The document describes the development of an automatic MATLAB-based tool for measuring beam emittance at the Idaho Accelerator Center. An optical transition radiation screen and camera were installed to capture beam images during a quadrupole scan. MATLAB codes were developed to extract beam sizes from the images, perform a polynomial fit to determine emittance, and control the scan automatically via EPICS and MATLAB Channel Access. The tool was tested by measuring the emittance of the HRRL accelerator, reducing measurement time and error compared to manual methods.
Improving Energy Efficiency in Optical NetworksIJEEE
This paper presents an energy saving technique for optical networks without loss of dignity of Quality of service. This paper emphasis on the energy minimization of technologies in optical network. One simple method toconsume energy is to switched off an unused element, so the power consumption cuts by around 20% and network resources saved by 29%.
Development of patch stack antenna for CP-SAR sensorjournalBEEI
In this paper, we obtain the basic configuration of the left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) array two patches stack triangular truncated microstrip antenna. This construction use the basic corporate feed microstrip-line with modified lossless T-junction power divider on radiating patch for circularly polarized-synthetic aperture radar (CP-SAR) sensor embedded on airspace with compact, small, and simple configuration. The design of Circular Polarization (CP) is realized by truncating the whole three tips and adjusting the parameters of antenna at the resonant frequency, f=5.2 GHz. The results of characteristic performance and S-parameter for the LHCP array two patches stack antenna at the resonant frequency show successively about 7.24 dBic of gain, 1.99 dB of axial ratio (Ar), and -11.43 dB of S-parameter. Moreover, the impedance bandwidth and the 3 dB-Ar bandwidth of this antenna are around 560 MHz (10.77%) and 50 MHz (0.96%), respectively.
Real Time Implementation of Adaptive Beam former for Phased Array Radar over ...CSCJournals
Mechanical positioners, rotating antennas and large size of early generation radars limited the capability of the radar system to track laterally accelerating targets. Electronic Scanning Array (ESA) such as used in Phased Array Radar (PAR) overcomed these limitations by providing beam agility, good response time, variable scan rates and efficient use of energy. Early PAR systems used analog phase shifting schemes that caused variations and component failures resulting in overall degradation of radar performance. With the advent of new technology and high performance embedded systems, digital beamforming has become powerful enough to perform massive operations required for real time digital beamforming. MATLAB simulation of adaptive beamformer is presented in this paper. Real time implementation of adaptive beamformer over DSP kit (TMS320C6713) was also carried out and results were compared with MATLAB simulations. GUI was also made in MATLAB for viewing results of real time implementation via real time data exchange. Developed system can be used in digital beamforming PAR provided array signals is routed to DSP kit through FPGA interfaced to high speed ADC’s.
Digital Beamforming for Simultaneous Power and Information Transmission in Wi...idescitation
This paper proposes a Beamforming algorithm for
simultaneous transmission of information and power in multi-
antenna linear array system. Here we considered three node
system in which transmitter and receiver are largely separated
from each other whereas energy harvesting circuit is co-
located with the information receiver i.e. encounters the same
channel from the transmitter. Our primary motto is to
maximize the energy harvested by the harvester circuit, at
the same time maintaining the information rate above a
certain threshold level. Firstly, we used an algorithm to steer
the antenna beam in a desired direction. Secondly, we
combined this algorithm with another algorithm that
maximizes the harvested energy. The hybrid algorithm
produces an improvement in the result in terms of received
signal level and side-lobe level. Finally, simulation results
are presented to justify the effectiveness of the proposed
algorithm.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Implementation of Digital Beamforming Technique for Linear Antenna Arraysijsrd.com
A digital Beamforming technique used for increased channel capacity and also increased signal to noise and interference ratio. In smart antenna, different type of radiation pattern of an antenna can be changed either by selecting appropriate weights or by changing the array geometry. This paper presented based on auxiliary phase algorithm by using this algorithm in linear antenna array determine the array pattern approximating the auxiliary function in both amplitude and phase. Cost function involving auxiliary function and array pattern is minimized by modifying the pattern.
Improving Energy Efficiency in Optical NetworksIJEEE
This paper presents an energy saving technique for optical networks without loss of dignity of Quality of service. This paper emphasis on the energy minimization of technologies in optical network. One simple method toconsume energy is to switched off an unused element, so the power consumption cuts by around 20% and network resources saved by 29%.
