Cooperative behavior among members of the same species that includes cooperative nesting, generational overlap, and reproductive division of labor. The termites, the ants, and some of the exceptionally well-organized bees and wasps are among the truly social insects that exhibit eusocial behavior. Multiple effectors such as ecological contributions, kin selection, delayed benefits and multi-level selection drive primitive eusociality towards advanced sociality through a point of "no return". These factors are not mutually exclusive - each may play a different role in the evolution of eusociality in different groups.
types of orientation- primary and secondary, different types of kinesis - orthokinesis and klinokinesis and taxis - tropotaxis, klinotaxis, menotaxis, transverse orientation, dosal light reaction and ventral light reaction
types of orientation- primary and secondary, different types of kinesis - orthokinesis and klinokinesis and taxis - tropotaxis, klinotaxis, menotaxis, transverse orientation, dosal light reaction and ventral light reaction
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
This slide includes information about caring behavior of animals over other animals.It help to increase your knowledge about that how an animals sacrifice his or her need to protect and care other animals.This content also include eamples of Altruism in our daily life .
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
This slide includes information about caring behavior of animals over other animals.It help to increase your knowledge about that how an animals sacrifice his or her need to protect and care other animals.This content also include eamples of Altruism in our daily life .
Altruism is an oddity in the animal world. How does altruism from co.pdfakashborakhede
Altruism is an oddity in the animal world. How does altruism from colony insects make the
colony more apt to survive and thrive? Do you see any applications of altruism to human
society?
Solution
1- Reciprocity is another evolutionary factor that can favor altruism. The basic theory was
introduced by Trivers (1971) and refined by Axelrod and Hamilton (1980). One organism has a
net gain by helping another if the other reciprocates with benefits (simultaneous or delayed) that
balance the donor\'s cost. Cleaning symbiosis between a large fish and a small one of a different
species may provide simultaneous reciprocal benefits: the large fish gets rid of parasites; the
small one gets food. This reciprocation implies that the small fish is more valuable as a cleaner to
the large fish than it would be as food. Reciprocity is a pervasive factor in the socioeconomic
lives of many species, especially our own. It requires safeguards, often in the form of evolved
adaptations for the detection of cheating Manipulation is another source of altruism. The
donation results from actual or implied threat or deception by the recipient. In any social
hierarchy, individuals of lower rank will often yield to the higher by abandoning a food item or
possible mate, thereby donating the coveted resource to the dominant individual. Deception often
works between species: a snapper may donate its body to an anglerfish that tempts it with its
lure; some orchids have flowers that resemble females of an insect species, so that deceived
males donate time and energy transporting pollen with no payoff to themselves. The nest
parasitism discussed above is another example. Our own donations of money or labor or blood to
public appeals can be considered manipulation of donors by those who make the appeals.
2-
More recently attention has been given to selection among temporary social groupings or trait
groups (Wilson 1980), such as fish schools or flocks of birds. Trait groups with more benign and
cooperative members may feed more efficiently and avoid predators more effectively. The more
selfish individuals still thrive best within each group, and the evolutionary result reflects the
relative strengths of selection within and between groups. In human history, groups with more
cooperative relations among members must often have prevailed in conflicts with groups of more
consistently self-seeking individuals (Wilson and Sober 1994). The resulting greater prevalence
of human altruism would be more likely to result from culturally transmitted than genetic
differences. It should be noted that any form of group selection can only produce modifications
that benefit the sorts of groups among which selection takes place. It need not produce benefits
for whole species or more inclusive groups.
A given instance of altruistic behavior may, of course, result from more than one of these four
evolutionary causes. Genealogical relatives are especially likely to indulge in both reciprocation
and m.
Mutualism describes an interaction that benefits both species. A well-known example exists in the mutualistic relationship between alga and fungus that form lichens. The photosynthesizing alga supplies the fungus with nutrients and gains protection in return. The relationship also allows lichen to colonize habitats inhospitable to either organism alone. In rare cases, mutualistic partners cheat. Some bees and birds receive food rewards without providing pollination services in exchange. These "nectar robbers" chew a hole at the base of the flower and miss contact with the reproductive structures.
