higher permeability than unfractured cores due to fractures. Permeability generally decreases exponentially with increasing pressure. By calculating sensitivity equations relating permeability and production pressure difference, the study estimates critical closing pressures under reservoir conditions are lower than values from external pressure experiments. The study provides guidance but notes limitations in fully simulating complex in-situ stress conditions.
Correlation Analysis of Tool Wear and Cutting Sound SignalIJRES Journal
With the classic signal analysis and processing method, the cutting of the audio signal in time
domain and frequency domain analysis. We reached the following conclusions: in the time domain analysis,
cutting audio signals mean and the variance associated with tool wear state change occurred did not change
significantly, and tool wear is not high degree of correlation, and the mean-square value of the audio signal
changes in the size and tool wear the state has a good relationship.
Reduce Resources for Privacy in Mobile Cloud Computing Using Blowfish and DSA...IJRES Journal
Mobile cloud computing in light of the increasing popularity among users of mobile smart
technology which is the next indispensable that enables users to take advantage of the storage cloud computing
services. However, mobile cloud computing, the migration of information on the cloud is reliable their privacy
and security issues. Moreover, mobile cloud computing has limitations in resources such as power energy,
processor, Memory and storage. In this paper, we propose a solution to the problem of privacy with saving and
reducing resources power energy, processor and Memory. This is done through data encryption in the mobile
cloud computing by symmetric algorithm and sent to the private cloud and then the data is encrypted again and
sent to the public cloud through Asymmetric algorithm. The experimental results showed after a comparison
between encryption algorithms less time and less time to decryption are as follows: Blowfish algorithm for
symmetric and the DSA algorithm for Asymmetric. The analysis results showed a significant improvement in
reducing the resources in the period of time and power energy consumption and processor.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated CMOS bandgap reference without u...IJRES Journal
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated bandgap reference (BGR) without using op-amp
is presented in this paper. It is based on second-order curvature correction principle, which is a weighted sum of
two voltage curves which have opposite curvature characteristic. One voltage curve is achieved by first-order
curvature-compensated bandgap reference (FCBGR) without using op-amp and the other found by using W
function is achieved by utilizing a positive temperature coefficient (TC) exponential current and a linear
negative TC current to flow a linear resistor. The exponential current is gained by using anegative TC voltage to
control a MOSFET in sub-threshold region. In the temperature ranging from -40℃ to 125℃, experimental
results implemented with SMIC 0.18μm CMOS process demonstrate that the presented BGR can achieve a TC
as low as 2.2 ppm/℃ and power-supply rejection ratio(PSRR)is -69 dB without any filtering capacitor at 2.0 V.
While the range of the supply voltage is from 1.7 to 3.0 V, the output voltage line regulation is about1 mV/ V
and the maximum TC is 3.4 ppm/℃.
Structural aspect on carbon dioxide capture in nanotubesIJRES Journal
In this work we reported the carbon dioxide adsorption (CO2) in six different nanostructures in order
to investigate the capturing capacity of the materials at nanoscale. Here we have considered the three different
nanotubes including zinc oxide nanotube (ZnONT), silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT) and single walled carbon
nanotube (SWCNT). Three different chiralities such as zigzag (9,0), armchair (5,5) and chiral (6,4) having
approximately same diameter are analyzed. The adsorption binding energy values under various cases are
estimated with density functional theory (DFT). We observed CO2 molecule chemisorbed on ZnONT and
SiCNT’s whereas the physisorption is predominant in CNT. To investigate the structural aspect, the tubes with
defects are studied and compared with defect free tubes. We have also analyzed the electrical properties of tubes
from HOMO, LUMO energies. Our results reveal the defected structure enhance the CO2 capture and is
predicted to be a potential candidate for environmental applications.
Thesummaryabout fuzzy control parameters selected based on brake driver inten...IJRES Journal
In this paper, the brake driving intention identification parameters based on the fuzzy control are
summarized and analyzed, the necessary parameters based on the fuzzy control of the brake driving intention
recognition are found out, and I pointed out the commonly corrupt parameters, and through the relevant
parameters , I establish the corresponding driving intention model.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
The Technology Research of Camera Calibration Based On LabVIEW
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 3 Issue 8 ǁ August. 2015 ǁ PP.08-17
www.ijres.org 8 | Page
The Technology Research of Camera Calibration Based On
LabVIEW
Xiuqin-Li, Xianyang-Du, Yawei-Li,
(College of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P.R.China)
ABSTRACT: The technology of camera calibration is most important part for machine vision detection and
location, the accuracy of calibration directly determines the processing accuracy of machine vision systems. In
this paper, we use LabVIEW and MATLAB to calibrate the internal and external parameters of the camera, at
the same time, we use dot calibration board, the circle edge is detected by Canny operator, then with the method
of circle fitting based on subpixel edge extraction, the information of dots image coordinate is extracted. The
present method reduces the difficulty of camera calibration and shortens the software development cycle, the
most important is that it has a high calibration accuracy, which can meet the actual industrial detection accuracy,
the results of experimental show that the method is feasible.