Development of patch stack antenna for CP-SAR sensorjournalBEEI
In this paper, we obtain the basic configuration of the left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) array two patches stack triangular truncated microstrip antenna. This construction use the basic corporate feed microstrip-line with modified lossless T-junction power divider on radiating patch for circularly polarized-synthetic aperture radar (CP-SAR) sensor embedded on airspace with compact, small, and simple configuration. The design of Circular Polarization (CP) is realized by truncating the whole three tips and adjusting the parameters of antenna at the resonant frequency, f=5.2 GHz. The results of characteristic performance and S-parameter for the LHCP array two patches stack antenna at the resonant frequency show successively about 7.24 dBic of gain, 1.99 dB of axial ratio (Ar), and -11.43 dB of S-parameter. Moreover, the impedance bandwidth and the 3 dB-Ar bandwidth of this antenna are around 560 MHz (10.77%) and 50 MHz (0.96%), respectively.
Real Time Implementation of Adaptive Beam former for Phased Array Radar over ...CSCJournals
Mechanical positioners, rotating antennas and large size of early generation radars limited the capability of the radar system to track laterally accelerating targets. Electronic Scanning Array (ESA) such as used in Phased Array Radar (PAR) overcomed these limitations by providing beam agility, good response time, variable scan rates and efficient use of energy. Early PAR systems used analog phase shifting schemes that caused variations and component failures resulting in overall degradation of radar performance. With the advent of new technology and high performance embedded systems, digital beamforming has become powerful enough to perform massive operations required for real time digital beamforming. MATLAB simulation of adaptive beamformer is presented in this paper. Real time implementation of adaptive beamformer over DSP kit (TMS320C6713) was also carried out and results were compared with MATLAB simulations. GUI was also made in MATLAB for viewing results of real time implementation via real time data exchange. Developed system can be used in digital beamforming PAR provided array signals is routed to DSP kit through FPGA interfaced to high speed ADC’s.
Digital Beamforming for Simultaneous Power and Information Transmission in Wi...idescitation
This paper proposes a Beamforming algorithm for
simultaneous transmission of information and power in multi-
antenna linear array system. Here we considered three node
system in which transmitter and receiver are largely separated
from each other whereas energy harvesting circuit is co-
located with the information receiver i.e. encounters the same
channel from the transmitter. Our primary motto is to
maximize the energy harvested by the harvester circuit, at
the same time maintaining the information rate above a
certain threshold level. Firstly, we used an algorithm to steer
the antenna beam in a desired direction. Secondly, we
combined this algorithm with another algorithm that
maximizes the harvested energy. The hybrid algorithm
produces an improvement in the result in terms of received
signal level and side-lobe level. Finally, simulation results
are presented to justify the effectiveness of the proposed
algorithm.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Implementation of Digital Beamforming Technique for Linear Antenna Arraysijsrd.com
A digital Beamforming technique used for increased channel capacity and also increased signal to noise and interference ratio. In smart antenna, different type of radiation pattern of an antenna can be changed either by selecting appropriate weights or by changing the array geometry. This paper presented based on auxiliary phase algorithm by using this algorithm in linear antenna array determine the array pattern approximating the auxiliary function in both amplitude and phase. Cost function involving auxiliary function and array pattern is minimized by modifying the pattern.
Incorporate ACO routing algorithm and mobile sink in wireless sensor networks IJECEIAES
Today, science and technology is developing, particularly the internet of things (IoT), there is an increasing demand in the sensor field to serve the requirements of individuals within modern life. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) was created to assist us to modernize our lives, saving labor, avoid dangers, and that bring high efficiency at work. There are many various routing protocols accustomed to increase the ability efficiency and network lifetime. However, network systems with one settled sink frequently endure from a hot spots issue since hubs close sinks take a lot of vitality to forward information amid the transmission method. In this paper, the authors proposed combining the colony optimization algorithm ant colony optimization (ACO) routing algorithm and mobile sink to deal with that drawback and extend the network life. The simulation results on MATLAB show that the proposed protocol has far better performance than studies within the same field.
COMPARISON BETWEEN ENERGY EFFICIENT COOPERATIVE MIMO AND COOPERATIVE RELAY IN...jantjournal
Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for
prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO
scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different
cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.
Robust Evolutionary Approach to Mitigate Low Frequency Oscillation in a Multi...IDES Editor
This paper proposes a new optimization algorithm
known as Modified Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (MSFLA)
for optimal designing of PSSs controller. The design problem
of the proposed controller is formulated as an optimization
problem and MSFLA is employed to search for optimal
controller parameters. An eigenvalue based objective function
reflecting the combination of damping factor and damping
ratio is optimized for different operating conditions. The
proposed approach is applied to optimal design of multimachine
power system stabilizers. Three different power
systems, A Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB), four-machine
of Kundur and ten-machine New England systems are
considered. The obtained results are evaluated and compared
with other results obtained by Genetic Algorithm (GA).