Both species involved in the interaction are benefited. These interactions take place in three patterns:
Facultative mutualism – Species survive on their own under favorable conditions
Obligate mutualism – One species is dependent for survival on the other
Diffusive mutualism – One entity can live with multiple partners
These relationships have three purposes:
Defensive mutualism
Trophic mutualism
Dispersive mutualism
predator prey interactions are of great importance in the agro ecosystems. insects being the largest group of arthropods have a major role in designing various management strategies against different crop pests. these interactions influence the structure and dynamics of an agro ecosystem.
I can't claim credit for this presentation's original format; which a colleague downloaded. I've just added and tweaked a little so that it fits within my class's syllabus.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Summary of the Climate and Energy Policy of Australia
Eusocial behaviour.pptx
1. Social and Eusocial Behavior
Why do animals help others at the
potential cost of their own survival
and reproduction?
Alka Nokhwal
Ph.D., M.Sc. (Zoology)
Senior Research Fellow
NCVTC, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines,
Hisar, Haryana
2. Social behavior consists of a set of interactions among
individuals of the same species.
Wide
range of
sociality
Some animals rarely if
ever interact with one
another, even when it
comes to issues of
parental care (Ex.
mosquitoes and polar
bears).
Highly social organisms
live together in large
groups, and often
cooperate to conduct
many tasks (Ex. packs
of wolves and schools of
fish). The most highly
social animals form
tightly knit
colonies(Ex. all ants
and termites, some
bees and wasps etc.).
3. Social Behavior is Adaptive
Many social behaviors of animals are adaptive,
meaning that being social ultimately increases an
animal’s fitness — its lifetime reproductive success.
One example of how social behavior is adaptive is
aggregation against predators. This concept applies to
caterpillars feeding together on a leaf, a herd of
wildebeest, schools of fish, and flocks of birds.
5. • Living in groups
Balance of conflict
and cooperation
Costs and Benefits
• Benefits exceed
the costs and
risks of social life
Social cooperation
favored
6. Altruism
An altruistic act is one that increases the welfare of another
individual at an actual or potential cost of the individual who
performs the act.
The benefit of an altruistic behavior is ultimately measured in its
effect on an animal’s lifetime reproductive success. Evolutionary
biologists and animal behaviorists have sought to identify the
mechanisms that can explain what some have called the “problem of
altruism.” Natural selection operates against individuals who reduce
their own fitness. Altruism by definition decreases the fitness of the
individual, so how can this behavior persist?
8. • Eusociality
The evolution of social behavior at its most intimate and
complex degree is found in eusocial animals. Eusocial
species live in colonies. Only a relatively small fraction of
the animals in the colony reproduce; the non-reproductive
colony members provide resources, defense, and collective
care of the young.
The list of known eusocial animals includes ants, termites,
some wasps, some bees, a small number of aphid and thrip
species, two species of mammal (the naked mole rat and the
Damaraland mole rat), and multiple species of reef-dwelling
shrimp.
10. Eusocial animals share the following four
characteristics:
Adults live in groups,
Cooperative care of juveniles
(individuals care for brood that is
not their own),
Reproductive division of labor (not
all individuals get to reproduce)
Overlap of generations
11. Other types of social interactions
• Social behavior between
parents and offspring (e.g.,
birds, Halictine bees
Subsociality
• Social behavior among
members of the same
generation (e.g., most bees)
Parasociality
13. • Termites are thought to be highly developed social insects
that live inside the food they consume (rotting wood;
Thorne 1997). Termites are diploid insects that engage in
intricate social behaviors like nest building and territorial
defense.
• most recent eusocial organisms to be found- shrimp,
aphids, and thrips.
• The Synalpheus shrimps' eusociality has at least two distinct
origins. As internal parasites on tropical sponges, these
marine shrimp thrive in colonies of several hundred closely
related diploid individuals. Given that dispersing to found
new colonies is riskier than remaining in the natal nest, the
variable distribution of the host sponges may have aided in
the evolution of eusociality within this group.
14. • Thrips are small haplodiploid insects in the order
Thysanoptera. 300 of the approximately 5,000 species
build nests in plants called galls where they feed on the
plant tissue. Of these, six species can be categorized as
being eusocial since they have militaries with varying
morphologies that protect the galls from
kleptoparasites.
• Like thrips, social aphids live in plant galls or hollow
stems and feed on plant tissue. These tiny hemipterans
can breed parthenogenetically while having diploid life
cycles, and several species have been described with
strong soldier morphs.
