1. The document describes the development of an automatic welding and inspection system for nuts welded on support hinges using machine vision. The system aims to improve over manual inspection by reducing variability and costs.
2. The system uses a vision system and conveyor belt to automatically capture images of welded parts and identify defects like missing or eccentrically placed nuts using template matching algorithms. An actuator module transfers parts between welding and inspection stages.
3. The study presents the system design and algorithm development including template creation, matching approaches, and setting inspection thresholds to minimize false acceptance/rejection. Experimental results demonstrate the system's ability to accurately detect different defect types in welded parts.
Motion compensation for hand held camera deviceseSAT Journals
Abstract
With handy camera image is not enough stable at that time stabilization method is used to recover that shaky effect. So, stabilization of image is concept to recover the scale and theta of shaky image. For that algorithm should be able to stabilize the image with maximum original information from that shaky input image. And from this image stabilization algorithm we can use this as a fundamental concept to stabilize the video. Here in this paper algorithm is applied for 2D image and measure the efficiency of that algorithm
Keywords: Motion estimation; Feature detection methods; FAST feature detection
Adaptive Control strategies helps to get desirable output for system with partial unknown dynamics or systems having unknown and unmodeled load variation. DC servo motors are useful to track rapid speed trajectory for various applications, particularly with need of high starting torque and low inertia. Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) parameter data of results with Lyapunov stability MRAC has been used to generate adaptation parameter for DC motor speed controller.
Mixed approach for scheduling process in wimax for high qoseSAT Journals
Abstract
WiMAX(worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access) networks are the networks which are responsible for providing many services like video, data and voice. The WiMAX technology satisfies the modern need of broadband internet through wireless access. For managing all these services through WiMAX, IEEE802.16 gives QOS (Quality of Service) parameter. In WiMAX, a fundamental challenge is to achieve high QOS so that various parameters like waiting time, end to end delay can be minimized and other parameter like execution time and network utilization etc. To obtain high QOS there is scheduling algorithm which is implemented at the base station and subscriber stations. In this paper we discuss scheduling algorithms and also compare the parameters (waiting time, turnaround time, execution time, packet drop age and packet delivery). We purpose a scheduling algorithm which is combination of greedy latency, distance calculation of user from base station, calculate the burst time and apply SJF on that burst values.
Keywords: WiMAX, QOS, IEEE802.16, Scheduling, FCFS (first come first serve), SJF(Shortest job First), Latency.
This document describes a lane detection and obstacle avoidance system developed using Matlab. A single 180 degree fish eye camera and LIDAR sensor are used. Lane detection is implemented using Hough line and Hough transform to detect lane markers. Obstacle avoidance is done using a SICK LIDAR sensor to detect objects within a buffer zone. The system displays offset distance values from the center of the lane to determine if the vehicle stays within its lane.
This document discusses lane detection and obstacle avoidance techniques for autonomous vehicles. It describes using a fish eye camera and LIDAR sensor for lane detection and obstacle avoidance. For lane detection, a modified lane marking technique detects lane edges and offsets. Hough transforms are used to detect lane markers from camera images. Obstacles are detected using LIDAR distance measurements. The document outlines the lane detection process of filtering, edge detection, and line detection using Hough transforms to identify lane boundaries and position the vehicle within its lane.
ADVANCED ALGORITHMS FOR ETCHING SIMULATION OF 3D MEMS-TUNABLE LASERSijctcm
This document describes new algorithms for simulating etching in the fabrication of 3D microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and MEMS-tunable lasers. The algorithms improve on existing 2D methods by applying boundary smoothing and remeshing after subtraction operations. They also use domain decomposition to more efficiently simulate etching of complex 3D structures by decomposing the structure into blocks. Numerical results demonstrating the algorithms' performance on realistic 3D MEMS and laser devices are presented and analyzed. The algorithms provide simple, robust simulations that significantly reduce runtimes for processing 3D MEMS and laser devices.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Design and development of a component by reverse engineeringeSAT Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a case study of using reverse engineering techniques to develop a CAD model of a rotor driven shaft from a rotavator. The researchers used a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) to scan the physical part and generate a point cloud data file. They then imported this file into CAD software to reconstruct the 3D CAD model. The detailed procedure for scanning the part with the CMM is described. The goals of the research were to accurately capture the geometry of the part through scanning and modeling to develop engineering drawings and specifications without having the original CAD files.
Motion compensation for hand held camera deviceseSAT Journals
Abstract
With handy camera image is not enough stable at that time stabilization method is used to recover that shaky effect. So, stabilization of image is concept to recover the scale and theta of shaky image. For that algorithm should be able to stabilize the image with maximum original information from that shaky input image. And from this image stabilization algorithm we can use this as a fundamental concept to stabilize the video. Here in this paper algorithm is applied for 2D image and measure the efficiency of that algorithm
Keywords: Motion estimation; Feature detection methods; FAST feature detection
Adaptive Control strategies helps to get desirable output for system with partial unknown dynamics or systems having unknown and unmodeled load variation. DC servo motors are useful to track rapid speed trajectory for various applications, particularly with need of high starting torque and low inertia. Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) parameter data of results with Lyapunov stability MRAC has been used to generate adaptation parameter for DC motor speed controller.
