The document summarizes a proposal for a space elevator - a structure that could transport material from Earth's surface into space using a cable anchored to the Earth and extending into space. Key points:
- The space elevator would consist of a carbon nanotube cable anchored to the Earth and extending 62,000 miles into space, with a counterweight beyond geostationary orbit to keep the cable taut.
- Robotic climbers would ride the cable into space, powered by lasers on Earth. Climbers could transport up to 13 tons of cargo at 118 mph.
- In addition to transporting cargo, the proposal suggests the space elevator could transport people to the Moon or Mars using the rotational
The document discusses the concept of a space elevator as a new space transportation system that could make travel to geostationary orbit a daily occurrence. A space elevator would consist of a base station, cables made of carbon nanotubes, and climbers that would use the cables to travel into space. It would provide low-cost and safe access to space without the need for rockets. Potential challenges include impacts from meteorites and navigational hazards, but a space elevator could transform space exploration and the global economy if developed with the right materials and engineering plans.
Spaceelevator 20091205 (student preso)Roppon Picha
A space elevator is a proposed type of transportation that would transport materials from Earth's surface to space using a 35,000 km long cable anchored to the Earth's surface at one end and a counterweight in space at the other. The idea was first proposed in 1895 but recent advances in carbon nanotube strength and durability have made the concept more feasible. A space elevator could provide cheap access to space at an estimated $100 per kg compared to thousands per kg for current rockets. It would enable practical applications like removing nuclear waste from Earth and generating solar power in space.
Seminar PPT on the topic Space Elevator with details on the Journals used for study.
Content:
>Concept
>Why built it
>Component study
>Major hurdles
>Bibliography
Space elevators are incredibly tall theoretical structures that connects the earths surface and outer space, beyond the geosynchronous orbit (35,800 km). The structure acts as a continuous and viable channel by which payload can be send in to space.
This document discusses the concept of a space elevator, which would be a fixed structure extending from Earth's surface into space to transport material into space at a lower cost than rocket propulsion. The key components of a space elevator would be a base station/anchor, cable made of carbon nanotubes, climbers to transport payloads up the cable, and a counterweight in geostationary orbit or beyond. Challenges and potential solutions are outlined. Applications could include solar power satellites and facilitating exploration and development of the moon, Mars, and Earth orbit. The document argues that a space elevator is achievable in the near future with reasonable investment and could revolutionize access to space.
The document discusses the concept of a space elevator, which would provide a permanent link between Earth and space. A space elevator would require an extremely strong yet lightweight material, such as carbon nanotubes, to construct the cable. Carbon nanotubes have properties like strength and flexibility that make them a promising material for building a space elevator.
The document discusses the concept of a space elevator, which would consist of a long cable attached at one end to the Earth's surface and extending into space, held in place by centrifugal force. It would allow easier access to space by transporting payloads along the cable. The key components would be anchors on Earth, a ribbon cable made of carbon nanotubes, climbers to transport payloads, and a counterweight in space. The space elevator could provide low-cost access to space and enable greater exploration and utilization of space. While technical challenges remain such as damage from space debris, the concept may become feasible in the coming decades with advancements in materials science.
The document discusses plans for building a space elevator using carbon nanotubes. A space elevator would consist of five major sections: the anchor station on Earth's equator, the ribbon/tether made of carbon nanotubes extending into space, counterweights beyond geostationary orbit, climbers that would ascend and descend the tether, and an anchor platform in the ocean. Carbon nanotubes are proposed for the tether due to their immense strength, resilience when bent, and stability at high temperatures. A space elevator could provide low-cost access to space and open up opportunities for solar power satellites and exploration of the solar system.
The slides give a glimpse of the new upcoming technology that is ready to change the definition of space travel. More economically efficient and less risky approach that does not put space travellers life at stake........
The document discusses the concept of a space elevator as a new space transportation system that could make travel to geostationary orbit a daily occurrence. A space elevator would consist of a base station, cables made of carbon nanotubes, and climbers that would use the cables to travel into space. It would provide low-cost and safe access to space without the need for rockets. Potential challenges include impacts from meteorites and navigational hazards, but a space elevator could transform space exploration and the global economy if developed with the right materials and engineering plans.
Spaceelevator 20091205 (student preso)Roppon Picha
A space elevator is a proposed type of transportation that would transport materials from Earth's surface to space using a 35,000 km long cable anchored to the Earth's surface at one end and a counterweight in space at the other. The idea was first proposed in 1895 but recent advances in carbon nanotube strength and durability have made the concept more feasible. A space elevator could provide cheap access to space at an estimated $100 per kg compared to thousands per kg for current rockets. It would enable practical applications like removing nuclear waste from Earth and generating solar power in space.
Seminar PPT on the topic Space Elevator with details on the Journals used for study.
Content:
>Concept
>Why built it
>Component study
>Major hurdles
>Bibliography
Space elevators are incredibly tall theoretical structures that connects the earths surface and outer space, beyond the geosynchronous orbit (35,800 km). The structure acts as a continuous and viable channel by which payload can be send in to space.
This document discusses the concept of a space elevator, which would be a fixed structure extending from Earth's surface into space to transport material into space at a lower cost than rocket propulsion. The key components of a space elevator would be a base station/anchor, cable made of carbon nanotubes, climbers to transport payloads up the cable, and a counterweight in geostationary orbit or beyond. Challenges and potential solutions are outlined. Applications could include solar power satellites and facilitating exploration and development of the moon, Mars, and Earth orbit. The document argues that a space elevator is achievable in the near future with reasonable investment and could revolutionize access to space.
The document discusses the concept of a space elevator, which would provide a permanent link between Earth and space. A space elevator would require an extremely strong yet lightweight material, such as carbon nanotubes, to construct the cable. Carbon nanotubes have properties like strength and flexibility that make them a promising material for building a space elevator.
The document discusses the concept of a space elevator, which would consist of a long cable attached at one end to the Earth's surface and extending into space, held in place by centrifugal force. It would allow easier access to space by transporting payloads along the cable. The key components would be anchors on Earth, a ribbon cable made of carbon nanotubes, climbers to transport payloads, and a counterweight in space. The space elevator could provide low-cost access to space and enable greater exploration and utilization of space. While technical challenges remain such as damage from space debris, the concept may become feasible in the coming decades with advancements in materials science.
The document discusses plans for building a space elevator using carbon nanotubes. A space elevator would consist of five major sections: the anchor station on Earth's equator, the ribbon/tether made of carbon nanotubes extending into space, counterweights beyond geostationary orbit, climbers that would ascend and descend the tether, and an anchor platform in the ocean. Carbon nanotubes are proposed for the tether due to their immense strength, resilience when bent, and stability at high temperatures. A space elevator could provide low-cost access to space and open up opportunities for solar power satellites and exploration of the solar system.
The slides give a glimpse of the new upcoming technology that is ready to change the definition of space travel. More economically efficient and less risky approach that does not put space travellers life at stake........
all points choose is perfect . read for knowledge and what will be future if we have space elevator in real because this is science friction concept which really possible by discover carbon nano tube and now what is carbon nano tube read it in report thank you
The document discusses the concept of a space elevator as a revolutionary transportation system to access space. It outlines designs for the first space elevator, including using existing technologies like photovoltaics and electric propulsion for initial deployment. Challenges like radiation, debris impacts, and health hazards are addressed. Recent developments supporting space elevator feasibility include carbon nanotube production improvements and space elevator games demonstrating climbing payloads. International cooperation is growing to coordinate space elevator research and development efforts.