Eigenvalue analysis and nonlinear system simulations assure
the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller in
providing good damping characteristic to system oscillations
and enhancing the system dynamic stability under different
operating conditions and disturbances.
In next five years 5G is the most popular and anticipated mobile technology and beam forming is one of the important aspect of 5G networks Beam forming is a technique used by sensor arrays for a directional signal transmission or reception and is very important for number of applications like Radar, biomedicine, radio communications, SONAR The paper introduces beam forming technique sand its importance in the modern cellular society Irfan Nissar Bhat | Er. Harish Dogra "Beamforming for 5G Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18405.pdf
Non-radiative wireless energy transfer with single layer dual-band printed sp...journalBEEI
Accomplishing equilibrium in terms of transfer efficiency for dual-band wireless energy transfer (WET) system remains as one of key concerns particularly in the implementation of a single transmitter device which supports simultaneous energy and data transfer functionality. Three stages of design method are discussed in addressing the aforementioned concern. A single layer dual-band printed spiral resonator for non-radiative wireless energy transfer operating at 6.78 MHz and 13.56 MHz is presented. By employing multi-coil approach, measured power transfer efficiency for a symmetrical link separated at axial distance of 30 mm are 72.34% and 74.02% at the respective frequency bands. When operating distance is varied between 30 mm to 38 mm, consistency of simulated peak transfer efficiency above 50% is achievable.
NETWORK ENERGY SAVING TECHNOLOGIES FOR GREEN WIRELESS ACCESS NETWORKSMadhav Thekkedath
Now a day smart phone users are increased and the energy consumption problem in mobile industry has become crucial. For the growth of mobile industry energy efficiency of the system must be improved. In order to improve the methods of network energy usage usually reduction of the Base Stations are to be employed.
The mobile industry faces a critical energy consumption challenge. By 2014 smart phones will exceed 1.82 billion units and surpass PCs as the most common web access devices. That’s why it is one of the important things. As all know that a smart is mainly for easy access to the network at anytime and anywhere. So it employs powering up all the Radio Base Stations (RBS’s) at maximum power. Since there are more number of service providers competition exist at the field of telecommunication. So it yields in more energy consumption to get monopoly among them. In the field of engineering, a system is usually designed to transform energy to useful work. Energy Efficiency can therefore be defined as the ratio of useful work to the total supplied energy. The useful work in a communication system refers to the effort to deliver modulated signals for information exchange. The definition of Energy Efficiency varies according to measured objects. There are two basic methods to measure Energy Efficiency. One way is to define Energy Efficiency as the ratio of efficient output power/energy to total input power/energy. This definition is widely used by systems and components such as power supply, Power Amplifiers, and antennas. The other way defines Energy Efficiency as the performance per unit of energy consumption.
The seminar gives a brief description about the methods to manage the network energy even when the on time access to network by mobile phones. Also gives a summary about existing and latest methodologies about the management in RBS’s.
Survey paper on adaptive beamforming lms,nlms and rls algorithms for smart an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Smart antenna system is used to maximize the output power of signal in desired direction and minimize the power in unwanted direction. Smart antenna system consists of multiple numbers of elements. Basic concept in smart antenna technology is beam forming, it is mainly used to improve signal to noise ratio. Beam forming signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission and reception. And it possible by combining the elements in phased array in such a way that signals at particular angles experiences constructive interference and others are destructive interferences. In smart antenna system we are using various algorithms to calculate the weights of smart antenna arrays to increase the output in desired direction and reduce the power in unwanted direction We are using different types of arrays i.e. linear array, circular array, planar array . Different algorithms are used to adjust the weights of the smart antenna system Basically Weights are nothing but Amplitude and phase of the signal. Adaptive algorithms update the weights of the array elements. LMS algorithm provides less convergence speed, and that is depends on the step size. LMS algorithm is widely used in adaptive filter due to its relative low computational complexity, good stability and relatively good robustness against the implementation errors. To improve the convergence rate NLMS algorithm is used. LMS algorithm having constant step size but in NLMS algorithm step size is depends on data at each iteration. Whereas RLS algorithm having minimum bit error rate but it required more computations than the LSM algorithm.
Keywords: Beamforming, smart antenna, complex weight, array geometry, Array factor
AN EFFICIENT ALGORITHM FOR WRAPPER AND TAM CO-OPTIMIZATION TO REDUCE TEST APP...IAEME Publication
System-on-Chip (SOC) designs composed of many embedded cores are ubiquitous in today’s integrated circuits. Each of these cores requires to be tested separately after manufacturing of the SoC. That’s why, modular testing is adopted for core-based SoCs, as it promotes test reuse and permits the cores to be tested without comprehensive knowledge about their internal structural details. Such modular testing triggers the need of a special test access mechanism (TAM) to build communication between core I/Os and TAM and promises to minimize overall test time. In this paper, various issues are analyzed to optimize the Wrapper and TAM, which comprises the optimal partitioning of TAM width, assignment of cores to partitioned TAM width etc.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING WITH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NET WORKIAEME Publication
Fossil fuels’ rapid depletion and need to protect the environment has left us to think upon alternatives and solutions to curb the excess use of conventional sources and shift focus on the renewable energy. In this paper we have designed a prototype model inclusive of techniques that support the need to harness the solar energy.