Mixed approach for scheduling process in wimax for high qoseSAT Journals
Abstract
WiMAX(worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access) networks are the networks which are responsible for providing many services like video, data and voice. The WiMAX technology satisfies the modern need of broadband internet through wireless access. For managing all these services through WiMAX, IEEE802.16 gives QOS (Quality of Service) parameter. In WiMAX, a fundamental challenge is to achieve high QOS so that various parameters like waiting time, end to end delay can be minimized and other parameter like execution time and network utilization etc. To obtain high QOS there is scheduling algorithm which is implemented at the base station and subscriber stations. In this paper we discuss scheduling algorithms and also compare the parameters (waiting time, turnaround time, execution time, packet drop age and packet delivery). We purpose a scheduling algorithm which is combination of greedy latency, distance calculation of user from base station, calculate the burst time and apply SJF on that burst values.
Keywords: WiMAX, QOS, IEEE802.16, Scheduling, FCFS (first come first serve), SJF(Shortest job First), Latency.
This document describes a lane detection and obstacle avoidance system developed using Matlab. A single 180 degree fish eye camera and LIDAR sensor are used. Lane detection is implemented using Hough line and Hough transform to detect lane markers. Obstacle avoidance is done using a SICK LIDAR sensor to detect objects within a buffer zone. The system displays offset distance values from the center of the lane to determine if the vehicle stays within its lane.
This document discusses lane detection and obstacle avoidance techniques for autonomous vehicles. It describes using a fish eye camera and LIDAR sensor for lane detection and obstacle avoidance. For lane detection, a modified lane marking technique detects lane edges and offsets. Hough transforms are used to detect lane markers from camera images. Obstacles are detected using LIDAR distance measurements. The document outlines the lane detection process of filtering, edge detection, and line detection using Hough transforms to identify lane boundaries and position the vehicle within its lane.
ADVANCED ALGORITHMS FOR ETCHING SIMULATION OF 3D MEMS-TUNABLE LASERSijctcm
This document describes new algorithms for simulating etching in the fabrication of 3D microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and MEMS-tunable lasers. The algorithms improve on existing 2D methods by applying boundary smoothing and remeshing after subtraction operations. They also use domain decomposition to more efficiently simulate etching of complex 3D structures by decomposing the structure into blocks. Numerical results demonstrating the algorithms' performance on realistic 3D MEMS and laser devices are presented and analyzed. The algorithms provide simple, robust simulations that significantly reduce runtimes for processing 3D MEMS and laser devices.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Design and development of a component by reverse engineeringeSAT Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a case study of using reverse engineering techniques to develop a CAD model of a rotor driven shaft from a rotavator. The researchers used a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) to scan the physical part and generate a point cloud data file. They then imported this file into CAD software to reconstruct the 3D CAD model. The detailed procedure for scanning the part with the CMM is described. The goals of the research were to accurately capture the geometry of the part through scanning and modeling to develop engineering drawings and specifications without having the original CAD files.
Design and manufacture of an angle adjustable crutch with kennedy key mechanismeSAT Journals
Abstract A crutch is a mobility aid that transfers weight from the legs to the upper body. It has been observed that users of walking aids require double the energy than the normal gait. Users experience a lot of stress at underarm and wrist while using standard underarm or forearm crutches which is the primary reason for pain and various medical complications. Therefore, a new design of crutch has been developed which allows the user to apply his/her weight over a larger area along the forearm instead of wrist and underarm. The primary objective of the study is provide more comfort to the end user of the crutch. The modeling of the new crutch design has been done using CAD modeling package (Catia). Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the design has been conducted using ANSYS to understand the stress behavior in the new model. The new crutch has been fabricated using aluminum alloy because of its properties like high strength to weight ratio and low density. The fabrication of the new crutch has been performed in such a way that it ensured the entire crutch can be disassembled easily thus making it easily transportable. The testing of the new crutch has been carried out using energy expenditure method to assess the comfort level of the user. Keywords: Finite element analysis, crutch, gait, energy expenditure method, CAD
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
ALGORITHMIC AND ARCHITECTURAL OPTIMIZATION OF A 3D RECONSTRUCTION MEDICAL IMA...IJCSEIT Journal
This document summarizes an optimization of a 3D reconstruction algorithm called Marching Cubes for hardware implementation on an FPGA. It describes:
1) The Marching Cubes algorithm which generates a triangular mesh from segmented medical images and its repetitive nature.
2) The AAA methodology and SynDEx-IC tool used to specify the algorithm graph and optimize for the FPGA architecture through factorization and defactorization.
3) The optimized implementation generated by SynDEx-IC including a data path with calculation operators and memory, and a control path to coordinate factorization frontiers.
Road network such as bridges, culverts have vital role before, during and after extreme events to reduce the vulnerability of the community being served. The bridge may be damaged due to severe accidents occurring over it. The bridge may be damaged fully or partially due to heavy and unexpected gale. The cost for the maintenance may be high enough and still no one can ensure us about safety of the bridges or any other structure in future. Whenever there is disaster, there is damage to the public property.