Space elevator- a stage for cheap space exploration and tourismMOHAMMED FAZIL
It is the latest technology in the field of Aerospace industry. It consist of a platform from where rockets or space shuttles can be launched from the stratosphere , bringing surplus economy reduction in space exploration programmes. It thus satisfies the concept of cheap space tourism.
The document discusses the concept of a space elevator, which would consist of a cable anchored to Earth and extending over 60,000 miles into space. The cable would be made of carbon nanotubes and allow cheaper access to space than current rocket methods. Key components would include the ribbon, anchors on Earth and in space, initial spacecraft to deploy the ribbon, climbers to travel along the ribbon powered by lasers, and overcoming challenges like radiation, debris, and climber malfunctions. The space elevator could enable low-cost delivery of materials and people to space for activities like solar power satellites, space exploration, and telecommunications.
The document discusses the concept of a space elevator, which would use a long cable or ribbon extending from Earth's surface into space. Key points:
1) The idea was first conceived in the 1890s and research increased after carbon nanotubes were discovered in 1999, with some groups aiming to build one by 2050.
2) A space elevator would have an anchor on Earth, a cable extending into space, and a counterweight beyond geostationary orbit to achieve balance.
3) It could transport satellites and payloads into space at much lower cost than rockets, making space activities more accessible. However, technical challenges around materials and impacts must still be overcome.
4) Advocates
This document discusses different types of plasma propelled rocket engines. It begins by introducing plasma rocket engines and their advantages over traditional chemical rocket engines, notably much higher efficiency and specific impulse. It then describes three main types of plasma engines: ion drives, Hall thrusters, and magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters. Ion drives use electric and magnetic fields to ionize and accelerate propellant like xenon, producing thrust through ion exhaust. Hall thrusters also use electric and magnetic fields to ionize and accelerate propellant but do so through electron drift. Magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters generate thrust by ohmic heating of propellant in a magnetic nozzle.
Design and Assembly of an Economically-viable Near-Earth Asteroid Mining Robotadamwick
Presented in 2005
Outer space is a dangerous environment for humans to explore. However, unmanned spacecraft, the workhorses of NASA’s current space program, can travel through space with relative ease. By constructing an advanced robotic mining craft using a combination of current and easily obtained future technologies, a mining expedition could be made to one of Earth’s nearest neighbors, a near-Earth asteroid. Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs) come in all shapes and in all varieties, which makes choosing the proper asteroid to mine a nontrivial affair: considerations must be made of asteroidal orbit, size, and composition. In addition, once the asteroid is reached by the mining craft, the physical and chemical act of mining an asteroid in deep space, far from places where “normal” conditions like gravity and an oxygenated atmosphere prevail, is substantially difficult; each mining implement, procedure, and storage technique must be chosen precisely. After the completion of the first mining mission, the mining craft will return to Earth orbit where it will transfer its precious cargo of ferrous metals, rarer-metals, and volatile gasses to an awaiting orbital station, thus avoiding any further need to launch minerals from Earth, which is extremely expensive. As a result of the asteroid mining and resource gathering operation, the National Aeronautics and Space Association will be able to expand the number of its deep-space operations exponentially.
This presentation gives a brief concept (engineering related) about solar space propulsion. It is all about the travelling technology of satellite in the space world. Hope it helps !
The document discusses plans for developing tether boost facilities to enable in-space transportation. Key points include:
1) Tether Unlimited is developing technologies like electrodynamic tethers and momentum exchange to provide propellantless propulsion beyond low Earth orbit using tether boost facilities.
2) Facilities would use tethers up to 100km long to boost payloads from LEO to destinations like the Moon and Mars in rapid transfer times of 5 days and 90 days respectively.
3) An incremental development path is proposed starting with demonstrating technologies on suborbital and LEO missions before building operational tether boost facilities to GEO, the Moon, and Mars.
This document provides information on ion propulsion systems and solar sails. It discusses the key components of an ion propulsion system including the power source, propellant management system, and ion thruster. It describes how ion propulsion works by ionizing and accelerating ions using electricity to generate thrust. Solar sails are also introduced, using sunlight's radiation pressure for propulsion. Challenges in solar sail design like packaging and deploying large sails are discussed. CubeSats are mentioned as a potential core for solar sail missions, and various tests done before launch are summarized.
This document summarizes a presentation on magnetic levitation vehicles (Maglev vehicles). It discusses the principles and history of Maglev transportation, how Maglev trains and floating magnetic cars work using electromagnetic forces, advantages like high speed and lack of pollution, and disadvantages such as high costs. Examples of current and potential Maglev applications are also provided.
This document summarizes a seminar on solar sails. It discusses the physical principles behind solar sails, how they use radiation pressure for propulsion. It describes different sail configurations that have been proposed, including square, disk, and electric or magnetic field-based designs. The document also discusses challenges like attitude control and testing solar sails in Earth's atmosphere. It provides examples of solar sail materials like aluminum, kapton, and carbon fiber. The first successful deployment of a solar sail in space by the Japanese space agency JAXA in 2010 is also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of solar sails, including their history, design, challenges, applications, and future. Solar sails use sunlight pressure on large, lightweight sails to propel spacecraft without the need for onboard fuel. Key points covered include different sail designs (square, spinning discs), materials used, deployment challenges, and recent solar sail missions by Japan and NASA. Potential future uses include exploration of the solar system and delivering payloads. Maintaining the large, delicate sails remains a technical challenge to enable more ambitious solar sailing missions.
This document discusses electrodynamic tethers (EDTs), which are long conducting wires that can be deployed from satellites to provide propulsion through interaction with Earth's magnetic field. EDTs work by passing a current through the tether, which generates a Lorentz force perpendicular to both the current and the magnetic field. This force can be used to accelerate a satellite or lower its orbit. EDTs offer advantages over traditional rocket thrusters as they require no propellant. The document outlines the principle, working, applications such as deorbiting space junk, and future prospects of EDTs, concluding that they can provide a cost-effective means of propulsion and power in space.
Solar sails use radiation pressure from the sun for propulsion and have minimal moving parts. They produce very small thrusts but can be used repeatedly over long periods. A seminar discussed the physical principles behind solar radiation pressure and how it produces small forces on sails. Attitude control is needed to maintain the craft's orientation against various forces. Testing is challenging on Earth but applications could include satellites for trajectory corrections and missions close to the sun. Various sail configurations and materials have been proposed but deployment challenges have limited real-world testing until Japan's 2010 IKAROS mission, the first to use a solar sail as a primary propulsion system.
This document proposes developing an ultra-light solar sail without a plastic backing for use in interstellar travel. It summarizes the proposed scope of work, which includes analyzing the reflectivity and engineering constraints of nanometer-thick aluminum sheets and grids, as well as doped carbon nanotubes. Preliminary analyses show these ultra-light concepts could achieve accelerations over 100 times greater than conventional solar sails and reach distances like Pluto in months or 10,000 AU in decades. The document recommends a Phase II experimental program to fabricate and test nanoscale reflectors and verify their properties.