Keywords- camera calibration, machine vision, LabVIEW, MATLAB, Canny
I. INTRODUCTION
Machine vision is to use the computer and the visual sensor to replace the human eye to do the
measurement and judgment [1]
, the technology of machine vision is more and more widely used in the field of
industrial inspection, automotive manufacturing and medical image analysis, because of its flexible, rapid and
non-contact characteristics, which can improve the intelligence of the industrial field.
Camera calibration is the most important part of machine vision applications, its purpose is through obtain
the information of the acquisition of the two-dimensional image to get the information of the three-dimensional
coordinates[2]
. The camera calibration technology has been quite mature both at home and abroad, which can be
divided into two categories: traditional calibration techniques and self-calibration techniques [3]
. The
disadvantages of the traditional calibration method are not flexible enough, the self-calibration of the camera
can only be achieved by using the camera's corresponding relationship between the image and the image in the
moving process, which does not depend on the reference object, the calibration accuracy and robustness of
self-calibration method are poor compared to traditional calibration methods.
The calibration method of Zhang Zhengyou is a kind of method between the traditional calibration and
self-calibration, its technique is flexible, at the same time, and the calibration accuracy is high, which is a
common method used in camera calibration. In this paper, we achieve the camera calibration with the help of
Zhang Zhengyou calibration method, LabVIEW and MATLAB tools.
II. LabVIEW Development Platform
LabVIEW is a graphical programming language (G language) introduced by NI, it can be able to provide a
graphics programming, which is simple, intuitive and easy to users, what’s more , it can save more than 85%
of the program development time, compared with the traditional programming language, while the running
speed is almost unaffected, which makes high efficiency. At the same time, it provides a wide range of
interfaces and has great flexibility, which can be called with a variety of software such as DLL, Visual Basic
and MATLAB.
2. The Technology Research of Camera Calibration Based on Lab VIEW
www.ijres.org 9 | Page
LabVIEW Vision IMAQ provides a good platform for the development of machine vision, it contains
various function library of image processing functions and integrates more than 400 functions for image display,
processing, analysis, and other operations, which provides a complete development for the visual system [4-5]
, it
can further shorten the development cycle of the visual system combined with the use of LabVIEW, which is
widely accepted by industry, academia and research laboratories.
III. Mathematical Model of Camera Imaging
In the process of image acquisition of CCD camera, the geometrical position of the space is determined by
the model of camera imaging. At present, the most of camera imaging model is based on the principle of pinhole
imaging. This article is based on the pinhole model, considering the radial lens distortion to establish the model
of imaging camera.
3.1 Pinhole linear model of camera
),,( ccc ZYXP
o x
y
co
cX
cY
O
cZ
u
v
,u u uP x y
( , , )w w wX Y Z
Yw
Zw
Xw
Fig3.1 Schmatic model of camera imaging
f
(1) Image coordinate system ( , )u v
The image which is captured by CCD camera is stored in the computer with the form of an array. After the
CCD camera acquisition of the image is stored in the form of an array of computer. Among those, ( , )u v is the
image coordinate system unit of pixels, while the actual application needs to be converted it into a physical unit
of mm in the image coordinate system ( , )x y ,The relationship between the two coordinate systems is shown in
figure 3.2:
O u
v
o
x
y
0 0( , )u v
Fig. 3.2 Iamge coordinate system
3. The Technology Research of Camera Calibration Based on Lab VIEW
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The origin of o is defined in the intersection of the optical axis of the camera and the imaging plane, which
is generally located in the center of the image. If the o’s coordinates is 0 0( , )u v , which is in the coordinate
system ( , )u v , the physical size of each pixel in the x-axis and y-axis direction is ,dx dy , then the any point in
the two coordinates ( , )x y and ( , )u v have the following relations, as equation( 3-1):
0
0
1
0
1
0 (3 1)
1 1
0 0 1
u
dxu x
v v y
dy
(2)Camera coordinate system ),,( ccc ZYX
Select the optical center co of CCD camera lens as the origin of the camera coordinate system, the axis of
cX and cY is parallel to the axis of x and y , which is the image physical coordinate system, cZ is the
direction of camera’s optical axis, and the intersection of the imaging plane is 0 0( , )o u v . The distance of
co o is the effective focal length of the camera, which is f, according to pinhole imaging model, the position of
the spatial points on the image can be expressed as equation(3-2):
(3 2)
fXc
x
Zc
fYc
y
Zc
Written the 2-2 in the type of matrix form is as follow equation(3-3):
0 0 0
0 0 0 (3 3)
1 0 0 1 0
1
Xc
x f
Yc
Zc y f
Zc
According to the equation of 3-1and 3-3, we can establish the relationship between the image coordinate system
and the camera coordinate system, as shown in follow equation3-4:
0
0
0 0 1
1
0
0 00 0 0
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 (3 4)
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1
x
y
u
dx f uu f Xc Xc Xc
Zc v v f Yc f v Yc M Yc
dy
Zc Zc Zc
Among them, 1M is the matrix of 3×4, which is the internal parameter matrix of camera. By collecting at
least three images of calibration, we can obtain the inner parameter matrix of 1M , according to the establish
equation of 3-4.