The document presents a seminar on the design of mechatronic systems and control of steer-by-wire (SBW) systems. It discusses the iterative design process for mechatronic systems using concurrent engineering approaches. It then focuses on SBW systems, explaining their architecture and how they use feedback control systems to provide steering functions like wheel tracking and variable steering ratios while ensuring safety. The presentation concludes that mechatronic system design requires concurrent engineering and that SBW systems must provide all steering requirements safely.
This document discusses multiphysics modeling and simulation of induction machines using various software packages. It describes ANSYS, Flux2D/Flux-Portunus co-simulation, Motor-CAD co-simulation with SpeedLab, and Maxwell co-simulation with Ephysics software. It focuses on Maxwell software for finite element analysis modeling of an induction machine and presents simulation results for magnetic field, speed, torque, and losses using Maxwell. The results are then commented on.
IRJET- Accuracy Enhancement of CNC Turning by Linear Positioning Error Co...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study that aims to improve the accuracy of CNC turning machines through a simple and low-cost method for identifying and compensating for linear positioning errors. The method involves machining test parts on the CNC lathe and then precisely measuring the parts using a coordinate measuring machine to determine positioning errors in the lathe's X and Z axes. Mathematical models of the errors are developed and used to edit the lathe's part program code to reconstruct the tool paths and compensate for the identified errors, improving machining accuracy.
This document discusses the design of a 64-bit error tolerant adder. It begins with an introduction to error tolerant adders and describes dividing the adder into an accurate part and inaccurate part. It then discusses the design of the accurate part using an 8-transistor ripple carry adder and the design of the inaccurate part using a carry-free addition block and control block. It also describes a 3-transistor XOR gate design and compares the power consumption of adders. The implementation of the 64-bit error tolerant adder is shown using Tanner EDA tool, including the waveform results. In summary, the document presents the circuit design and simulation results of a 64-bit low power error tolerant
IRJET - Design and Fabrication of Pick and Place Micro-GrippersIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of pick and place micro-grippers using 3D printing. Micro-grippers were designed using NX 11.0 software for various applications requiring grasping of micro-sized objects. They were modeled to provide strokes of 50um to 2mm and forces from 0.1mN to 600mN. The grippers were fabricated using fused deposition modeling 3D printing with PLA material. Side compression and downward force grippers were designed and printed. The printed micro-grippers can be used for applications in industries, medicine, and biology requiring manipulation of small objects or cells.
A Review on Automatic Staircase Climbing PlatformIRJET Journal
This document reviews the design of an automatic staircase climbing platform. It discusses past research on stair-climbing robots and wheelchairs. The proposed platform uses a mechanical design with fixed and flexible wheel legs to generate friction with stairs. It is controlled using an ATMEGA 32 microcontroller. Sensors provide feedback to guide its movement up and down stairs. Software tools like Embedded C, Proteus and AVR Studio will be used to program the microcontroller and simulate the design. Potential applications include assisting disabled, elderly or injured individuals in buildings without elevators. The compact platform aims to overcome issues with previous stair-climbing robots being too large or requiring special equipment or software.
IRJET - Embedded System Based Automatic PCB Drilling MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes an embedded system-based automatic printed circuit board (PCB) drilling machine. It aims to provide an affordable and accurate PCB drilling solution for small businesses. The machine uses an Arduino board to control movement along the X, Y, and Z axes based on coordinate data from an EAGLE PCB design file. This allows the drilling motor to be precisely positioned for efficient drilling of holes. The design focuses on using low-cost components like stepper motors, shafts, and sliders to achieve automated drilling while maintaining accuracy compared to expensive computer numerical control machines. Path planning algorithms are explored to optimize the drilling path and reduce total drilling time.
The document discusses the use of computer simulation software in forging industries. It describes what a simulation is and provides examples of forging simulation software, including Transvalor forge, Deform 3D, and QForm. It then focuses on the DEFORM software, outlining that it is a finite element method simulation system designed for metal forming processes. The major components of DEFORM are described as the pre-processor, simulation, and post-processor. The functions of each component, such as creating input data and displaying results, are summarized. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of using simulation software are briefly presented.
Efficiency of bond graph and external model integration for alarm processing ...IJAAS Team
The document discusses integrating bond graph and external models for alarm processing in a central air conditioning system supervision system. An external model structures a process into operating modes, while a bond graph model describes system dynamics. The proposed system uses both models to detect and locate faults in each operating mode. It was applied to a central air conditioning system, modeling it from modeling to reconfiguration stages. Bond graph and external models were integrated by representing external model services, missions, and operating modes as bond graph elements and structures. This allowed monitoring system performance and reconfiguring using bond graph causal and structural properties. Residuals were also defined to analyze the air conditioning system in different operating modes.
The document evaluates CAE tools in Solid Edge using the example of designing a steering wheel. It discusses parametric modelling which allows dimensions to change and regenerate the model. Assemblies can be created using relationships and exploded for visualization. Finite element analysis is used to simulate stresses and optimize designs. Curves are drawn using techniques like Bezier and B-splines to approximate shapes.
