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The 5 Sense Organs
- 1. MAJ ASHA KIRAN V SENSE ORGANS Slide 001
- 2. SENSE ORGANS Slide 002 • Eye • Ear • Nose • Tongue • Skin
- 3. EYE
- 5. Eye 2.5cm in diameter Orbital cavity 6 ocular muscles
- 6. Eye • Superior rectus – Attached to the eye at 12 o’clock – Moves the eye up. • Inferior rectus – Attached to the eye at 6 o’clock – Moves the eye down.
- 7. Eye • Lateral Rectus – Also called the external rectus – Attaches on the temporal side of the eye – Moves the eye toward the outside of the head (toward the temple) • Medial Rectus – Also called the internal rectus – Attached on the nasal side of the eye – Moves the eye toward the middle of the head (toward the nose)
- 8. Eye SUPERIOR OBLIQUE • Attached high on the temporal side of the eye. • Passes under the Superior Rectus. • Moves the eye in a diagonal pattern -- down and in. • Travels through the trochlea INFERIOR OBLIQUE • Attached low on the nasal side of the eye. • Passes over the Inferior Rectus. • Moves the eye in a diagonal
- 11. Eye - external structure- EYE LID • Main function is the protection of the eye. • They also help to distribute tears which wash and lubricate the eyes.
- 12. Eye - external structure Sclera Choroid Retina
- 13. CHAMBERS OF EYE AQUEOUS CHAMBER 1.Anterior chamber – from cornea to iris 2. Posterior chamber – from iris to zonules and lens – • production and drainage of the aqueous which is produced continuously •Aqueous is produced in the posterior chamber by the ciliary body travel through the iris to drain out the anterior chamber (through the Canal of Schlemn) VITREOUS – gel like –gives the eye its shape not produced – damage or loss can cause retinas to fall or tear
- 14. Eye - structure
- 15. SCLERA Fibrous Outer coat Protection Maintain shape of eye ball Transparent mucus membrane called COTIVA called CORNEA - Convex - 5 layers Corneal epithelium, Bowman’s membrane Substantia Propia Descemets membrane and Endothelium
- 16. CHOROID Thin pigmented membrane Smooth muscle fibre ie Ciliary muscle - Suspensory ligament
- 17. CONJUCTIVA • lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera • It is composed of stratified columnar epithlium • highly vascularised
- 18. IRIS • The iris divided the space between the lens and cornea into anterior and posterior chambers tat communicate through pupil and filled with, aqueous humor (a clear watery fluid). • The color of the iris determines the color of the eye • depends on the number of the pigmented cells present in its stroma • the type of the pigment in the cells.
- 19. LENS Biconvex Transparent & Elastic Suspended from Ciliary body by the suspensory ligament Focus of light Acccomodation
- 20. Eye - retina • The internal tunic of the eyeball contains the light- sensitive receptor cells – It’s an extension of the brain to which remains connected by the optic nerve. Rods – Black and whita ision Cons - Colour vision
- 21. Eye - retina • A layer of bipolar ganglion cells. • A layer of multipolar ganglion cells nonmyelinated axons lying internal to the cells and pass to the optic disc where they form the optic nerve. • The optic disc is a blind area because there is no receptor cell.
- 22. BLOOD SUPPLY • Retinal artery – Ciliary artery branch of ophthalmic artery carries the principle supply of the blood to the eye, which is a branch of the maxillary artery.
- 23. VENOUS DRAINAGE • Retinal vein • Superficial Temporal vein • Orbital vein • Angular vein
- 24. NERVE SUPPLY
- 25. Eye - physiology Optic Nerve
- 26. EAR
- 27. HYPERMETROPIA
- 29. EAR
- 30. EAR External ear Middle ear Internal ear
- 31. 31 External Ear: Auricle / Pinna External Auditory Meatus
- 32. EXTERNAL EAR • Expanded portion projecting from side of the head • Fibro elastic cartilage • Grooved & Ridged • Prominent outer ridge is HELIX • Soft part at lower end is LOBULE made up of Fibrous and adipose tissue
- 33. 33 External Auditory Canal: • Approx. 2.5 cm inch in length • “S” shaped • Lined with ceruminous and sebacious glands • Outer 1/3 surrounded by cartilage • Inner 2/3’s surrounded by mastoid bone
- 34. 34 Mastoid Process • Bony ridge behind the auricle • Provides support to the external ear and posterior wall of the middle ear cavity
- 35. EAR – middle ear Tympanic membrane Ossicles
- 36. 36 Tympanic Membrane: • Thin membrane made of Simple squamous and cuboidal epithelium • Forms boundary between outer and middle ear • Vibrates in response to sound • Changes acoustical energy into mechanical energy • Air fills the cavity through eustachian tube 4cm long
- 37. 37 Eustachian Tube • Lined with mucous membrane • Connects middle ear to nasopharynx • “Equalizes” air pressure
- 38. 38 The Ossicles: • A: Malleus – Hammer shaped • B: Incus – Anvil shaped • C: Stapes – Stirrup shaped Held in position by fine ligaments
- 39. 39 The Ossicles: OSSICLES – Smallest bones in the body – Acts as a lever system – Footplate of stapes enters oval window of the cochlea • Stapedius Muscle – Connects stapes to wall of middle ear – Contracts in response to loud sounds (called the Acoustic Reflex)
- 40. 40 MIDDLE EAR Medial wall A thin layer of temporal bone which has 2 openings 1. Oval window – Fenestra Vestibuli 2. Round window – Fenestra Cochlei
- 41. EAR – internal ear Semi circular canals Cochlea Vestibulo cochlear nerve
- 42. 42 MIDDLE EAR Medial wall A thin layer of temporal bone which has 2 openings 1. Oval window – Fenestra Vestibuli 2. Round window – Fenestra Cochlei
- 44. 44 Structures of the Inner Ear • Contains organs for hearing and balance • 2 parts • 1. Bony Labyrinth • 2. Membranous labyrinth
- 45. 45 Structures of the Inner Ear • Contains organs for hearing and balance • 2 parts • 1. Bony Labyrinth • 2. Membranous labyrinth
- 46. 46 BONY LABYRINTH • It is a cavity within the temporal bone lined with periosteum • It encloses membranous labyrinth of the same shape and fits into it like a tube • Consists of - 1 vestibule - 1 cochlea - 3 semicircular canals
- 47. 47 BONY LABYRINTH PERILYMPH - It is a layer of watery fluid between bony and membranous labyrinth - ENDOLYMPH - Layer of watery fluid present with in the membranous labyrinth
- 48. 48 BONY LABYRINTH VESTIBULE It is the expanded part nearest the middle ear. It contains oval and round window in the lateral wall. COCHLEA It resembles a snail’s shell. It has broad base where it is continuous with the vestibuleand a narrow apex. SEMI CIRCULAR CANALS They are three tubes arranged so that one is situated in each of the three planes of space. It is continuous with vestibule.