Design of Linear Array Transducer Using Ultrasound Simulation Program Field-IIinventy
This paper analyze the effect of number of elements of linear array and frequency influence the
image quality in a homogenous medium. Linear arrays are most common for conventional ultrasound imaging,
because of the advantages of electronic focusing and steering. Propagation of ultrasound in biological tissues is
of nonlinear in nature. But linear approximation in far-field is promising solution to model and simulate the
real time ultrasound wave propagation. The simulation of ultrasound imaging using linear acoustics has been
most widely used for understanding focusing, image formation and flow estimation, and it has become a
standard tool in ultrasound research. . In this paper the ultrasound field generated from linear array transducer
and propagation through biological tissues is modeled and simulated using FIELD II program.
Incorporate ACO routing algorithm and mobile sink in wireless sensor networks IJECEIAES
Today, science and technology is developing, particularly the internet of things (IoT), there is an increasing demand in the sensor field to serve the requirements of individuals within modern life. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) was created to assist us to modernize our lives, saving labor, avoid dangers, and that bring high efficiency at work. There are many various routing protocols accustomed to increase the ability efficiency and network lifetime. However, network systems with one settled sink frequently endure from a hot spots issue since hubs close sinks take a lot of vitality to forward information amid the transmission method. In this paper, the authors proposed combining the colony optimization algorithm ant colony optimization (ACO) routing algorithm and mobile sink to deal with that drawback and extend the network life. The simulation results on MATLAB show that the proposed protocol has far better performance than studies within the same field.
COMPARISON BETWEEN ENERGY EFFICIENT COOPERATIVE MIMO AND COOPERATIVE RELAY IN...jantjournal
Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for
prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO
scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different
cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.
Robust Evolutionary Approach to Mitigate Low Frequency Oscillation in a Multi...IDES Editor
This paper proposes a new optimization algorithm
known as Modified Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (MSFLA)
for optimal designing of PSSs controller. The design problem
of the proposed controller is formulated as an optimization
problem and MSFLA is employed to search for optimal
controller parameters. An eigenvalue based objective function
reflecting the combination of damping factor and damping
ratio is optimized for different operating conditions. The
proposed approach is applied to optimal design of multimachine
power system stabilizers. Three different power
systems, A Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB), four-machine
of Kundur and ten-machine New England systems are
considered. The obtained results are evaluated and compared
with other results obtained by Genetic Algorithm (GA).
Eigenvalue analysis and nonlinear system simulations assure
the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller in
providing good damping characteristic to system oscillations
and enhancing the system dynamic stability under different
operating conditions and disturbances.
In next five years 5G is the most popular and anticipated mobile technology and beam forming is one of the important aspect of 5G networks Beam forming is a technique used by sensor arrays for a directional signal transmission or reception and is very important for number of applications like Radar, biomedicine, radio communications, SONAR The paper introduces beam forming technique sand its importance in the modern cellular society Irfan Nissar Bhat | Er. Harish Dogra "Beamforming for 5G Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18405.pdf
Non-radiative wireless energy transfer with single layer dual-band printed sp...journalBEEI
Accomplishing equilibrium in terms of transfer efficiency for dual-band wireless energy transfer (WET) system remains as one of key concerns particularly in the implementation of a single transmitter device which supports simultaneous energy and data transfer functionality. Three stages of design method are discussed in addressing the aforementioned concern. A single layer dual-band printed spiral resonator for non-radiative wireless energy transfer operating at 6.78 MHz and 13.56 MHz is presented. By employing multi-coil approach, measured power transfer efficiency for a symmetrical link separated at axial distance of 30 mm are 72.34% and 74.02% at the respective frequency bands. When operating distance is varied between 30 mm to 38 mm, consistency of simulated peak transfer efficiency above 50% is achievable.
NETWORK ENERGY SAVING TECHNOLOGIES FOR GREEN WIRELESS ACCESS NETWORKSMadhav Thekkedath
Now a day smart phone users are increased and the energy consumption problem in mobile industry has become crucial. For the growth of mobile industry energy efficiency of the system must be improved. In order to improve the methods of network energy usage usually reduction of the Base Stations are to be employed.