This document discusses motion estimation and compression techniques for video frames using true motion tracking. It begins with an abstract describing motion estimation as determining motion vectors between video frames to model the transformation from one frame to the next. It then discusses how motion estimation is used in video compression to exploit temporal redundancy by comparing frames and estimating displaced regions. The document provides details on algorithms like exhaustive search that perform motion estimation and compensation to reconstruct frames from motion vectors and residual differences.
Finite element analysis of center pin and bracket of jig fixture assembly ijm...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The manufacturing industry caters the range of products to satisfy the ever changing market needs.
To overcome the increasing production demands, the industry implies various techniques. We need a technique for
increasing the production of drilling two holes on a Railway Pinion, improve the quality of product and reduce the
operation time. This project aims to design the Jig and Fixture for the same. The 3-dimensional Computer Aided Model
of the components is made using CATIA V5-R21 software. To study the behavior of component, simulation is carried out.
Preprocessing of the CAD model is carried in Hypermesh software. Boundary conditions are applied using physical
situations of the components. Finite element analysis of the components is done, and the results obtained are compared
with the theoretical analysis and also with the available literature. The stresses and deformations are found within desired limits. Using FE analysis, the parts are manufactured and assembled.
IRJET- Structural Analysis and Optimization of ‘C’ Frame of Mechanical PressIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed and optimized the structural design of the 'C' frame component of a 100-ton mechanical press machine. The original C-frame design was modeled and analyzed using finite element analysis software to determine stress levels and weight. Various optimization techniques were then applied, including changing dimensions, materials, or both, to minimize weight while maintaining structural integrity. The optimal design was found to use mild steel with dimensions of 2100mm height, 250mm width and 80mm thickness, reducing the C-frame weight by 363kg (68% material savings) while keeping stress levels below allowable limits. This optimized design could lower material costs for the press machine.
Crash Analysis of Torque Box Beam Column of an Automobile VehicleIRJET Journal
This document discusses the crash analysis of a torque box beam column for an automobile using finite element analysis. It describes:
1) Creating a geometric model and mesh of the torque box column segments in Solid Edge and ABAQUS.
2) Applying boundary conditions to simulate a 55 km/hr impact and evaluating stresses and displacements.
3) Optimizing the design using topology optimization in ABAQUS, reducing weight by 60% while keeping stresses below failure limits.
4) Concluding the optimized design absorbed more energy during impact without failure of the first segment.
Karakuri based dolly frames unstacking systemAnshumanRaj8
The document describes the design of a low-cost Karakuri-based dolly frame stacking and unstacking system. The aims are to improve efficiency and ergonomics at the workstation. A CAD model and simulation are designed in Solidworks. Stress analysis determines the stopper gate can withstand the force of rolling frames. An electronic counting unit using an Arduino, sensors and display is designed to count frames. Components include conveyor rails, wheels, and profiles from the Minitec catalog. The minimum conveyor inclination angle is calculated to be 9 degrees.
We looked at the data. Here’s a breakdown of some key statistics about the nation’s incoming presidents’ addresses, how long they spoke, how well, and more.
The document discusses how startup entrepreneurs think and operate. It notes that startups like Airbnb and Uber were started due to identifying shortages or problems. It emphasizes that startups focus on providing customer benefit, eliminating waste, and creating value. It also highlights that startups operate with speed, embracing failure fast and pivoting quickly, with transparency and by breaking rules. Startups succeed by moving rapidly, with minimal processes and instead prioritizing speed above all else.
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your BusinessBarry Feldman
How can a digital marketing consultant help your business? In this resource we'll count the ways. 24 additional marketing resources are bundled for free.
Design and manufacture of an angle adjustable crutch with kennedy key mechanismeSAT Journals
Abstract A crutch is a mobility aid that transfers weight from the legs to the upper body. It has been observed that users of walking aids require double the energy than the normal gait. Users experience a lot of stress at underarm and wrist while using standard underarm or forearm crutches which is the primary reason for pain and various medical complications. Therefore, a new design of crutch has been developed which allows the user to apply his/her weight over a larger area along the forearm instead of wrist and underarm. The primary objective of the study is provide more comfort to the end user of the crutch. The modeling of the new crutch design has been done using CAD modeling package (Catia). Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the design has been conducted using ANSYS to understand the stress behavior in the new model. The new crutch has been fabricated using aluminum alloy because of its properties like high strength to weight ratio and low density. The fabrication of the new crutch has been performed in such a way that it ensured the entire crutch can be disassembled easily thus making it easily transportable. The testing of the new crutch has been carried out using energy expenditure method to assess the comfort level of the user. Keywords: Finite element analysis, crutch, gait, energy expenditure method, CAD
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
ALGORITHMIC AND ARCHITECTURAL OPTIMIZATION OF A 3D RECONSTRUCTION MEDICAL IMA...IJCSEIT Journal
This document summarizes an optimization of a 3D reconstruction algorithm called Marching Cubes for hardware implementation on an FPGA. It describes:
1) The Marching Cubes algorithm which generates a triangular mesh from segmented medical images and its repetitive nature.
2) The AAA methodology and SynDEx-IC tool used to specify the algorithm graph and optimize for the FPGA architecture through factorization and defactorization.
