The document discusses how certain groups of organisms such as ants, birds, fish and fungi form "superorganisms" by cooperating and acting as a single unified entity. Key points:
- Ant colonies and other social insect groups display specialized roles and communicate chemically, acting as a single organism to survive and reproduce.
- Self-organization allows individuals to coordinate behaviors without central control, through feedback and amplifying interactions.
- Collective intelligence emerges from groups collaborating to accomplish tasks beyond individual abilities. Some propose humans also form superorganisms in certain group behaviors.
Most bacteria are free-living organisms that grow by increasing
in mass and then divide by binary fission.
Growth and division are controlled by genes, the expression
of which must be regulated appropriately. Genes
whose activity is controlled in response to the needs of a
cell or organism are called regulated genes. All organisms
also have a large number of genes whose products
are essential to the normal functioning of a growing and
dividing cell, no matter what the conditions are. These
genes are always active in growing cells and are known as
constitutive genes or housekeeping genes; examples include
genes that code for the enzymes needed for protein
synthesis and glucose metabolism. Note that all genes are
regulated on some level. If normal cell function is impaired
for some reason, the expression of all genes, including
constitutive genes, is reduced by regulatory
mechanisms. Thus, the distinction between regulated
and constitutive genes is somewhat arbitrary.
Amino acisd structure
Peptide bond formation
Analysis of protein Structure- X-ray Crystallography
Different structural levels of proteins with examples.
Importance of protein structure
Creutzfeldt-Jacob-Disease due to changes in normal protein conformation.
Most bacteria are free-living organisms that grow by increasing
in mass and then divide by binary fission.
Growth and division are controlled by genes, the expression
of which must be regulated appropriately. Genes
whose activity is controlled in response to the needs of a
cell or organism are called regulated genes. All organisms
also have a large number of genes whose products
are essential to the normal functioning of a growing and
dividing cell, no matter what the conditions are. These
genes are always active in growing cells and are known as
constitutive genes or housekeeping genes; examples include
genes that code for the enzymes needed for protein
synthesis and glucose metabolism. Note that all genes are
regulated on some level. If normal cell function is impaired
for some reason, the expression of all genes, including
constitutive genes, is reduced by regulatory
mechanisms. Thus, the distinction between regulated
and constitutive genes is somewhat arbitrary.
Amino acisd structure
Peptide bond formation
Analysis of protein Structure- X-ray Crystallography
Different structural levels of proteins with examples.
Importance of protein structure
Creutzfeldt-Jacob-Disease due to changes in normal protein conformation.
this presentation contain the basic introduction of CCVs.
who discover this?
what are the structure of CCVs?
role of CCVs
advantage and their fuctions.
This ppt describes the overview of enzyme regulation and Allosterism. Presented since October 23,2017GC at Addis Ababa University, School of Medicine, Department of medical biochemistry.
this presentation contain the basic introduction of CCVs.
who discover this?
what are the structure of CCVs?
role of CCVs
advantage and their fuctions.
This ppt describes the overview of enzyme regulation and Allosterism. Presented since October 23,2017GC at Addis Ababa University, School of Medicine, Department of medical biochemistry.
Cooperative behavior among members of the same species that includes cooperative nesting, generational overlap, and reproductive division of labor. The termites, the ants, and some of the exceptionally well-organized bees and wasps are among the truly social insects that exhibit eusocial behavior. Multiple effectors such as ecological contributions, kin selection, delayed benefits and multi-level selection drive primitive eusociality towards advanced sociality through a point of "no return". These factors are not mutually exclusive - each may play a different role in the evolution of eusociality in different groups.
Mutualism describes an interaction that benefits both species. A well-known example exists in the mutualistic relationship between alga and fungus that form lichens. The photosynthesizing alga supplies the fungus with nutrients and gains protection in return. The relationship also allows lichen to colonize habitats inhospitable to either organism alone. In rare cases, mutualistic partners cheat. Some bees and birds receive food rewards without providing pollination services in exchange. These "nectar robbers" chew a hole at the base of the flower and miss contact with the reproductive structures.
Both species involved in the interaction are benefited. These interactions take place in three patterns:
Facultative mutualism – Species survive on their own under favorable conditions
Obligate mutualism – One species is dependent for survival on the other
Diffusive mutualism – One entity can live with multiple partners
These relationships have three purposes:
Defensive mutualism
Trophic mutualism
Dispersive mutualism
This presentation summarizes the major concepts about interactions of organisms while highlighting the ecosystem, competition, symbiosis and the ecological niche.