The mobile industry faces a critical energy consumption challenge. By 2014 smart phones will exceed 1.82 billion units and surpass PCs as the most common web access devices. That’s why it is one of the important things. As all know that a smart is mainly for easy access to the network at anytime and anywhere. So it employs powering up all the Radio Base Stations (RBS’s) at maximum power. Since there are more number of service providers competition exist at the field of telecommunication. So it yields in more energy consumption to get monopoly among them. In the field of engineering, a system is usually designed to transform energy to useful work. Energy Efficiency can therefore be defined as the ratio of useful work to the total supplied energy. The useful work in a communication system refers to the effort to deliver modulated signals for information exchange. The definition of Energy Efficiency varies according to measured objects. There are two basic methods to measure Energy Efficiency. One way is to define Energy Efficiency as the ratio of efficient output power/energy to total input power/energy. This definition is widely used by systems and components such as power supply, Power Amplifiers, and antennas. The other way defines Energy Efficiency as the performance per unit of energy consumption.
The seminar gives a brief description about the methods to manage the network energy even when the on time access to network by mobile phones. Also gives a summary about existing and latest methodologies about the management in RBS’s.
Survey paper on adaptive beamforming lms,nlms and rls algorithms for smart an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Smart antenna system is used to maximize the output power of signal in desired direction and minimize the power in unwanted direction. Smart antenna system consists of multiple numbers of elements. Basic concept in smart antenna technology is beam forming, it is mainly used to improve signal to noise ratio. Beam forming signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission and reception. And it possible by combining the elements in phased array in such a way that signals at particular angles experiences constructive interference and others are destructive interferences. In smart antenna system we are using various algorithms to calculate the weights of smart antenna arrays to increase the output in desired direction and reduce the power in unwanted direction We are using different types of arrays i.e. linear array, circular array, planar array . Different algorithms are used to adjust the weights of the smart antenna system Basically Weights are nothing but Amplitude and phase of the signal. Adaptive algorithms update the weights of the array elements. LMS algorithm provides less convergence speed, and that is depends on the step size. LMS algorithm is widely used in adaptive filter due to its relative low computational complexity, good stability and relatively good robustness against the implementation errors. To improve the convergence rate NLMS algorithm is used. LMS algorithm having constant step size but in NLMS algorithm step size is depends on data at each iteration. Whereas RLS algorithm having minimum bit error rate but it required more computations than the LSM algorithm.
Keywords: Beamforming, smart antenna, complex weight, array geometry, Array factor
AN EFFICIENT ALGORITHM FOR WRAPPER AND TAM CO-OPTIMIZATION TO REDUCE TEST APP...IAEME Publication
System-on-Chip (SOC) designs composed of many embedded cores are ubiquitous in today’s integrated circuits. Each of these cores requires to be tested separately after manufacturing of the SoC. That’s why, modular testing is adopted for core-based SoCs, as it promotes test reuse and permits the cores to be tested without comprehensive knowledge about their internal structural details. Such modular testing triggers the need of a special test access mechanism (TAM) to build communication between core I/Os and TAM and promises to minimize overall test time. In this paper, various issues are analyzed to optimize the Wrapper and TAM, which comprises the optimal partitioning of TAM width, assignment of cores to partitioned TAM width etc.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING WITH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NET WORKIAEME Publication
Fossil fuels’ rapid depletion and need to protect the environment has left us to think upon alternatives and solutions to curb the excess use of conventional sources and shift focus on the renewable energy. In this paper we have designed a prototype model inclusive of techniques that support the need to harness the solar energy.
Design of Linear Array Transducer Using Ultrasound Simulation Program Field-IIinventy
This paper analyze the effect of number of elements of linear array and frequency influence the
image quality in a homogenous medium. Linear arrays are most common for conventional ultrasound imaging,
because of the advantages of electronic focusing and steering. Propagation of ultrasound in biological tissues is
of nonlinear in nature. But linear approximation in far-field is promising solution to model and simulate the
real time ultrasound wave propagation. The simulation of ultrasound imaging using linear acoustics has been
most widely used for understanding focusing, image formation and flow estimation, and it has become a
standard tool in ultrasound research. . In this paper the ultrasound field generated from linear array transducer
and propagation through biological tissues is modeled and simulated using FIELD II program.
The aim of this paper is to present the essential elements of the electro-optical imaging system EOIS for space applications and how these elements can affect its function. After designing a spacecraft for low orbiting missions during day time, the design of an electro-imaging system becomes an important part in the satellite because the satellite will be able to take images of the regions of interest. An example of an electro-optical satellite imaging system will be presented through this paper where some restrictions have to be considered during the design process. Based on the optics principals and ray tracing techniques the dimensions of lenses and CCD (Charge Coupled Device) detector are changed matching the physical satellite requirements. However, many experiments were done in the physics lab to prove that the resizing of the electro optical elements of the imaging system does not affect the imaging mission configuration. The procedures used to measure the field of view and ground resolution will be discussed through this work. Examples of satellite images will be illustrated to show the ground resolution effects.