3) The optimized implementation generated by SynDEx-IC including a data path with calculation operators and memory, and a control path to coordinate factorization frontiers.
Road network such as bridges, culverts have vital role before, during and after extreme events to reduce the vulnerability of the community being served. The bridge may be damaged due to severe accidents occurring over it. The bridge may be damaged fully or partially due to heavy and unexpected gale. The cost for the maintenance may be high enough and still no one can ensure us about safety of the bridges or any other structure in future. Whenever there is disaster, there is damage to the public property.
The document presents a seminar on the design of mechatronic systems and control of steer-by-wire (SBW) systems. It discusses the iterative design process for mechatronic systems using concurrent engineering approaches. It then focuses on SBW systems, explaining their architecture and how they use feedback control systems to provide steering functions like wheel tracking and variable steering ratios while ensuring safety. The presentation concludes that mechatronic system design requires concurrent engineering and that SBW systems must provide all steering requirements safely.
This document discusses multiphysics modeling and simulation of induction machines using various software packages. It describes ANSYS, Flux2D/Flux-Portunus co-simulation, Motor-CAD co-simulation with SpeedLab, and Maxwell co-simulation with Ephysics software. It focuses on Maxwell software for finite element analysis modeling of an induction machine and presents simulation results for magnetic field, speed, torque, and losses using Maxwell. The results are then commented on.
IRJET- Accuracy Enhancement of CNC Turning by Linear Positioning Error Co...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study that aims to improve the accuracy of CNC turning machines through a simple and low-cost method for identifying and compensating for linear positioning errors. The method involves machining test parts on the CNC lathe and then precisely measuring the parts using a coordinate measuring machine to determine positioning errors in the lathe's X and Z axes. Mathematical models of the errors are developed and used to edit the lathe's part program code to reconstruct the tool paths and compensate for the identified errors, improving machining accuracy.
This document discusses the design of a 64-bit error tolerant adder. It begins with an introduction to error tolerant adders and describes dividing the adder into an accurate part and inaccurate part. It then discusses the design of the accurate part using an 8-transistor ripple carry adder and the design of the inaccurate part using a carry-free addition block and control block. It also describes a 3-transistor XOR gate design and compares the power consumption of adders. The implementation of the 64-bit error tolerant adder is shown using Tanner EDA tool, including the waveform results. In summary, the document presents the circuit design and simulation results of a 64-bit low power error tolerant
IRJET - Design and Fabrication of Pick and Place Micro-GrippersIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of pick and place micro-grippers using 3D printing. Micro-grippers were designed using NX 11.0 software for various applications requiring grasping of micro-sized objects. They were modeled to provide strokes of 50um to 2mm and forces from 0.1mN to 600mN. The grippers were fabricated using fused deposition modeling 3D printing with PLA material. Side compression and downward force grippers were designed and printed. The printed micro-grippers can be used for applications in industries, medicine, and biology requiring manipulation of small objects or cells.
A Review on Automatic Staircase Climbing PlatformIRJET Journal
This document reviews the design of an automatic staircase climbing platform. It discusses past research on stair-climbing robots and wheelchairs. The proposed platform uses a mechanical design with fixed and flexible wheel legs to generate friction with stairs. It is controlled using an ATMEGA 32 microcontroller. Sensors provide feedback to guide its movement up and down stairs. Software tools like Embedded C, Proteus and AVR Studio will be used to program the microcontroller and simulate the design. Potential applications include assisting disabled, elderly or injured individuals in buildings without elevators. The compact platform aims to overcome issues with previous stair-climbing robots being too large or requiring special equipment or software.
IRJET - Embedded System Based Automatic PCB Drilling MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes an embedded system-based automatic printed circuit board (PCB) drilling machine. It aims to provide an affordable and accurate PCB drilling solution for small businesses. The machine uses an Arduino board to control movement along the X, Y, and Z axes based on coordinate data from an EAGLE PCB design file. This allows the drilling motor to be precisely positioned for efficient drilling of holes. The design focuses on using low-cost components like stepper motors, shafts, and sliders to achieve automated drilling while maintaining accuracy compared to expensive computer numerical control machines. Path planning algorithms are explored to optimize the drilling path and reduce total drilling time.
The document discusses the use of computer simulation software in forging industries. It describes what a simulation is and provides examples of forging simulation software, including Transvalor forge, Deform 3D, and QForm. It then focuses on the DEFORM software, outlining that it is a finite element method simulation system designed for metal forming processes. The major components of DEFORM are described as the pre-processor, simulation, and post-processor. The functions of each component, such as creating input data and displaying results, are summarized. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of using simulation software are briefly presented.
Efficiency of bond graph and external model integration for alarm processing ...IJAAS Team
The document discusses integrating bond graph and external models for alarm processing in a central air conditioning system supervision system. An external model structures a process into operating modes, while a bond graph model describes system dynamics. The proposed system uses both models to detect and locate faults in each operating mode. It was applied to a central air conditioning system, modeling it from modeling to reconfiguration stages. Bond graph and external models were integrated by representing external model services, missions, and operating modes as bond graph elements and structures. This allowed monitoring system performance and reconfiguring using bond graph causal and structural properties. Residuals were also defined to analyze the air conditioning system in different operating modes.