Ecological interactions chapter 3 class 11thUrfan Ali
INTRODUCTION
Ecological relationships describe the interactions between and among organisms within their environment. These interactions may have positive, negative, or neutral effects on either species' ability to survive and reproduce, or "fitness." By classifying these effects, ecologists have derived five major types of species interactions:
Predation, competition, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism and amensalism.
Mutualism describes an interaction that benefits both species. A well-known example exists in the mutualistic relationship between alga and fungus that form lichens. The photosynthesizing alga supplies the fungus with nutrients and gains protection in return. The relationship also allows lichen to colonize habitats inhospitable to either organism alone. In rare cases, mutualistic partners cheat. Some bees and birds receive food rewards without providing pollination services in exchange. These "nectar robbers" chew a hole at the base of the flower and miss contact with the reproductive structures.
Both species involved in the interaction are benefited. These interactions take place in three patterns:
Facultative mutualism – Species survive on their own under favorable conditions
Obligate mutualism – One species is dependent for survival on the other
Diffusive mutualism – One entity can live with multiple partners
These relationships have three purposes:
Defensive mutualism
Trophic mutualism
Dispersive mutualism
Community
all the organisms that live together in a place
Community Ecology
study of interactions among all -populations in a common environment
In what ways do populations interact?
Community – all the organisms that live together in one place
Community ecology – study of interactions among all populations in a common environment.
Interspecific interactions – among individuals of the different species.
Intraspecific interactions – among individuals of the same species.
Species Interaction…
-A traditional approach to population interactions has been to consider the direct pair-wise interactions.
Community Ecology is the study of interactions among all populations in a common environment.
Species Interaction is a traditional approach to population interactions has been to consider the direct pair wise interactions.
Two populations may or may not affect each other; if they do, the influence may be beneficial or adverse
Types of Population Relationships:
Interspecific interactions:
Competition and Coexistence
Predation
Mutualism
Commensalism
Intraspecific Interactions
Grasshoppers provide an animal example. Individual grasshoppers deprive their fellow conspecifics of food (exploitation competition).
It is probably a major factor involved in the evolution of plumage patterns in birds.
during intraspecific competition, animals will use whatever weapons are available to them and this makes it likely that the nature of the weapons determines the nature and location of patterns.
In this talk, I have discussed the issues around the need to recognize the business problem being solved, how to identify that, etc. rather than only focusing on the tech.
In this talk for the students of IIM Udaipur, I have discussed how AI as technology needs to deliver business value in order for AI as a discipline to be seen as relevant to business. I have also spoken briefly about my own research work.
What is #ThoughtLeadership? Is it mindless self-promotion, or is it more like some fancy management fad? Is it more like your social media presence, or sharing stories? What is the real deal here? In this talk, I have shared some ideas from others, and also some of my own learning over the years. Hope you find the answers you were looking for...
How does one go about blogging? Or, why to even blog in the first place? In this talk, I have shared some of my key learning over last 15 years of blogging
I delivered this guest lecture for the marketing team of Corteva Agriscience undergoing an executive program at ISB, Hyderabad. I have explained what is digital business model innovation, and how it could apply to agrobusinesses.
25 Years of Evolution of Software Product Management: A practitioner's perspe...Tathagat Varma
How has the role and function of product management evolved over the years? In this talk, I have shared my notes from my personal journey over the last 25 years.
Oprah Winfrey: A Leader in Media, Philanthropy, and Empowerment | CIO Women M...CIOWomenMagazine
This person is none other than Oprah Winfrey, a highly influential figure whose impact extends beyond television. This article will delve into the remarkable life and lasting legacy of Oprah. Her story serves as a reminder of the importance of perseverance, compassion, and firm determination.
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Modern Database Management 12th Global Edition by Hoffer solution manual.docxssuserf63bd7
https://qidiantiku.com/solution-manual-for-modern-database-management-12th-global-edition-by-hoffer.shtml
name:Solution manual for Modern Database Management 12th Global Edition by Hoffer
Edition:12th Global Edition
author:by Hoffer
ISBN:ISBN 10: 0133544613 / ISBN 13: 9780133544619
type:solution manual
format:word/zip
All chapter include
Focusing on what leading database practitioners say are the most important aspects to database development, Modern Database Management presents sound pedagogy, and topics that are critical for the practical success of database professionals. The 12th Edition further facilitates learning with illustrations that clarify important concepts and new media resources that make some of the more challenging material more engaging. Also included are general updates and expanded material in the areas undergoing rapid change due to improved managerial practices, database design tools and methodologies, and database technology.
Artificial intelligence (AI) offers new opportunities to radically reinvent the way we do business. This study explores how CEOs and top decision makers around the world are responding to the transformative potential of AI.
2. Good Old Ants!
• Ants are small insects, and thus easy prey for larger
birds or insects. Individually, they also have a limited
ability to forage for food, or to maintain their
reproductive cycle.