(3) World coordinate system
( , , )w w wX Y Z
The world coordinate system can be set at any position, which is to describe the position of the camera.
The position relationship between the world coordinate system and the camera coordinate system can be
4. The Technology Research of Camera Calibration Based on Lab VIEW
www.ijres.org 11 | Page
determined by the rotation matrix of R and translation vector of T, the coordinates of space point P in world
coordinate system and camera coordinate system are respectively ( , , )w w wX Y Z and ),,( ccc ZYX . Can be
expressed as a matrix:
2 (3 5)
0 1
1 1 1
Xc Xw Xw
Yc R t Yw Yw
M
Zc Zw Zw
Among them, R is an orthogonal unit matrix of 3 ×3, which is called rotation matrix, t is a column vector
of 3×1, which is to express the translation between the two coordinates system, 2M is matrix of 4×4, which is
the external parameter matrix of camera, and it is related to the position of the camera in the world coordinate
system. According to the equation of 3-3, 3-4 and 3-5, we can get the relationship between the image coordinate
system and the world coordinate system, which is shown in the following formula 3-6:
0
0 1 2
1
0
0 0 0
1
0 0 0 0 (3 6)
0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 10 0 1
u Xw Xw Xwdxu f
R t Yw Yw Yw
Zc v v f M M H
Zw Zw Zwdy
Among them, H is a single stress matrix, which describes the position of the spatial points and the image
plane, by means of a sufficient number of known points of the world coordinates and the corresponding image
coordinates, according to the 3-6 formula, we can solve the single stress matrix of H, then in the case of Hand
the internal parameter matrix of 1M defined, we can get the external parameter matrix of 2M ,from the above
process, we can complete the linear model of the camera calibration.
3.2 Nonlinear model of camera
Since there will be some errors in the process of manufacturing and assembly of the camera lens, so in the
practical applications, we should take the camera lens distortion into account. There are three types of lens
distortion, which are radial distortion, eccentric distortion and thin prism distortion [6-7]
. The practice shows that
the radial distortion has the most influence on the imaging model of the camera, so sometimes, we only consider
the radial distortion, if we consider too much distortion, it will increase the number of nonlinear parameters,
which will lead to instability in solving results. In this paper, in the condition of the radial distortion, we
establish the nonlinear model of the camera, the radial distortion equation of Zhang zhenyou is shown as
follows:
2 4
1 2(1 ) (3 7)
d u
d u
x x
k k
y y
,d dx y is the coordinates of ideal imaging points, ( , )u ux y is the actual imaging points of the coordinates,
which is considered as the distortion, among them,
2 2 2
u ux y . Finally, we use the nonlinear least
squares algorithm to solve the camera's parameters matrix of internal and external and distortion factor, take
these parameters as the results of the camera calibration.
5. The Technology Research of Camera Calibration Based on Lab VIEW
www.ijres.org 12 | Page
IV. Calibration Process
The calibration of the camera internal parameters is accomplished by using the Vision module of LabVIEW.
After installing the Vision module of Development Module 2012 and NI Vision Builder for Automated
Inspection 2012, it has added the independent calibration module of Calibration Training, which makes the
calibration work more convenient and efficient[8]
. The calibration process can be divided into three steps, the
first is to study the template, followed by the calibration, and the last is to read and store the calibration
information. There are two kinds of calibration template, the one is the board square, and another one is the
circular calibration target,
The extraction algorithm of the center of circle’s stability and positioning accuracy is superior to the
checkerboard calibration plate extraction of corner, so in this paper, we use calibration template of 6 x 8 dot
array, as shown in figure 4.1
Fig.4.1 6×8 dot array calibration board
Sticking the dot array to a smooth surface calibration board, the distance of center between the two adjacent
dots of horizontal spacing and vertical spacing respectively is 24mm.Calibration algorithm flow is shown in
Figure4.2.