The document evaluates CAE tools in Solid Edge using the example of designing a steering wheel. It discusses parametric modelling which allows dimensions to change and regenerate the model. Assemblies can be created using relationships and exploded for visualization. Finite element analysis is used to simulate stresses and optimize designs. Curves are drawn using techniques like Bezier and B-splines to approximate shapes.
This document discusses motion estimation and compression techniques for video frames using true motion tracking. It begins with an abstract describing motion estimation as determining motion vectors between video frames to model the transformation from one frame to the next. It then discusses how motion estimation is used in video compression to exploit temporal redundancy by comparing frames and estimating displaced regions. The document provides details on algorithms like exhaustive search that perform motion estimation and compensation to reconstruct frames from motion vectors and residual differences.
Finite element analysis of center pin and bracket of jig fixture assembly ijm...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The manufacturing industry caters the range of products to satisfy the ever changing market needs.
To overcome the increasing production demands, the industry implies various techniques. We need a technique for
increasing the production of drilling two holes on a Railway Pinion, improve the quality of product and reduce the
operation time. This project aims to design the Jig and Fixture for the same. The 3-dimensional Computer Aided Model
of the components is made using CATIA V5-R21 software. To study the behavior of component, simulation is carried out.
Preprocessing of the CAD model is carried in Hypermesh software. Boundary conditions are applied using physical
situations of the components. Finite element analysis of the components is done, and the results obtained are compared
with the theoretical analysis and also with the available literature. The stresses and deformations are found within desired limits. Using FE analysis, the parts are manufactured and assembled.
IRJET- Structural Analysis and Optimization of ‘C’ Frame of Mechanical PressIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed and optimized the structural design of the 'C' frame component of a 100-ton mechanical press machine. The original C-frame design was modeled and analyzed using finite element analysis software to determine stress levels and weight. Various optimization techniques were then applied, including changing dimensions, materials, or both, to minimize weight while maintaining structural integrity. The optimal design was found to use mild steel with dimensions of 2100mm height, 250mm width and 80mm thickness, reducing the C-frame weight by 363kg (68% material savings) while keeping stress levels below allowable limits. This optimized design could lower material costs for the press machine.
Crash Analysis of Torque Box Beam Column of an Automobile VehicleIRJET Journal
This document discusses the crash analysis of a torque box beam column for an automobile using finite element analysis. It describes:
1) Creating a geometric model and mesh of the torque box column segments in Solid Edge and ABAQUS.
2) Applying boundary conditions to simulate a 55 km/hr impact and evaluating stresses and displacements.
3) Optimizing the design using topology optimization in ABAQUS, reducing weight by 60% while keeping stresses below failure limits.
4) Concluding the optimized design absorbed more energy during impact without failure of the first segment.
Karakuri based dolly frames unstacking systemAnshumanRaj8
The document describes the design of a low-cost Karakuri-based dolly frame stacking and unstacking system. The aims are to improve efficiency and ergonomics at the workstation. A CAD model and simulation are designed in Solidworks. Stress analysis determines the stopper gate can withstand the force of rolling frames. An electronic counting unit using an Arduino, sensors and display is designed to count frames. Components include conveyor rails, wheels, and profiles from the Minitec catalog. The minimum conveyor inclination angle is calculated to be 9 degrees.
We looked at the data. Here’s a breakdown of some key statistics about the nation’s incoming presidents’ addresses, how long they spoke, how well, and more.
The document discusses how startup entrepreneurs think and operate. It notes that startups like Airbnb and Uber were started due to identifying shortages or problems. It emphasizes that startups focus on providing customer benefit, eliminating waste, and creating value. It also highlights that startups operate with speed, embracing failure fast and pivoting quickly, with transparency and by breaking rules. Startups succeed by moving rapidly, with minimal processes and instead prioritizing speed above all else.
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1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 3 || Issue || 3 || Pages || 43-49 || 2014 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 43
Development of Automatic Welding and Inspecting System using
Machine Vision System for Nuts Welded on the Support Hinge
Seong-Jin Kim, Seong-Cheol Lee, Jwong- Kwon Lee
1
Chonbuk National University Automobile-parts & Mold Technology Innovation Center, Jeonju City, Korea
2,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju City, Korea
3,
Changwon Metal Industry Co. LTD, Kunsan City, Korea
-----------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------------
This paper is about the development of automatic inspection system of welded nuts on support hinge used to
support the trunk lid of a car using machine vision system. Until now, inspection of welded nuts was being
performed manually visual inspection by worker in projection welding process. So it caused the production of
poorly-made parts. The conditions of poorly-made parts divided into two categories; an omission of nuts, an
eccentricity of welded nuts. These parts make trouble to erect between support hinge and the lid of trunk.
To improve demerits of this manual operation, automatic inspection system using machine vision system is
introduced. Inspection process is performed to make the complete vision based automatic inspection system
before assembly, and this procedure led to the manufacturing cost saving. As the inspection algorithm, template
matching algorithm(pattern matching and geometric matching techniques in NI IMAQ VISION) is applied to
distinguish the articles of good quality and the poorly-made articles. Main panel of developed vision program is
programmed by NI LabVIEW software. Main program contains operating mode and setting mode compensating
minimum matching score about the variation of the lighting condition.