15. There are at least two species of vertebrates
that could be considered eusocial, the naked
mole rat and the Damaraland mole rat.
• Both species are diploid, highly inbred and
live in harsh deserts with patchy food
resources.
• Most individuals help to raise siblings or close
relatives that are born to a single reproductive
female (the queen).
16. Advantages/Disadvantages to Living
in Groups
Groups may form as
defense against
predation, forming a
"selfish herd"
(Hamilton 1971).
Advantages against
competitors, e.g., ant
Azteca trigona
(Adams 1994).
Acquiring food in
groups (e.g.,
raiding army ants;
Solé et al. 2000).
Increased
competition
Increased
transmittance of
parasites and
diseases
Easy detection of
the group by
predators and
parasites.
17. How did Eusociality Evolve?
• Natural selection's core element is in contrast with giving up
one's capacity for reproduction (to survive and reproduce).
• According to evolutionary biologists, the development of
eusociality followed a path that began with solitary
organisms learning the advantages of group behaviour and
eventually reached a "point of no return" (Wilson &
Hölldobler 2005) where some individuals lost their ability
to physically reproduce and could only benefit indirectly
from evolution.
• It's also important to keep in mind that the selecting
pressures at play at the time eusocial behaviour first
emerges may not be the same as those sustaining advanced
eusocial colonies (Hölldobler & Wilson 2009).
19. Kin Selection
• A gene can spread copies of itself in
subsequent generations either directly by
producing offspring or indirectly by promoting
the reproduction of close relatives.
• Inclusive fitness is the total of all reproductive
benefits, both direct and indirect. As a result, if
indirect fitness levels are higher than direct
fitness, eusociality may be chosen over solitary
behaviour.
20. • An altruistic act is one that helps the recipient at the expense of the performer.
• According to Hamilton's rule (Hamilton 1964), altruism is preferred if
r > C/B,
• where C is the cost and B is the gain to the recipient of the altruistic act in terms of
lifetime reproductive success (decrease in lifetime reproductive success). The
percentage of alleles shared by two people who are related by ancestry is known
as the coefficient of relatedness, or r, and it extends from 0 to 1. High degrees of
altruism within groups are necessary for eusociality.
• Inbreeding and haplodiploid sex determination are two well-known ways that
might increase ‘r’.
• Hamilton's rule is weighted in favour of raising sisters rather than kids in
haplodiploid organisms because the relatedness between full sibling sisters (r =
0.75) is higher than the relatedness between a mother and her offspring (r =
0.5).Inbreeding produces offspring that share a greater percentage of alleles,
raising r. This is typical of species that don't travel very far from their natal nest or
are more likely to mate with their siblings (e.g., termites and wild naked mole rats).
21. Delayed Benefits
• "Hopeful reproductives" — workers with the option to
stay and assist or go away and start their own nest —
are a possible intermediate step toward eusociality.
• The choice may be influenced by factors like territory,
food availability, environmental factors, and group
hierarchy. Until there is a chance to take over as
parents, Florida scrub jay young are known to remain at
the natal nest, raising siblings and improving their
inclusive fitness.
• Primitive eusocial wasp colonies, like Polistes, are
frequently passed over to dominant workers after a
queen dies.
22. Multi-level Selection
• Natural selection can happen on an individual, family (a
group of related people known as "kin"), or group level
(non-related individuals).
• Models of multi-level or trait-group selection can be used
to illustrate how the traits (phenotype) of the colony interact
with the environment to determine colony-level fitness in
eusocial organisms.
• It is still up for debate whether models of multi-level
selection or inclusive fitness models are the best way to
investigate the development and maintenance of eusociality,
particularly given the paucity of empirical data supporting
inclusive fitness in groups (Seeley 1997).
23. Ecological and Life History
Contributions
• Nesting behaviour has been suggested as a potential precondition
for the growth of eusociality, in part because it fosters circumstances
that encourage cooperative brood care (Anderson 1984). "Fortress
defenders" can work together to protect this vital resource in areas
where nest founding is hazardous or there are few territories or
spaces.
• Parental care can also play a significant role in a person's life story.
One route to eusociality in Hymenoptera is believed to begin with
solitary females participating in concurrent progressive
provisioning, which involves raising several larvae of various ages
at once.
• The next step in the transition to eusocial behaviour would be for the
surviving offspring and provisioning siblings, then for the offspring
to refrain from having children of their own.