The document discusses CubeSat satellites. It describes their size comparison to other satellites, typical weight, internal structure using aluminum, use of solar cells and lithium-ion batteries for power, and methods of launch including from the International Space Station. CubeSats offer advantages of low cost, small size, less development time, and lower launch costs compared to larger satellites.
How will space x send human to mars and reduce cost of space travelvikash kushwaha
Railway Recruitment Board (RRB) has announced Bumper Recruitment to Graduate and Undergraduate posts in the Non-Technical Popular Category. Under this, appointments will be made for a total of 35,277 posts.
The document discusses the history and concept of a space elevator, which was first proposed in the late 19th century but not seriously considered until the late 20th century. Key figures who contributed ideas include Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in 1885, Yuri Artsutanov in 1957, and Arthur C. Clarke who popularized the concept in his novel "The Fountains of Paradise". The document also mentions Jerome Pearson and David Smitherman as proponents and Sumio Iijima's discovery of carbon nanotubes, which could enable the strength needed for a space elevator cable.
This document discusses energy kites, an alternative renewable energy technology. Energy kites replace traditional wind turbines by using kites tethered to the ground that fly in circular trajectories to harness wind power. They have three main components: the kite, tether, and ground station. Energy kites operate at higher altitudes where winds are stronger and more consistent, allowing them to generate more energy with less infrastructure and land use than other renewable technologies like wind turbines and solar panels. While energy kites face limitations from weather and require airspace restrictions, they could significantly reduce pollution and global warming if implemented on a large scale.
all points choose is perfect . read for knowledge and what will be future if we have space elevator in real because this is science friction concept which really possible by discover carbon nano tube and now what is carbon nano tube read it in report thank you
The document discusses the concept of a space elevator as a revolutionary transportation system to access space. It outlines designs for the first space elevator, including using existing technologies like photovoltaics and electric propulsion for initial deployment. Challenges like radiation, debris impacts, and health hazards are addressed. Recent developments supporting space elevator feasibility include carbon nanotube production improvements and space elevator games demonstrating climbing payloads. International cooperation is growing to coordinate space elevator research and development efforts.
Space elevator- a stage for cheap space exploration and tourismMOHAMMED FAZIL
It is the latest technology in the field of Aerospace industry. It consist of a platform from where rockets or space shuttles can be launched from the stratosphere , bringing surplus economy reduction in space exploration programmes. It thus satisfies the concept of cheap space tourism.
The document discusses the concept of a space elevator, which would consist of a cable anchored to Earth and extending over 60,000 miles into space. The cable would be made of carbon nanotubes and allow cheaper access to space than current rocket methods. Key components would include the ribbon, anchors on Earth and in space, initial spacecraft to deploy the ribbon, climbers to travel along the ribbon powered by lasers, and overcoming challenges like radiation, debris, and climber malfunctions. The space elevator could enable low-cost delivery of materials and people to space for activities like solar power satellites, space exploration, and telecommunications.
The document discusses the concept of a space elevator, which would use a long cable or ribbon extending from Earth's surface into space. Key points:
1) The idea was first conceived in the 1890s and research increased after carbon nanotubes were discovered in 1999, with some groups aiming to build one by 2050.
2) A space elevator would have an anchor on Earth, a cable extending into space, and a counterweight beyond geostationary orbit to achieve balance.
3) It could transport satellites and payloads into space at much lower cost than rockets, making space activities more accessible. However, technical challenges around materials and impacts must still be overcome.
4) Advocates
This document discusses different types of plasma propelled rocket engines. It begins by introducing plasma rocket engines and their advantages over traditional chemical rocket engines, notably much higher efficiency and specific impulse. It then describes three main types of plasma engines: ion drives, Hall thrusters, and magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters. Ion drives use electric and magnetic fields to ionize and accelerate propellant like xenon, producing thrust through ion exhaust. Hall thrusters also use electric and magnetic fields to ionize and accelerate propellant but do so through electron drift. Magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters generate thrust by ohmic heating of propellant in a magnetic nozzle.
Design and Assembly of an Economically-viable Near-Earth Asteroid Mining Robotadamwick
Presented in 2005
Outer space is a dangerous environment for humans to explore. However, unmanned spacecraft, the workhorses of NASA’s current space program, can travel through space with relative ease. By constructing an advanced robotic mining craft using a combination of current and easily obtained future technologies, a mining expedition could be made to one of Earth’s nearest neighbors, a near-Earth asteroid. Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs) come in all shapes and in all varieties, which makes choosing the proper asteroid to mine a nontrivial affair: considerations must be made of asteroidal orbit, size, and composition. In addition, once the asteroid is reached by the mining craft, the physical and chemical act of mining an asteroid in deep space, far from places where “normal” conditions like gravity and an oxygenated atmosphere prevail, is substantially difficult; each mining implement, procedure, and storage technique must be chosen precisely. After the completion of the first mining mission, the mining craft will return to Earth orbit where it will transfer its precious cargo of ferrous metals, rarer-metals, and volatile gasses to an awaiting orbital station, thus avoiding any further need to launch minerals from Earth, which is extremely expensive. As a result of the asteroid mining and resource gathering operation, the National Aeronautics and Space Association will be able to expand the number of its deep-space operations exponentially.
This presentation gives a brief concept (engineering related) about solar space propulsion. It is all about the travelling technology of satellite in the space world. Hope it helps !
The document discusses plans for developing tether boost facilities to enable in-space transportation. Key points include:
1) Tether Unlimited is developing technologies like electrodynamic tethers and momentum exchange to provide propellantless propulsion beyond low Earth orbit using tether boost facilities.
2) Facilities would use tethers up to 100km long to boost payloads from LEO to destinations like the Moon and Mars in rapid transfer times of 5 days and 90 days respectively.
3) An incremental development path is proposed starting with demonstrating technologies on suborbital and LEO missions before building operational tether boost facilities to GEO, the Moon, and Mars.
This document provides information on ion propulsion systems and solar sails. It discusses the key components of an ion propulsion system including the power source, propellant management system, and ion thruster. It describes how ion propulsion works by ionizing and accelerating ions using electricity to generate thrust. Solar sails are also introduced, using sunlight's radiation pressure for propulsion. Challenges in solar sail design like packaging and deploying large sails are discussed. CubeSats are mentioned as a potential core for solar sail missions, and various tests done before launch are summarized.
This document summarizes a presentation on magnetic levitation vehicles (Maglev vehicles). It discusses the principles and history of Maglev transportation, how Maglev trains and floating magnetic cars work using electromagnetic forces, advantages like high speed and lack of pollution, and disadvantages such as high costs. Examples of current and potential Maglev applications are also provided.
This document summarizes a seminar on solar sails. It discusses the physical principles behind solar sails, how they use radiation pressure for propulsion. It describes different sail configurations that have been proposed, including square, disk, and electric or magnetic field-based designs. The document also discusses challenges like attitude control and testing solar sails in Earth's atmosphere. It provides examples of solar sail materials like aluminum, kapton, and carbon fiber. The first successful deployment of a solar sail in space by the Japanese space agency JAXA in 2010 is also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of solar sails, including their history, design, challenges, applications, and future. Solar sails use sunlight pressure on large, lightweight sails to propel spacecraft without the need for onboard fuel. Key points covered include different sail designs (square, spinning discs), materials used, deployment challenges, and recent solar sail missions by Japan and NASA. Potential future uses include exploration of the solar system and delivering payloads. Maintaining the large, delicate sails remains a technical challenge to enable more ambitious solar sailing missions.