The designed inspection system with test algorithm, lighting system and program showed good results to and led
to the increment of productivity in accordance with the reduction of elimination of poorly-made parts.
Keywords-Support Hinge, automatic welding and inspecting system, machine vision, template matching.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 21 December 2013 Date of Acceptance: 25 March 2014
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Most of automobile parts companies in domestic are dependent on manual process to inspect the finished
products. A support hinge used to support the trunk lid is welded nuts on the hole by projection welding in Fig. 1.
Projection welding and inspecting processes of support hinges are done manually, so the accuracy and the quality
of the products are changed on worker’s condition.
To reduce the inconvenience of manual operation and improve the working condition, this paper
introduces automatic welding and inspecting system using machine vision. It is comprised of mainly four parts,
which are vision system, conveyor belt system, actuator module, and an automatic welder. Vision system acts like
a sensor detecting the welded nuts, identifying the position of welded nuts, and judging the result. The conveyor
belt system has a role of guidance of moving the support hinge. And actuator modules continuously transfer the
support hinges to the next process through the pre-calculated stroke.
Vision part is controlled by computer with inspection program. Other parts are controlled by PLC
(programmable logic controller). Vision system and automatic welding system are designed for the accuracy of
welding tolerance and interface between the computer and PLC. To interface between vision program and PLC,
30V digital I/O board (NI PCI-6514) is used.
Fig. 1Actual photo of support hinge
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II. MECHANISM OF AUTOMATIC WELDING AND INSPECTING SYSTEM
1. Design of automatic welding and inspection system
The 3D design program (Pro/E CAD) was used for the comprehensive design of automatic welding and
inspection system. Firstly, object is transferred by conveyor belt. One actuator module obtains the object and then
the other actuator module grips the object for welding process. For the second time, after completing welding
process, the object is transferred to the inspection part using machine vision. And the other actuator grips and
transfers the object on the back light box. When the object comes in the image domain, the signal is generated, and
then the image is captured and saved. Saving the image, template matching is accomplished. So the product is
distinguished whether the object is good or NG. Fig. 2shows the 3D view of the system and Fig. 3 explains the
block diagram of control system.
Fig. 2 3D model of designed system
Fig. 3 Block diagram of designed system
2. Loading system
A loading system used belt conveyor that is designed to supply the objects at regularly spaced intervals.
It has height difference between both ends, so the objects which have height difference between both ends are able
to transfer more favorably. Fig. 4 shows 3D view and actual photo of conveyor system, respectively.
(a) 3D View (b) Actual photo
Fig. 4 Conveyor system
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III. TRANSFER SYSTEM
A transfer system has two actuator modules; one is for welding, the other is for vision inspection. A
transfer system for welding plays an important role that it continuously moves the objects which are supplied
through the conveyor system to welding machine. It composites three actuators along the 3-axes(x-y-z) to match
the welding point accurately. And it is designed for the precise movement of the x-axis controlled by AC
servo-motor. In addition, it is designed to grip the object more stably through the end effecter of the actuator. Fig.
5 shows the 3D view and actual photo of an actuator module, respectively.
(b) 3D View (b) Actual photo
Fig. 5 Actuator for welding process
The actuator for vision inspection is designed to operate through input signal which is generated after
welding process. And like the preceding, it is designed to grip the object more stably through the end effecter of
the actuator. Fig. 6 shows the 3D view of the actuator for inspection using machine vision.
(c) 3D View (b) Actual photo
Fig. 6 Actuator for vision inspection
IV. MACHINE VISION SYSTEM AND INSPECTION ALGORITHM
In this study, we used analog CCD camera and durable LCD light panel. As we apply the back light
condition, we designed that the computer vision system is able to recognize the object more easily. Fig. 7 shows
3D view of machine vision system, respectively.
Fig. 7 3D view ofmachine vision system
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1. Machine vision system
CCD Camera is mainly used in machine vision system because of its excellent durability and high speed.
CCD camera achieves image data on wanted area. As input image data is sent to computer through the frame
grabber, users can develop the program as image processing. Table 1 explains the specification of parts used in
this study. To consistently maintain the lighting condition in vision system, back light LCD is used, which can
maintain the regular intensity of light in object and its surround.
Table 1 Specification of inspection system
Index Specification
S/W NILabVIEW & IMAQVISION
H/W
Camera
SONY XC-ES30
- Analog CCD, 30f/sec
- Resolution : 640×480
Light LCD Panel
Frame Grabber NIPCI-1407 Board
2. Template matching algorithm
Most of the applications of computer vision algorithms simply have to know whether the obtained image
contains some previously defined sub-image or not. The sub-image is called a template and should be an ideal
representation of the pattern or object which is being sought in the image. The template matching technique
involves the translation of the template to every possible position in the image and the evaluation of a measure of
the match between the template and the object image at that position. If the similarity measure is large enough then
the object can be assumed to be present. Similarity measure is based on the Euclidean distance. Other methods
computing the similarity measure are MAD(Mean Absolute Differences) and MSE(Mean Square Error). We will
compute the cross-correlation function from the similarity measure. In this paper, we explain the similarity
measure based on Euclidean distance method.