3D METALLIC PLATE LENS ANTENNA BASED BEAMSPACE CHANNEL ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE F...ijwmn
Beamspace channel estimation mechanism for massive MIMO (multiple input multiple output) antenna
system presents a major process to compensate the 5G spectrum challenges caused by the proliferation of
information from mobile devices. However, this estimation is required to ensure the perfect channel state
information (CSI) for lower amount of Radio Frequency (RF) chains for each beam. In addition, phase
shifter (PS) components used in this estimation need high power to select the beam in the desired direction.
To overcome these limitations, in this work, we propose Regular Scanning Support Detection (RSSD)
based channel estimation mechanism. Moreover, we utilise a 3D lens antenna array having metallic plate
and a switch in our model which compensates the limitation of phase shifters. Simulation results show that
the proposed RSSD based channel estimation surpasses traditional technique and SD based channel
estimation even in lower SNR area which is highly desirable in the millimeter wave (mmWave) massive
MIMO systems.
3D METALLIC PLATE LENS ANTENNA BASED BEAMSPACE CHANNEL ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE F...ijwmn
Beamspace channel estimation mechanism for massive MIMO (multiple input multiple output) antenna
system presents a major process to compensate the 5G spectrum challenges caused by the proliferation of
information from mobile devices. However, this estimation is required to ensure the perfect channel state
information (CSI) for lower amount of Radio Frequency (RF) chains for each beam. In addition, phase
shifter (PS) components used in this estimation need high power to select the beam in the desired direction.
To overcome these limitations, in this work, we propose Regular Scanning Support Detection (RSSD)
based channel estimation mechanism. Moreover, we utilise a 3D lens antenna array having metallic plate
and a switch in our model which compensates the limitation of phase shifters. Simulation results show that
the proposed RSSD based channel estimation surpasses traditional technique and SD based channel
estimation even in lower SNR area which is highly desirable in the millimeter wave (mmWave) massive
MIMO systems.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A ROS IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MONO-SLAM ALGORITHMcsandit
Computer vision approaches are increasingly used in mobile robotic systems, since they allow
to obtain a very good representation of the environment by using low-power and cheap sensors.
In particular it has been shown that they can compete with standard solutions based on laser
range scanners when dealing with the problem of simultaneous localization and mapping
(SLAM), where the robot has to explore an unknown environment while building a map of it and
localizing in the same map. We present a package for simultaneous localization and mapping in
ROS (Robot Operating System) using a monocular camera sensor only. Experimental results in
real scenarios as well as on standard datasets show that the algorithm is able to track the
trajectory of the robot and build a consistent map of small environments, while running in near
real-time on a standard PC.
Leader Follower Formation Control of Ground Vehicles Using Dynamic Pixel Coun...ijma
This paper deals with leader-follower formations of non-holonomic mobile robots, introducing a formation
control strategy based on pixel counts using a commercial grade electro optics camera. Localization of the
leader for motions along line of sight as well as the obliquely inclined directions are considered based on
pixel variation of the images by referencing to two arbitrarily designated positions in the image frames.
Based on an established relationship between the displacement of the camera movement along the viewing
direction and the difference in pixel counts between reference points in the images, the range and the angle
estimate between the follower camera and the leader is calculated. The Inverse Perspective Transform is
used to account for non linear relationship between the height of vehicle in a forward facing image and its
distance from the camera. The formulation is validated with experiments.
The framework allows to create new logical sensors from an existing set of physical sensors. The system allows to find an optimal processing chain for a specific measurement configuration. It helps to reduce the number of necessary physical sensors on the robot and increases the robustness of the system to failures by providing alternatives for defective sensors.
Enhanced Mobile Node Tracking With Received Signal Strength in Wireless Senso...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Node localization is important parameter in WSN. Node localization is required to report origin of
events which makes it one of the important challenges in WSN. Received signal strength (RSS) is used to
calculate distance between mobile node and reference node. The position of the mobile node is calculated using
multilateration algorithm (MA). Extended Kalman filter (EKF) is utilized to estimate the actual position. In this
paper, the implementation and enhancement of a tracking system based on RSS indicator with the aid of an
Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is described and an adaptive filter is derived.
Keywords - Extended Kalman filter (EKF), mobile node tracking, multilateration algorithm (MA), received
signal strength (RSS), Wireless sensor networks (WSN)
Enhanced Mobile Node Tracking With Received Signal Strength in Wireless Senso...