This document discusses electrodynamic tethers (EDTs), which are long conducting wires that can be deployed from satellites to provide propulsion through interaction with Earth's magnetic field. EDTs work by passing a current through the tether, which generates a Lorentz force perpendicular to both the current and the magnetic field. This force can be used to accelerate a satellite or lower its orbit. EDTs offer advantages over traditional rocket thrusters as they require no propellant. The document outlines the principle, working, applications such as deorbiting space junk, and future prospects of EDTs, concluding that they can provide a cost-effective means of propulsion and power in space.
Solar sails use radiation pressure from the sun for propulsion and have minimal moving parts. They produce very small thrusts but can be used repeatedly over long periods. A seminar discussed the physical principles behind solar radiation pressure and how it produces small forces on sails. Attitude control is needed to maintain the craft's orientation against various forces. Testing is challenging on Earth but applications could include satellites for trajectory corrections and missions close to the sun. Various sail configurations and materials have been proposed but deployment challenges have limited real-world testing until Japan's 2010 IKAROS mission, the first to use a solar sail as a primary propulsion system.
This document proposes developing an ultra-light solar sail without a plastic backing for use in interstellar travel. It summarizes the proposed scope of work, which includes analyzing the reflectivity and engineering constraints of nanometer-thick aluminum sheets and grids, as well as doped carbon nanotubes. Preliminary analyses show these ultra-light concepts could achieve accelerations over 100 times greater than conventional solar sails and reach distances like Pluto in months or 10,000 AU in decades. The document recommends a Phase II experimental program to fabricate and test nanoscale reflectors and verify their properties.
The document discusses CubeSat satellites. It describes their size comparison to other satellites, typical weight, internal structure using aluminum, use of solar cells and lithium-ion batteries for power, and methods of launch including from the International Space Station. CubeSats offer advantages of low cost, small size, less development time, and lower launch costs compared to larger satellites.
How will space x send human to mars and reduce cost of space travelvikash kushwaha
Railway Recruitment Board (RRB) has announced Bumper Recruitment to Graduate and Undergraduate posts in the Non-Technical Popular Category. Under this, appointments will be made for a total of 35,277 posts.
The document discusses the history and concept of a space elevator, which was first proposed in the late 19th century but not seriously considered until the late 20th century. Key figures who contributed ideas include Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in 1885, Yuri Artsutanov in 1957, and Arthur C. Clarke who popularized the concept in his novel "The Fountains of Paradise". The document also mentions Jerome Pearson and David Smitherman as proponents and Sumio Iijima's discovery of carbon nanotubes, which could enable the strength needed for a space elevator cable.
This document discusses energy kites, an alternative renewable energy technology. Energy kites replace traditional wind turbines by using kites tethered to the ground that fly in circular trajectories to harness wind power. They have three main components: the kite, tether, and ground station. Energy kites operate at higher altitudes where winds are stronger and more consistent, allowing them to generate more energy with less infrastructure and land use than other renewable technologies like wind turbines and solar panels. While energy kites face limitations from weather and require airspace restrictions, they could significantly reduce pollution and global warming if implemented on a large scale.
The document discusses airborne wind turbines (AWTs), which are wind turbines supported in the air without towers and connected to the ground via tethers. It describes the history of wind turbines and different types of AWTs, including ground-generator and fly-generator systems. Ground-generator AWTs produce electricity on the ground while fly-generator AWTs produce electricity in the air. Examples of fly-generator AWT concepts are provided, such as those developed by Makani Power, Joby Energy, and Altaeros Energies. While AWTs show promise for sustainable energy production, commercialization faces challenges related to technology, regulations, noise, and aesthetics.
The document summarizes a white space radio product called the Agility White Space Radio (AWR) that provides broadband connectivity for industrial SCADA systems. The AWR uses unused TV spectrum to provide non-line-of-sight links for applications in agriculture, logistics, oil/gas, utilities and security. Case studies show the AWR providing reliable connectivity for perimeter security cameras, environmental monitoring sensors, precision agriculture and traffic management systems. Key features of the AWR include data rates up to 3Mbps, a compact and efficient design, and the ability to access available white space spectrum on both a rural and nationwide basis.
Deep space communication involves transmitting data to and from satellites and spacecraft beyond Earth's atmosphere. It utilizes a global network of antennas to acquire telemetry from spacecraft, transmit commands, and gather science data across vast distances in space. The first deep space communication stations were established in the late 1950s and 1960s to support early US space missions. Today's deep space network, operated by NASA and ESA, employs large radio antennas around the world to communicate with missions throughout the solar system and gain new insights into the wider universe through radio astronomy observations.
This document describes an energy kite system that can generate electricity from wind power. The energy kite was originally developed in Italy and uses large kites attached to generators on the ground by tethers. When wind blows, the kites generate lift and their movement turns the generators to produce electricity. Key advantages of energy kites over wind turbines are their lower cost, ability to access stronger winds higher in the sky, and reduced environmental impacts. The document outlines the components, working mechanism, and configuration of energy kite systems as well as their advantages and potential for future development as a renewable energy technology.
This document discusses different types of missiles classified by their method of launching and guidance systems. It describes 7 categories of missiles based on their targets, including surface-to-surface, surface-to-air, and air-to-air missiles. It also lists the top 10 countries with missile capabilities, and provides details on India's Prithvi and Agni series of ballistic missiles, including their ranges.
This document provides an overview of airborne wind energy systems (AWES). It discusses how AWES work at higher altitudes of 600-1000 feet to access stronger, more consistent winds. It covers the history and concepts of AWES, including groundgen and flygen concepts. It also summarizes the advantages of AWES in providing more consistent power production as well as applications in areas with limited infrastructure. The document concludes that AWES represent an emerging renewable energy technology as research and development continues.
This presentation on Scope of Textile Composite in Aerospace, Automotive, and Energy. It includes the area of application, shortcoming challenge, benefits of using textile composite in following section and how can we develop the following sector by improving textile composite.
This presentation discusses hybrid vehicles. It defines a hybrid vehicle as being propelled by two power sources, such as diesel-electric or gasoline-electric. The presentation outlines the basic components of a hybrid which include an internal combustion engine, electric motor, generator, battery and transmission. It describes the three main types of hybrid transmissions: series, parallel and series-parallel. Advantages of hybrids are discussed such as better fuel efficiency and lower emissions, while disadvantages include higher initial costs and potential for increased repair expenses.
An i-VTEC is new technology introduce by the honda in the field of automobile. This technology is most famous and installed in all cars of the honda. In this presentation on i-VTEC you will find all about it like its working principle, its performance, its advantages and disadvantages and further development in this technology. A complete illustration about this technolgy is given in this presentation.
This document summarizes various plastic welding techniques including: hot plate welding, which uses heated plates to weld plastic; hot gas welding, which uses a heated gas stream; ultrasonic welding, which uses high frequency vibrations; friction welding, which generates heat through rotational friction; and laser welding, which uses a laser beam. It discusses the basic mechanisms, advantages, limitations, and applications of each technique. The document is a presentation on plastic welding given by Shyed Farhan Ali, a chemical engineering student.
A brilliant use of under-utilized frequencies to provide last-mile internet services in developing nations not only helps in upliftment of the society both socially and academically but also connects people of the world.