Canny filter to extract
the circular contour
Circle fitting realize
the positioning
Input calibration
picture information
Solving camera
intrinsic parameters
Nonlinear optimization
solution
Load calibration
image
Solving camera
external parameters
Storage
Calibration
information
Complete the
calibration
Fig. 4.2 Camera calibration process
6. The Technology Research of Camera Calibration Based on Lab VIEW
www.ijres.org 13 | Page
4.1 Camera Internal Parameters Calibration Process
(1) In order to correct the error caused by the camera's nonlinear distortion and obtain the internal parameters of
the camera, in this paper, we select the type of camera calibration, the Molel Camera (Grid) type.
Fig.4.3 The First Step of Camera Calibration
(2) To load the pictures of the calibration plate .In this paper, we load the 8 calibration pictures, which are taken
from the different angles of the camera.
Fig.4.4 The Second Step of Camera Calibration
(3) To use Canny filter to extract the circular edge of the contour.
Fig.4.5 The Third Step of Camera Calibration
7. The Technology Research of Camera Calibration Based on Lab VIEW
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(4) To input the horizontal and vertical distance of the two adjacent center of the calibration board and
measurement unit.
Fig4.6 The Forth Step of Camera Calibration
(5) To extract feature point coordinates by using circle fitting method, calculate the internal parameters of the
camera and the camera calibration error.
Fig4.7 The Fifth Step of Camera Calibration
(6)We establish a coordinate system to calibrate the pictures, which facilitates the transformation of coordinate
next step.
Fig4.8 The Sixth Step of Camera Calibration
8. The Technology Research of Camera Calibration Based on Lab VIEW
www.ijres.org 15 | Page
(7)Calibration template learning, the calibration of the picture is saved to the PNG file format, which is easy to
read and call the calibration template. As long as the relative position of the camera and the working plane is
constant, it is not to be repeated. The internal parameters of the camera can be solved by the above calibration
procedure:
1
5246.25 0 1247.889
0 5200.63 955.033
0 0 1
M
The physical size of the camera pixel is 0.0022mm * 0.0022mm, and we can get the effective focal length
of the camera according to the internal parameter matrix which has been already obtained.
(5246.25 0.0022 5200.63 0.0022) 2 11.492f
4.2 Camera external parameters calibration process
The camera external parameters calibration can be achieved by the MATLAB script node provided by
LabVIEW, which can improve the processing speed. Complete the internal parameters of the camera calibration
process, then we call calibration pictures, read the calibration dots coordinate information and serve the image
coordinates ( , )u v and the world coordinate ( , )x y as the MATLAB script input and external parameter matrix
as the output, and the program flow chart is shown in Figure4.9:
Fig.4.9 The solution Process of External Camera Parameter Matrix
Because the external camera parameter matrix is related to the position where camera is located in world
coordinates, so 8 different angle calibration images have different parameter matrix, it means that we should
determine it according to the specific circumstances.
V. The Experiment Result Analysis
After calibration, we can see calibration information. The table 5-1 is calibration of 6×8 dot array
calibration parameters.
Table 5-1 The dot array calibration parameters (the average error is 0.0329 mm, the distortion is 0.1007%)
Object Radius
(pixels)
Radius
(mm)
Center u
(pixels)
Center v
(pixels)
Center X
(mm)
Center Y
(mm)
1 38.62 4.8177 797.42 1175.7 0 120.0399
2 38.84 4.8418 990.58 1176.5 23.9907 120.0275
3 38.34 4.7912 798.83 792.49 -0.01 72.0019
4 38.71 4.829 991.32 984.38 24.0056 95.9729
5 38.55 4.8233 800.48 410.68 0.0305 24.05
6 38.95 4.8505 1184.25 1177.6 48.0221 120.0518
10. The Technology Research of Camera Calibration Based on Lab VIEW
www.ijres.org 17 | Page
In metrology, the accuracy of the measured value is evaluated by using standard deviation. In the paper, we
use standard deviation to evaluate the calibration accuracy of the camera, which is shown by equation 5-1:
2
1
1
( ) (5 1)
n
i
i
x x
n
Among these,
ix is measurement value, x is the average value of a group of data, according to the
above measured dot array data information, let’s take the radius of the circle measured for an example, we can
calculate the value of a radius of standard difference, which unit in pixel is 0.1563pixel and unit in mm
is 0.0215mm , through the results of the calculation, we can see the camera calibration with high
precision, which can meet the requirements of the practical industrial measurement accuracy.
VI. CONCLUSION
In the paper, the calibration is based on the Zhang Zhengyou calibration method. First of all, we establish
the camera calibration model, then we use the method combining LabVIEW and MATLAB to complete the
intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the camera calibration, the calibration method is fast and convenient, which
shortens the period of software development and improves the data processing ability, at the same time, it
reduces the camera calibration difficulty. The experimental results show that the calibration accuracy of the
calibration method is 0.0215mm, the average physical error is 0.0329mm, which meets the requirements of the
actual industrial measurement.
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