TUPPC055_Final
1. DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATIC MATLAB BASED
EMITTANCE MEASUREMENT TOOL FOR IAC ACCELERATORS
C. Eckman∗
, Y. Kim, A. Andrews, S. Setiniyaz, A. Hunt, and D. Wells,
Department of Physics, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
Abstract
At the Idaho Accelerator Center (IAC) of Idaho State
University [1], we have been operating nine low energy
accelerators. To optimize those accelerators properly,
we have to measure the transverse beam emittance. We
installed an Optical Transition Radiation (OTR) screen
and a prosilica GigE GC1290 digital CCD camera [2] in
the beamline of an S-band linear accelerator to measure
the transverse beam emittance with the quadrupole scan
method. From the images of the digital CCD camera,
the transverse beam profile on the OTR screen can be ac-
quired. We have developed MATLAB codes that can ex-
tract the transverse beam size and estimate the transverse
beam emittance. This paper describes the developed MAT-
LAB program and an automatic emittance measurement
tool, which is based on EPICS, MATLAB Channel Access
(MCA), and MATLAB.
INTRODUCTION
It is important to measure the traverse beam emittance
in accelerators for optics matching in a beamline and to
judge the beam quality. Though there are many ways to
measure transverse emittance, the quadrupole scan method
was used to measure the emittance at the High Repetition
Rate Linear accelerator (HRRL) at the IAC [3–5]. To mea-
sure the emittance of the IAC HRRL accelerator, an EPICS,
MCA, and MATLAB based automatic emittance measure-
ment tool was developed as shown in Fig. 1.
EPICS is the most popular control software in acceler-
ator community, whereas MCA is an extension of EPICS
to transfer data between equipments and MATLAB [6]. To
control the current of the TDK-Lambda ZUP magnet power
supply and the shutter of the Prosilica GigE CCD camera
simultaneously, several MCA commands are used in MAT-
LAB codes, and beam images are automatically captured
by MATLAB codes during the scanning of the quadrupole
magnet current. All these processes can be controlled with
MATLAB codes by changing the current of the power sup-
ply, hence magnetic field of the quadrupole and by taking
corresponding beam images at each quadrupole scanning
step. By using MCA commands, MATLAB codes can get
values of the quadrupole strength and beam images. Then,
they are used to extract beam sizes and to estimate trans-
verse beam emittance in MATLAB codes. These are all
fully automatized processes controlled by MATLAB codes
to measure the transverse beam emittance.
∗ cryptoscientia@gmail.com
Figure 1: The schematic layout of the IAC automatic emit-
tance measurement system.
QUADRUPLE SCAN METHOD
Setup for Measurements
As shown in Fig. 1, the quadrupole scan method for the
emittance measurement uses a quadrupole and a screen to
find a correlation between strength of the quadrupole and
beam size on the screen. From this correlation and the
second order polynomial fitting, we can extract the trans-
verse beam emittance. This is accomplished by changing
the quadrupole normalized strength k, which can be done
by changing the current of the magnet power supply.
When the electron beam hits an OTR screen, an opti-
cal transition radiation will be generated from the screen,
which is located at a 3.1 m long distance L from the cen-
ter of the scanning quadrupole. The OTR screen is verti-
cally mounted on an actuator arm and sits with an angle of
45 degree with respect to the beam direction, and there is a
quartz crystal window that allows the radiation light from
the OTR to pass through to the CCD camera. The camera
has a lens system to transfer the light from the OTR screen
to the CCD camera [4]. By capturing the image of the ra-
diation light with a CCD camera, we can obtain the trans-
verse beam profile, rms beam size, and beam emittance.
The process for the emittance measurement starts with
subtracting the background, which is an image of the noises
due to dark current and other sources, such as stray light.
By subtracting the background, the beam image becomes
more clear as shown in Fig. 2. Then the horizontal and
2. vertical projections of the image are used to find rms beam
size as shown in Fig. 3.
Figure 2: (top) the background of an image without the
beam, (bottom) the beam image after the background sub-
traction.
Figure 3: The beam profile image after the background sub-
traction and its horizontal and vertical projections with the
Super-Gaussian fitting.
Since our beam profile is the Lorentzian shape, the reg-
ular Gaussian fitting does not work to extract beam size.
Therefore we used the Super-Gaussian function to get the
correct beam size as shown in Fig. 3, where green and
red lines display the measured image data and its fitting,
respectively. After taking ten images continuously for a
given quadrupole current value, these images were aver-
aged to get a more precise beam size. These background
subtraction and image averaging processes were done until
the quadrupole scanning was completely finished.