The document describes a capstone project for a nut sorting machine. It was undertaken by Manpreet Singh at Lovely Professional University under the guidance of Mr. Harinder Pal Singh. The project involved designing a mechatronics system that can sort nuts of different sizes and types using sensors, motors, and electronic components. The machine works by detecting the size of a nut's shadow and dispensing it into the appropriate bin.
An airborne wind turbine is a design concept for a wind turbine with a rotor supported in the air without a tower, thus benefiting from more mechanical and aerodynamic options.
This document presents a seminar on vacuum braking systems for trains. It discusses the history and components of vacuum brake systems, including the driver's brake valve, exhauster, brake blocks, vacuum reservoir, brake pipe, ball valve, dummy couplings, and brake cylinders. It explains how vacuum brake systems work by using vacuum pressure in the brake pipe to control the brake cylinders from the driver's cab. When the brake is applied, vacuum is lost from the brake pipe, causing the brake cylinders to engage. It notes advantages like safety and reliability but also limitations like slower braking compared to air brakes.
The document provides an overview of compressed air engines. It discusses how pneumatic motors use compressed air to create motion. It outlines the history of compressed air vehicles in the 1840s and recent developments by companies like EngineAir and MDI. The document discusses converting internal combustion engines to run on compressed air by replacing components like the fuel tank and spark plug. It also reviews literature on compressed air engines and discusses technical benefits like reduced temperature but also limitations like limited storage capacity and range.
This document discusses space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) for controlling a three-phase inverter that supplies power from a DC source to drive electric machines like wind turbine generators. It provides a brief history and introduction to SVPWM, explaining that it was developed in the 1980s and represents voltage vectors in three-phase space. The document outlines benefits like higher efficiency, voltage control, and reduced losses compared to sinusoidal PWM. It describes implementing SVPWM using an Arduino to generate PWM signals that create an average output voltage through rapid switching between active voltage vectors.
The document discusses proposals for building a space elevator that would provide cheaper access to space. It would consist of a cable anchored to the Earth and extending over 60,000 miles into space. Key elements would include a ribbon tether made of carbon nanotubes, an anchor station on Earth, spacecraft and climbers to carry payloads up the tether using lasers or solar power, and a counterweight in space. Major challenges to overcome are atmospheric effects, impacts from space debris, and health and technical issues. Proponents argue it could revolutionize space travel by providing cheaper access to space.
Space elevators are tall structures that could transport satellites and shuttles into space without rockets at a low cost and with minimal environmental impact. They work by using a ribbon that extends over 60,000 miles into space and climbers that ascend the ribbon. The main challenges are the strength of materials needed to build it and dealing with space debris, but carbon nanotubes show promise and locations in international waters could help address political issues. If built, space elevators could provide cheap and green access to space for activities like space tourism and solar power satellites.
Space elevators are proposed structures that would transport satellites and shuttles into space without using rocket fuel by extending beyond the Earth's atmosphere. The elevator would use a ribbon made of carbon nanotubes anchored to the Earth and extending over 62,000 miles into space. Climbers attached to the ribbon would carry cargo and humans into space at 200 km/hr. Major challenges include damage from space debris and technical difficulties, but the elevator could provide low-cost space access without pollution if engineered successfully. Private companies and governments are working to develop the necessary technologies to potentially build a functioning space elevator by 2050.
Space elevators are tall structures that could transport satellites and shuttles into space without rockets at a much lower cost and with less environmental impact. They work by using a ribbon that extends over 60,000 miles into space and climbers that ascend along the ribbon. Major challenges include the strength of materials needed and impacts from space debris, but carbon nanotubes show promise and companies aim to build a working elevator by 2050. Space elevators could provide cheaper and greener access to space than current rocket launch systems.
The document discusses railguns, including their history, parts, working principle, current research and development, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Railguns use electromagnetic force to accelerate a conductive projectile along two parallel conductive rails. They were first proposed in 1918 and prototypes were tested in the 1970s. Current research aims to increase muzzle velocities for applications like launching satellites. Railguns offer higher velocities than chemical guns but challenges include thermal management and structural stresses on rails.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on space elevators. It begins by defining a space elevator as a theoretical structure connecting Earth's surface to beyond geosynchronous orbit. It then discusses the benefits of building a space elevator over current rocket launch systems, including much lower projected costs per kilogram and safer access to space without explosive propellants. The main components of a space elevator - the cable, anchor, climber, and counterweight - are then described. Several major engineering hurdles to building a space elevator are identified, but the document concludes that with significant investment, space elevators could enable more affordable and routine access to space in the near future.
A space elevator would be a transportation system consisting of a cable anchored to the Earth's equator and extending into space. A counterweight in geostationary orbit would provide enough centrifugal force to keep the cable upright. Climbers would carry cargo up and down the cable. The most promising materials for the cable are carbon nanotubes, boron nitride nanotubes, and diamond nano-threads. While the concept and requirements for a space elevator have been proposed, current technology has only achieved testing on a much smaller scale, and significant engineering challenges remain before a full-scale space elevator could be built.
1. The document describes a nanoparticle field emission thruster (nanoFET) concept that uses electrostatic acceleration of nanoparticles for propulsion.
2. Experiments were conducted that demonstrated the feasibility of extracting and accelerating nanoparticles from an insulating liquid using electric fields, as well as the extraction of nanoparticles through grid structures.
3. The nanoFET concept offers advantages over traditional electric propulsion technologies like ion thrusters due to its ability to provide high efficiency over an extremely wide range of specific impulse and thrust-to-power values using different nanoparticle options.
This document describes the CubeSat High Impulse Propulsion System (CHIPS) being developed by CU Aerospace and VACCO Industries. CHIPS integrates primary propulsion, attitude control, and propellant storage into a single module compatible with CubeSats. It uses a micro-resistojet thruster and cold gas attitude control system. Testing of a prototype showed the resistojet can provide up to 563 N-s of total impulse using R134a propellant. The document discusses propulsion options for CubeSats and why electrothermal propulsion in the 70-400 second specific impulse range is best suited for enabling rapid orbital maneuvers within a day.
This document discusses the potential for self-deploying extremely large, low-mass space structures using rigid bubbles or foams inflated at very low pressures. Individual bubbles could reach sizes up to 100 km in microgravity environments, with areal densities under 1 g/m2. Applications include space habitats, astronomical telescopes, solar sails, and photon collection surfaces. The next phase proposes mission designs integrating these structures into proposals like the New Worlds Imager and Hypertelescope, as well as demonstrating prototype structural elements and optical surfaces in the lab.
People are more attracted towards smart technology and fantasy. Here fantasy things are practically
made true with the help of science and smart technology .Hover board is similar to skate board but deviation
is, it rely on super-strong magnets and electromagnetic levitation to stay aloft . The term levitation refers to
a class of technology that uses electromagnetic levitation to propel vehicles with electromagnets rather than
with wheels axels and bearings. Hover board can be considered as solution for future needs of the world.
There are three types of hover board which we are discussed in this paper based on improvements and
compatibility.This paper gives an idea about self levitating boards and how they actually works.