A common measure employed when comparing the similarity of two images (e.g. the template t(i,j) and
the test image g(i,j)) is the metric based on the standard Euclidean distance between two sectors, defined by:
(1)
The summation is evaluated for all i, such that (i-m) is a valid coordinate of the template sub-image. This
definition amounts to translating the template t(i,j) to a position (m,n) along the test image and evaluating the
similarity measure at that position. Alternatively, the square root in the Euclidean definition can be removed by
squaring both sides of the equation.
(2)
Note that the summation of the last term is constant since it is a function of the template only and is evaluated over
the complete domain of the template. If it is assumed that the first term is also again summing over the usual range
of i and j : R(m,n) is the cross-correlation function. The template t(i-m,j-n) and the section of g(i,j) in the vicinity
of (m,n) are similar when the cross-correlation is large.
(3)
If the assumption that the summation of g(i,j) is independent of m and n is not valid, an alternative to computing R
is to compute the normalized to computing R is to compute the normalized cross-correlation N(m,n) given by:
(4)
The normalized cross-correlation (NCC) may be scaled so that it lies in the range 0 to 1. Thus, the cross-
correlation may be redefined:
(5)
Fig. 8 shows the pre-defined template image and Fig.9 shows the matched image using NCC[5][6][7].
5. Development of Automatic welding and inspecting system using…
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(a) nut on the left (b)hole (c) nut on the right
Fig. 8 Pre-defined template images
Fig. 9 Matched image using NCC
3. Inspection program
Image analysis program is done by using LabVIEW programming tool. To acquire the test image, NI
VISION software is used. And template matching algorithm explained is programmed. Inspecting image size is
640×480 and computing the algorithm in ROI(region 1510 of interest) intents to save memory and reduce the
operating time. One of the most important programming factors is to find the minimum matching score. We
obtained the minimum matching scores using the distribution method of matching scores calculated from the
correct and incorrect matching images. The dotted line denotes the decision threshold MSth for whether matching
is correct or not, ⓐand ⓑdenote the regions of false rejection and false acceptance, respectively. The decision
criterion should establish a decision boundary which minimizes the false rejection rate for a pre-specified false
acceptance rate. Fig. 11 shows the distribution of matching scores for correct and incorrect matching. Fig. 12
shows the main panel which shows the captured picture after inspecting the support hinge.
Fig. 11 Distribution of correct and incorrect matching scores
Fig. 12 Main control panel of automatic welding and inspection system using machine vision
In the operating mode, the image capture is triggered by the input signal and only one image is processed,
but the automatic image capture is done in the setting mode. By applying the setting mode, operators can adjust the
6. Development of Automatic welding and inspecting system using…
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size of ROI and a kind of matching mode. Operating the setting mode on the developed program is explained in
Fig. 13.
Fig. 13 Setting mode of inspection program
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT
Generally, there are two kinds of poorly-made products having bad quality: eccentrically welded nuts on
support hinge and missing nuts on support hinge. And another kind of poorly-made is the condition of
eccentrically welded nuts, but there is no interference between two holes. Detecting former two types of
poorly-made is solved using template matching techniques.
Another problem is solved using geometric matching techniques. The geometric matching algorithm
uses geometric information present in the template image as the primary features for matching. Geometric features
can range from low-level features, such as edges or curves, to higher-level features, such as the geometric shapes
made by the curves in the image. Every types of welded nut’s position was tested in this paper, and the test results
were in Fig. 14.
(a)An article of good quality (b)Omitted nuts (c)Eccentric nuts
Fig. 14 Figure after image analysis (template matching)
Fig. 14(a) shows that all templates are matched. There is one cross mark in the center of each hole, which
has the information of the position of hole. And Fig. 14(b) shows that all nuts are omitted on the support hinge.
Because matching score is less than the minimum matching score after the template matching is performed, there
is no cross mark in the hole and no information about pixels position. Finally, as you can see from Fig. 14(c), one
nut is eccentrically welded on support hinge. We can’t see any cross mark on the left side hole. Image processing
test having different conditions was tried and the results are shown in Fig. 15.
(a)An article of good quality (b)Poorly-made article (Eccentric nuts)
Fig. 15 Geometric matched images
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Fig. 15(a) shows an article of good quality. There is no interference and no eccentricity between two
holes. Fig. 15(b) shows poorly-made article. There is no interference between two holes, but nuts are eccentrically
welded. So geometric matching is not performed. Also, there is no cross mark having the information of position.
VI. CONCLUSION
To detect the poorly-made conditions about finished products of support hinges, the application of
template matching algorithm and geometric matching algorithm were done well and showed good results. And
designed back light LCD system is most suitable for inspecting the support hinge. Through the use of the
inspection system using machine vision, the followings are expected.
1) Working conditions are improved.
2) Expedient detection of the conditions of the products found to have defects.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was funded by Changwon Metal Industry Co. Ltd. and Kunsan Cluster Agency of Korea Industrial
Complex Corporation.
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