Since the raw data of camera does not supply a real phys-
ical dimension on the beam size, a calibration is required
to get the real beam size. From known distances between
screen holders, the calibrations between camera pixels and
the physical distances were made in the horizontal and ver-
tical planes. As summarized in Table 1, these calibrations
provide the physical units such as μm for our beam size.
During the quadrupole scanning, after assuming the thin
lens approximation, the correlation between σ2
s and kLq
can be given by
σ2
s = A(kLq)2
− 2AB(kLq) + (C + AB2
) , (1)
where σs is the rms beam size on the screen, Lq = 0.15 m
is the quadrupole length, k is the normalized quadrupole
strength, A, B, and C are coefficients which can be found
from the second order polynomial fitting. Then, the un-
normalized geometrical emittance can be defined as
=
√
AC/L2
. (2)
Therefore, we can extract the emittance and the twiss
parameters (α and β) by performing the second order poly-
nomial fitting after plotting σ2
s versus kLq [3–5,7] as shown
in Fig. 4.
Measured Emittance
The main parameters of the HRRL accelerator during the
quadrupole scanning and the results afterwards are summa-
rized in Table 1. Its estimated normalized horizontal and
vertical emittances are nx = 12.02 ± 0.376 μm and ny =
9.13 ± 0.286 μm, respectively.
Table 1: Measured Parameters during Quadrupole Scan
Parameter Unit Value
RF frequency MHz 2855
RF macropulse length (FWHM) ns 200
single bunch charge pC 14.5
energy MeV 14
horizontal pixel calibration factor μm/pixel 43.1
vertical pixel calibration factor μm/pixel 42.2
normalized x-emittance nx μm 12.02
normalized y-emittance ny μm 9.13
horizontal α-function 1.465
vertical α-function 0.651
horizontal β-function m 0.659
vertical β-function m 0.516
3. Figure 4: Horizontal (top) and vertical (bottom) 2nd
order
polynomial plots fitted for the emittance measurement.
MCA & AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENTS
EPICS is the most popular control software in acceler-
ator community and can control all aspects of accelerator
operation. Our automatic emittance measurement tool uses
two EPICS extensions, AreaDetector for proper camera
function and MCA for interaction between the equipment
and MATLAB. The main commands of MCA to open the
desired channels between the equipment and MATLAB, to
read information, and to rewrite Process Variables (PV’s)
are MCAOPEN, MCAGET and MCAPUT. An example of
the MCA and MATLAB code is following [6];
CameraAcquire=MCAOPEN(’13PS1:cam1:Acquire’);
AcquireData=MCAGET(CameraAcquire);
MCAPUT(CameraAcquire,1);
MCACLOSE(CameraAcquire);
where ’13PS1:cam1:Acquire’ is the PV name to con-
trol the camera shutter. The MCAGET will retrieve the
status on the PV of the camera shutter. If the CameraAc-
quire is 0, then the camera shutter is closed. However if
the CameraAcquire value is 1, then the shutter is open,
and the camera starts taking images. The MCAPUT will
write values into the PV, such as 1 or 0 for shutter open
or shutter closed, and the MCACLOSE will close the
channel of the PV’s [6]. By using these MCA commands
in MATLAB codes, the emittance measurement system
will automatically collect data from the camera and the
magnet power supply as shown in Fig. 5.
Figure 5: Power supply current and camera being con-
trolled by MCA through MATLAB program.
SUMMARY
To measure the transverse beam emittance of the IAC ac-
celerators, we developed an EPICS, MCA, and MATLAB
based automatic emittance measurement tool. By using the
automatic tool, we successfully measured the emittance of
the IAC HRRL accelerator and dramatically reduced the
measurement time, as well as human based data processing
error. We expect that this MATLAB program can be used
to measure the emittance of any IAC accelerator. We would
also like to give our sincere thanks to Dr. Mark Rivers of
APS for his advice and guidance on AreaDetetor and MCA.
In addition, we would like to thank Dr. Kukhee Kim and
Dr. Henrik Loos of SLAC for their strong interest and en-
couragement in this project.
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.iac.isu.edu
[2] http://www.alliedvisiontec.com/us/products/cameras/gigabit-
ethernet/prosilica-gc/gc1290.html
[3] M. Ferianis, in Proc. EPAC1998, Stockholm, Sweden.
[4] S. Setiniyaz et al. in Proc. IPAC2012, New Orleans, LA,
USA.
[5] Y. Kim, Lecture Notes, http://www.isu.edu/∼yjkim
[6] A. Andrews et al. in Proc. IPAC2012, New Orleans, LA,
USA.
[7] C. Kuo, in Proc. ICALEPCS2005, Geneva, Switzerland.