The document describes a proposed Custom Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) spacecraft design. It has almost three times the internal volume of the Apollo Command Module at 30.6 m^3, providing 29.4 m^3 of pressurizable volume for crew during transits. The CEV structure would use an Al-Li 2195 alloy with Kapton thermal protection. Kapton could provide meteoroid shielding due to its layered insulation design. Flammability testing of materials like Kapton was important to ensure safety for spacecraft operating with pure oxygen atmospheres.
retrieving the dead or soon to be terminated satellites from its orbit by providing a specially made carbon fiber heat shield which will be preinstalled the satellites
The document discusses an electromagnetic railgun (EMRG). An EMRG uses electromagnetic force to accelerate a conductive projectile down parallel conducting rails. It consists of a pair of rails, an armature that slides between the rails, and a large power source like capacitor banks. When power is applied, the Lorentz force accelerates the armature and any attached projectile down the rails. Challenges include maintaining rail integrity, thermal management, and preventing projectile welding to the rails. Potential applications include launching cargo into space, nuclear fusion, and guided satellite projectiles.
This document discusses various approaches for privately funded human space exploration without government funding. It proposes using existing launch vehicles like Atlas 551 and Delta IV Heavy to send minimal crew capsules and habitation modules to destinations like the Moon and Mars. Staging at Earth orbit and the Earth-Moon L1 point is suggested to assemble missions. Challenges around radiation hazards, assembly timelines, and costs are acknowledged, with potential solutions involving new upper stages, cycler trajectories, and modular radiation shielding. Total costs for exploration missions to the Moon, Mars flybys, and Phobos are estimated in the hundreds of millions to over a billion dollars per mission.
The document summarizes a seminar report on vacuum trains (vactrains). Key points:
- Vactrains use maglev trains in an evacuated tunnel to achieve very high speeds, such as traveling from New York to London in under an hour.
- The technology involves constructing prefabricated tube sections that are anchored to the ocean floor and joined together to form an airtight tunnel. Vacuum pumps are then used to evacuate the air from the tunnel.
- Maglev trains use magnets for levitation, propulsion and guidance allowing them to travel without friction. Calculations show accelerating from 0-5000 mph in 5 minutes would result in a transverse g-force of 0.76
XCOR Exploration Alternatives - Jeff GreasonNewSpace 2014
The document discusses potential exploration architectures that could be achieved using existing launch vehicles like Atlas V, Falcon 9, and Delta IV without government funding. Key ideas include using a light crew capsule that can dock to different upper stages, refueling depots at Earth-Moon L1 to enable missions beyond low Earth orbit, and piloting missions to flybys of Mars and landings on Deimos through careful use of existing launch capabilities and innovative in-space architectures. Challenges around orbital rendezvous timelines, long term cryogenic storage, and radiation hazards are also addressed.
The document proposes building a space elevator using carbon nanotube composite materials to provide cheaper access to space. It describes a design for an initial small space elevator with a 20 ton capacity that could transport payloads to geosynchronous orbit in one week for $100 per pound, far cheaper than current options. The design addresses challenges like constructing a strong tether, deploying it into space, powering climbers, and anchoring it on Earth, which could be developed within a decade for under $10 billion. It concludes that a space elevator could transport over 5,000 kg of payload per day and ultimately cost just $10 per kg.
Space frames are 3D structural frameworks designed to withstand loads applied at any point as an integral unit. They provide a lightweight solution for large span enclosures, and are commonly used for roofs of structures like sports stadiums, airports, and warehouses. Cable structures transmit loads through tensioned cables rather than compression and are highly efficient for long spans. They include suspension bridges, cable-stayed roofs, and bicycle-wheel roofs. Cable-stayed bridges differ from suspension bridges in that they have greater stiffness from multiple towers and are constructed using cantilevering from the tower rather than suspending from main cables.
This document discusses using tethers to address the issue of orbital debris. It proposes using tethers to relocate about 1500 large debris objects accounting for most of the mass in low Earth orbit. Tethers could capture debris using spinning nets or cooperative maneuvers with robotic spacecraft. Relocating debris could reduce collision risks for operational spacecraft and provide ballast for high-delta V tether transport systems. A scenario is presented where 12 tether spacecraft could relocate most large debris over about 5 years.
The document is a project report submitted by Nahid Anjum for IFB Industries Limited on improving their secondary distribution model in Chandigarh, India. It provides an overview of IFB Industries which manufactures appliances and components. It also describes the Chandigarh operations, analyzes the industry and company, details the project to develop a new secondary distribution model, and evaluates the benefits of the recommended model.
IFB is an Indian appliance manufacturer with a strong brand in home appliances. It has a wide product range including washing machines, microwaves, and dishwashers. While IFB has strengths in brand, innovation, and service, it also faces challenges from low-cost imports and rising material costs. The analysis examines IFB using Porter's five forces, PEST, SWOT, and other frameworks to understand opportunities for growth and threats in the competitive market.
Retail Management In Practice on Spencer'sNahid Anjum
This document provides details about a project report submitted by Nahid Anjum for her post graduate program in business management. The report focuses on her experience working with Spencer's Retail in Kolkata. It includes an acknowledgment section, preface, objectives of the project, introduction to Spencer's Retail including its history, operations, and vision. The report also discusses the importance of technology in retail and Spencer's implementation of an ERP system to support its rapid growth.
Kalpana Chawla was born in 1961 in India. She earned degrees in aeronautical and aerospace engineering. She worked as a research scientist at NASA Ames Research Center and other companies, specializing in aerodynamic simulation and optimization. In 1994, she was selected by NASA to be an astronaut. She served as a mission specialist on Space Shuttle Columbia flights in 1997 and 2003, when the shuttle disintegrated upon reentry, killing all seven crew members including Chawla.
This document appears to be a presentation on ICICI Bank submitted for a strategic management project. It includes an agenda covering topics like revenue, growth, market capitalization, business model, industry analysis, financial analysis, products and services by segment, competition, strategies, and more. Charts are included analyzing ICICI Bank's revenue, market capitalization, and various profitability ratios from 2008-2011.
The document discusses the chain of derived demand for plywood. Plywood relies on inputs from the wood cutting, processed wood, adhesive, chemical, and machinery industries. It is then used downstream in industries like furniture, electronics, marine, transportation, commercial vehicles, education, and more. Finally, it reaches end consumers for uses like interior decoration, matchsticks, and more. Key competitors for plywood include industries using alternative materials like polyvinyl carbonate, recycled products, aluminum, wax, fiberglass, and bamboo.
Market segmentation of IFB commercial dishwasher Nahid Anjum
This document summarizes the market segmentation for commercial dishwashers sold by a $250 million company. It discusses the demographics of customers in hotels, restaurants, and hospitals. It also outlines the key operating variables, purchasing approaches, situational factors, and buyers' personal characteristics to consider when marketing these dishwashers. Purchasing criteria include online/direct approaches and seeing product details and demos. Buyers are motivated by efficiency, cost savings, and best serving customers.
Basel II norms define operational risk as the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. Basel II is the international capital adequacy framework for banks that prescribes capital requirements for credit risk, market risk and operational risk. There are three approaches under Basel II to measure and manage operational risk: the Basic Indicator Approach, which is based on annual revenue of the Financial Institution; the Standardized Approach, which is based on annual revenue of each broad business line; and the Advanced Measurement Approaches, which rely on the bank's internally developed risk measurement framework.