• There are specialised functions in an ant colony - the
queen (only to lay eggs, and not to boss around!),
female workers (to do the work!) and males (just for
mating!).
• However, they are united toward the common purpose
of survival, growth and reproduction. They communicate
with each others using chemicals to hunt or forage for
food or to build nests, etc. The live and work together in
highly organized societies known as colonies.
• Ant colonies living up on a tree might even be protecting
it from predators!
• Smaller ant colonies tend to live faster, die younger and
burn up more energy than their larger counterparts, as
do the individual ants that make up those colonies.
• Contaminated ants might even take “sick days” to
protect colony!
8. What’s happening?
• Why are these individual members of a species
collaborating instead of competing for
resources?
• How do they manage to orchestrate their
individual behaviors in favor of a single collective
behavior?
• Is it limited to some social insects, animals and
birds, or might also apply to humans?
10. Dawkins favored the selfish
gene!
Natural selection favors the passing on of
genes, not the organism itself. Once an
organism has successfully reproduced,
natural selection doesn't care what happens
after.But, what explains altruism among the
same species?
“Gene selfishness will usually give rise to
selfishness in individual behaviour. However,
as we shall see, there are special
circumstances in which a gene can achieve
its own selfish goals best by fostering a
limited form of altruism at the level of
individual animals.”
https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/evolution/natural-selection4.htm
11. Evolution of Altruistic
Behavior
“Despite the principle of 'survival of the fittest' the ultimate
criterion which determines whether [a gene] G will spread is
not whether the behavior is to the benefit of the behaver, but
whether it is to the benefit of the gene G ...With altruism this
will happen only if the affected individual is a relative of the
altruist, therefore having an increased chance of carrying the
gene.”
— W. D. Hamilton, The Evolution of Altruistic Behavior, pp.
354–355
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene
12. Cooperation vs Competition
“In general, when we think about the conflict between cooperation and competition in team
sports, we tend to think about the relationships between the players on a team. We care
deeply about their willingness to cooperate and we distinguish cooperative “team players”
from selfish non-team players, complaining about the latter even when their individual skill is
formidable.
The reason we want players to cooperate is so that they can compete better as a team.
Cooperation at the level of the individual enables effective competition at the level of the
group, and conversely, the competition between teams motivates cooperation between
players. There is a constructive relationship between cooperation and competition when
they operate at different levels of organization.
The interplay between levels is a kind of evolutionary process where competition at the team
level improves the cooperation between players. Just as in biological evolution, in organized
team sports there is a process of selection of winners through competition of teams. Over
time, the teams will change how they behave; the less successful teams will emulate
strategies of teams that are doing well.”
Yaneer Bar-Yam, Making Things Work
13. Superorganism
• Coined by James Hutton, The Father of Geology, in 1789 to refer to Earth in the
context of geophysiology. Entomologist William Morton Wheeler in 1911 to
describe ant colonies, which he thought of quite literally as organisms
composed of individual ant “Cells”
• When organisms of different species come together to form an ecological unit,
they are known as “holobionts”
• When organisms of same species come together for a common purpose and
behave as if they were a single organism, they accomplish the same tasks as
the individual organism but with far less processing power! They do so by
leveraging the power of “collective intelligence” and “collaborative innovation”
• Initially applied to “eusocial” insects (e.g. ant colony, termites, etc.), but now
more broadly applied to other animals, and even to human groups
• They are able to scale, they don’t create waste, and they live long!
15. Eusociality
Eusociality (or the good sociality) is the highest
form of sociality, and is defined by the following
characteristics:
• Cooperative brood care
• Overlapping generations
• Reproductive division of labor
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusociality
18. Self-Organization
Self-organization is a set of dynamical mechanisms whereby structures appear at the global level of
a system from interactions among its lower-level components. The rules specifying the interactions
among the system's constituent units are executed on the basis of purely local information, without
reference to the global pattern, which is an emergent property of the system rather than a property
imposed upon the system by an external ordering influence. For example, the emerging structures in
the case of foraging in ants include spatiotemporally organized networks of pheromone trails.
Self-organization relies on four basic ingredients:
1. Positive feedback reinforces desired behavior, such as when a bee recruits other bees to help
exploit a food source
2. Negative feedback counterbalances positive feedback, such as when bees overcrowd a food
source, which stops them from exploring it
3. Amplification of randomness leads to positive reinforcement, such as when bees that get lost
trying to locate a known food source discover new food sources
4. Amplification of interactivity has a positive outcome, that is, when insects make positive use of
the results of their own activities as well as those from the activities of other insects.
Swarm Intelligence: Bonabeau et al