- 49. 49 MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH • Shape same as that of bony labrynth • Seperated by Perilymph from bony labyrinth • Vestibule is divided into - Saccule - Utricle Cochlea 3 semi circular canals
- 50. 50 MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH • Membranous cochlea consits of Neuro epithelial cells and nerve fibres • ORGAN OF CORTI • The end organ of hearing • Contains stereocilia and hair cells. • It is a sensory organ that responds to vibrations by initiating nerve impulses • The nerve fibres combine with 8th cranial nerve pass through foramen in temporal bone to reach Hearing area in temporal lobe of brain
- 52. 52 Vestibular System • Consists of three semi-circular canals • Shares fluid with the cochlea • Controls balance
- 53. EAR – physiology Hearing Balance & Equillibrium
- 54. 54 PHYSIOLOGY OF HEARING 1. Acoustic energy, in the form of sound waves, is channeled into the ear canal by the pinna beacuase of its shape. The sound travels in a speed 332 meters/sec 2. Sound waves hit the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate, changing it into mechanical energy 3. The malleus, which is attached to the tympanic membrane, starts the ossicles into motion 4. The stapes moves in and out of the oval window of the cochlea creating a fluid motion 5. The fluid movement causes membranes in the Organ of Corti to shear against the hair cells 6. This stimulates neuroepithelial cells. 7. Nerve impulse is generated. creates an electrical signal which is sent up the Auditory Nerve to the brain 8. The hearing area in the temporal lobe of brain interprets it as sound!
- 55. 55 PHYSIOLOGY OF BALANCE 1. Any change of position of the head causes movements in the Perilymph and endolymph 2. It stimulates the nerve endings and hair cells in saccule and utricle 3. The nerve impulse is transmitted by vestibular part of 8th cranial nerve vestibulo cochlear nerve 4. The vestibular branch passes to cerebellum 5. Impulses are coordinated
- 56. Hearing tests 1. RINNES TEST
- 57. Hearing tests 2. WEBER’S TEST
- 58. Hearing tests 3. ABSOLUTE BONE CONDUCTOR TEST
- 59. Hearing tests 4. FORCED WHISPER VOICE TEST 5. AUDIOMETRY
- 61. NOSE • It is a organ of respiratory system • Performs 2 functions • As a part of the respiratory system • Possess Olfactory function or Sense of smell
- 62. BOUNDARY - Consists of Roof, a floor, a medial and lateral wall. - 5cm in height - 5-7cm Antero posterior - 1.5cm of width at floor and 1-2mm at roof
- 63. EXTERNAL NOSE • TIP- Lower free end of the nose • ROOT – Upper narrow part attached to forehead • DORSUM – Rounded border between tip and root of the nose • NOSTRILS – Two piriform shaped apertures present at the broad lower part of nose • ALA OF NOSE – Lateral border of nose
- 64. STRUCTURE 1. BONY PART - 2 nasal bones forming bridge of nose - Frontal process of maxillae 2. CARTILAGINOUS PART - 5 cartilages - Alar cartilage, Upper , Lower and Septal cartilage
- 65. NASAL CAVITY - Pyrimidal in shape - Extend from anterior nares to Posterior nasal apertures (Choanae) - Median septum divides nose into right and left halves
- 66. SUB DIVISIONS - 1. VESTIBULE - Dilated part just inside the nasal opening. Hairs present in vestibule filters the air 2. OLFACTORY REGION The upper one third of nasal cavity has receptor cells 3. RESPITRATORY REGION Lower two third of nasal cavity is lined by pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
- 67. LATERAL WALL OF NOSE - 3 shelf like bony projections – CHONCHAE / TURBINATES - SUP, MIDDLE, INF MEATUS 1. SUPERIOR Narrow passage between superior and middle conchae 2. MIDDLE 3. INFERIOR
- 68. LATERAL WALL OF NOSE
- 69. SINUS OF NOSE
- 73. NOSE - SMELL OLFACTORY NERVE
- 74. TONGUE - TASTE
- 75. TONGUE - TASTE