The Three Pillars of the Basel II AccordNahid Anjum
The three pillars of the Basel II accord establish standards for how much capital banks need to hold against risks. The first pillar deals with calculating regulatory capital requirements for credit, operational, and market risk. The second pillar provides a framework for banks to review their risk management systems and assess internal capital adequacy. The third pillar aims to complement the minimum capital requirements by requiring banks to disclose information allowing markets to assess their capital adequacy.
Tier 1, 2 and 3 Capital based on the Basel II accordNahid Anjum
The document discusses the three tiers of capital requirements under the Basel II accord:
Tier 1 capital consists of core equity and reserves, and must comprise at least 50% of a bank's total capital base. Tier 2, or supplementary capital, includes undisclosed reserves, revaluation reserves, general provisions, and various subordinated debt instruments. Tier 3 capital is short-term subordinated debt limited to 250% of Tier 1 capital required to support market risks, with a minimum of 281⁄2% of market risks supported by Tier 1 capital.
Use of social media to leverage businessNahid Anjum
This document discusses using social media in business. It defines social media and outlines why businesses should use social media by highlighting statistics on internet and social media usage in India. It then explains how businesses can use major social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, blogs, LinkedIn and Google to engage customers, track brands, execute online campaigns and use social media for customer relationship management. Finally, it provides examples of companies that are effectively using social media for activities like recruitment, contests, product design and advertising campaigns.
Recruitment and Selection in FMCG IndustryNahid Anjum
This document provides an overview of the FMCG sector including its characteristics, levels, job roles, requirements, and how it differs from other sectors like IT and financial. It analyzes 4 FMCG players - Cadbury, GSK, ABD, and Heinz. It discusses the FMCG sector in terms of its characteristics like stability, growth potential, and nationwide opportunities. It outlines the different levels and job roles in the sector and how one can progress between the roles. It also covers the requirements, schemes, policies, and benefits of working in the FMCG sector.
The document discusses brand valuation and provides information on:
1) What brand valuation is and why it is important as brands make up most of company value today rather than tangible assets.
2) The main methods for valuing brands including discounted cash flow, price premia, and book to market.
3) How brand valuation became more standardized over the last 30 years and is now accepted under IFRS accounting standards.
The document provides a report on measuring brand equity for the Sony brand. It includes an introduction, executive summary, methodology, questionnaire, findings and recommendations. The findings section analyzes Sony's brand equity based on brand satisfaction, loyalty, perceived quality, personality and leveragability. It was found that customers are highly satisfied with Sony and have high brand loyalty. Sony also has strong perceptions of quality, a good personality and potential for brand extensions.
The document provides information on a project report submitted by students to their professor on measuring brand image of Sony. It includes:
1) A history and evolution of Sony from its founding in 1946 to present day, outlining major product launches.
2) An overview of the Brand Asset Valuator (BAV) model used to measure brand health across four pillars - differentiation, relevance, esteem, and knowledge.
3) Details on data collection for the project, including a quantitative questionnaire and qualitative research methods like focus groups and interviews to understand consumer perceptions of Sony.
The document discusses the Mumbai Dabbawalas lunch delivery system. It summarizes that the Dabbawalas were successful due to their [1] operational efficiency through coding, teamwork, and logistics; [2] work culture of ethics, customer focus, and unity; and [3] low expectations and good reputation over time with no competitors. Some challenges they may face are low earnings, increased competition, and changing roles of housewives. However, the document predicts the Dabbawalas will survive for 50 more years due to their customer-centric philosophy and rising costs of outside food. It suggests the Dabbawalas could find new customers.
The document presents the results of a survey about operating system preferences. It finds that compatibility, ease of use, performance, and support are the most important features to respondents. The survey also examines attitudes towards Mac OS and whether recommendations from friends/family influence choices. While 80% of respondents said they would try Mac OS for free, only 35% said they would use Mac if it could be installed on any computer. The survey identifies areas where Mac is lacking compared to importance ratings, such as family ties to Apple and prestige. Trend analyses show Mac receiving less attention than Microsoft in news, search queries, discussions, and social media.
The document discusses the means-end-chain framework and applies it to laptops. It introduces means-end-chain theory, then discusses a laptop product by outlining its concrete and abstract attributes, functional and psycho-social benefits, and instrumental and terminal values according to the means-end-chain model. The document aims to analyze how attributes, benefits, and values are related for laptops using the means-end-chain approach.
Cadbury Dairy Milk has been the market leader in chocolate in India for years. It was first launched in 1905 and became Cadbury's best-selling line by 1913. In the early 1990s, Cadbury repositioned Dairy Milk from being "just for kids" to appealing to the "kid in all of us" through campaigns focusing on spontaneity and shared feelings. In the late 1990s, Cadbury expanded its product line and shifted its focus to wider chocolate consumption among adults and celebrating special occasions through advertisement campaigns providing reasons to enjoy chocolate.
XYZ Business School presents its distance learning program. It is a top 10 business school in India established in 1992 in Kolkata. It offers full-time and distance learning programs affiliated with a US university and recognized by DEC New Delhi. The distance learning program addresses the need for continued technical education in the growing IT sector and allows professionals to remain updated despite lack of time. It offers customized courses using cutting-edge curriculum, reputed faculty with industry experience, and latest technology like video conferencing and online courses. The program benefits employees through greater retention, equity, productivity and stronger client base. The 52-week program meets for 6 hours weekly and includes written tests every 3 months. Fees include program, course materials, and learning
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
2. Praxis Business School
The Space Elevator
A report submitted to Prof. Prithwis Mukherjee
In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the course
Business Information System
On 7th November 2010
By Nahid Anjum
2
3. Index
No. Topic Page No.
1 Abstract 4
2 Introduction 4
3 Space Elevator 4
4 Structure 5
5 How the space elevator will work 7
6 Space Elevator ribbon 8
7 Riding a space elevator to the top 9
8 Transport system for the space elevator 10
9 Delivery capabilities 11
Cost of suggested space transport
10 12
installation
11 Cost of delivery 13
12 Space Elevator maintenance 13
13 Space Elevator impact 14
14 Conclusion 15
15 Reference 16
3
4. Abstract:
At present, rockets are used for launches and flights into space and to carry people and payloads
into space. It is only the source to connect us from space. This method is very expensive, and requires a well
developed industry, high technology, expensive fuel and complex devices. Their major drawbacks are very
high cost of space launching $20,000 – 50,000/kg, large fuel consumption and fuel storage problems because
the oxidizer and fuel require cryogenic temperatures, or they are poisonous
substances. In recent years scientists have investigated a series of new
methods for non-rocket space launch, which promise to revolutionize space
launches and flight. Especially in this area new, cheaper and more fuel
efficient methods are being investigated. Such new methods include the gas
tube method, cable accelerators, tether launch systems, space elevators,
solar and magnetic sails, circle launcher space keepers and more.
Introduction:
Non-rocket space launch is an idea to reach outer space specifically from the Earth‘s surface
without the use of traditional rockets, which today is the only method in use. In the past years the scientists
have published a series of new methods which promise to revolutionize space launching and flight. These
include the gas tube method, cable accelerator, tether launch systems, space elevators, solar and magnetic
sails, circle launcher and space keeper, space elevator transport system, etc. Some of these have the
potential to decrease launch costs thousands of times, other allow the speed and direction of space apparatus
to be changed without the spending of fuel. The idea is very unique to go to space without rockets and without
fuel consumption.
Space Elevator:
The space elevator is a cable-like tool which could connect the earth with
a fixed structure in outer space. It is a proposal structure designed to
transport material from a celestial body‘s surface into space. It would
provide a permanent link between earth and outer space which could be
able to send material or person to space. The concept most often refers
to a structure that reaches from the surface of the earth on near the
Equator to geostationary orbit (GSO) and a counter-mass outside of the
atmosphere. A space elevator for earth would consist of a cable
anchored to the earth‘s surface, reaching into space. By attaching a
counterweight at the end or by further extending the cable for the same
purpose, inertia ensures that the cable remains stretched out, countering
the gravitational pull on the lower sections, thus allowing the elevator to
remain in geostationary orbit. Once beyond the gravitational midpoint, carriages would be accelerated further
by the planet‘s rotation. The space elevator is a theoretical concept which will provide a permanent link
between earth and space.
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5. Structure: The centrifugal force of earth‘s rotation is the main principle behind the elevator. As the earth
rotates, the centrifugal force tends to align the nanotubes in a stretched manner. There are a variety of tether
designs. Almost every design includes a base station, a cable, climbers, and a counterweight.
Base station- The base station can be categorized into two categories—mobile and stationary.
Mobile stations are large oceangoing vessels. Mobile platforms have the advantage of being able to avoid
high winds, storms, and space debris. Whereas stationary platforms would generally be located in high-
altitude locations, such as on top of the mountains, or even potentially on high towers. They have access to
cheaper and more reliable power sources, and require a shorter cable.
Cable- The cable in a space elevator must be strong enough to
carry its own weight as well as the weight of the climbers. The required
strength of the cable will vary along its length, since at various points it
has to carry the weight of the cable below, or provide a centripetal force
to retain to retain the cable and counterweight above. The cable in a
space elevator could only be constructed from an extremely strong,
flexible and light weight material such as carbon nanotubes. There are
some properties of carbon nanotubes due to which it can be used in
the cable of space elevator. They are 200 times stronger than steel. It is the first synthetic material to have
greater strength than spider silk. It is heat resistant as it resists burning like a metal. Its molecular structure
is carbons atoms in regular, tabular structure. Its properties are strong, light metal-like. Its properties make it
possible to be used in cable of space elevator.
The tensile strength of several materials and their comparison with carbon nanotubes—
Material Young‘s modulus Tensile strength Density
(GPa) (GPa) (g/cm3)
Single wall nanotube 1054 150 1.4
Multi wall nanotube 1200 150 2.6
Diamond 600 130 3.5
Kevlar 186 3.6 7.8
Steel 208 1.0 7.8
Wood 16 0.008 0.6
Climbers- The elevator cable anchored to the ground is counter-balanced by an equal length of
cable beyond the geosynchronous point, built up by photocell-pushed ―climbers‖. These climbers would also
be used to launch payloads up the elevator. Climbers cover a wide range of designs. On elevator designs
whose cables are planar ribbons, most propose to use pairs of rollers to hold the cable with friction. Other
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6. climber designs involve magnetic levitation. Climbers must be placed at optimal timings so as to minimize
cable stress and oscillations and to maximize throughput. Lighter climbers can be sent up more often, with
several going up at the same time. This increases throughput somewhat, but lowers the mass of each
individual payload. Both power and energy are significant issues for climbers – the climbers need to gain a
large amount of potential energy as quickly as possible to clear the cable for the next payload.
All proposals to get that energy to the climber fall into three categories—
1. Transfer the energy to the climber through wireless energy transfer while it is climbing
2. Transfer the energy to the climber through some material structure while it is climbing
3. Store the energy in the climber before it starts—this requires an extremely high specific energy
Nuclear energy and solar power has been proposed, but generating enough energy to reach the
top of the elevator in any reasonable time without weighing too much is not feasible. The horizontal speed of
each part of the cable increases with altitude, proportional to distance from the center of the earth, reaching
orbital velocity at geostationary orbit. Therefore as a payload is lifted up a space elevator, it needs to gain not
only altitude but angular momentum as well. This angular momentum is taken from the earth‘s own rotation.
As the climber ascends it is initially moving slightly more slowly than the cable that it moves onto and thus the
climber drags on the cable.
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7. Counter weight—several solutions have been proposed to act as a counterweight:
1. A heavy, captured asteroid
2. A space dock, space station or spaceport positioned past geostationary orbit
3. An extension of the cable itself far beyond geostationary orbit.
The concept of counterweight is like a small asteroid is diverted from deep space and locked into high orbit
above earth. The end of the elevator cable beyond geosynchronous orbit is anchored to it as a counterweight.
The mass of the asteroid moving in a higher orbit keeps the cable under tension and the cable straight. This
way, the overall length of the cable can be greatly shortened.
A shorter cable may be desirable for economic reasons; today, carbon nanotubes cost about $500
per gram of mass, or roughly $500 million dollars per ton. A space elevator cable will, of course, weigh many
thousands of tons. If this price does not significantly building an equal length of cable beyond
geosynchronous orbit. The asteroid could also have the added advantage of being used as a source of raw
materials to build space facilities for the elevator, such as the geosynchronous station, or complete
additional cables for more tracks along the elevator. The third idea has gained more support in recent years
due to the relative simplicity of the task and the fact that a payload that went to the end of the counterweight-
cable would acquire considerable velocity related to the earth, allowing it to be launched into interplanetary
space.
How the space elevator will work—
The basic principle of a space elevator is fairly simple to envision. Tie a
string to a baseball and twirl the string above your head. The string will remain
taut and straight as long as the twirling motion is in effect. The earth is spinning
far faster than your hand could ever manage, about 1000 miles per hour. If you
anchored an incredibly strong wire to earth‘s surface at the equator, then
attached the other end to a large enough mass to keep it taut, you end up with a
perfectly straight railroad track right into space. The space elevator‘s center of
mass would be at geosynchronous orbit, approximately 22,300 miles above the
equator, helping to keep the entire construct fixed over a stable position on earth.
The geosynchronous point is also where the cable would be under the most
stress, so it would have to be thickest there and taper down exponentially as one
move away from it in either direction.
Once the cable is set up, elevators can ride it up and down via magnetic rails, delivering cargo
straight into orbit. The earth-end of the elevator cable is usually envisioned as being attached to the top of a
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8. mountain or a super-high artificial tower. However, though both of these options could imply setting up the
elevator, they are not strictly necessary. One scheme, primarily involving the photocell climber elevator,
details anchoring the cable to a specially-built but standard-height off-shore platform.
The concept is that a very long cable will be laid around 35 degree to -35 degree longitude i.e.
highest lifting efficiency at equator, up into space, with the center of mass at the geosynchronous orbit that will
be a counterweight either in form of space station or asteroids will be in higher latitude. From the ground
station, the climber will climb up the cable, powered by, with current idea of ground based laser that will strike
the photovoltaic cells abroad the climber. Its estimated speed is around 190 km/h, so it would take around a
week to get up. Climbers ascend a ribbon, 100,000 km long, strung between an anchor on earth and space in
a way never before possible, the space elevator will enable us to inexpensively and completely expand our
society into space.
Space elevator ribbon—
The space elevator ribbon is the carbon nanotubes composite ribbon.
The counterweight spins around the earth, keeping the cable straight and
allowing the robotic lifters to ride up and down the ribbon. Under the design
proposed, the space elevator would be approximately 62,000 miles (100,00 km)
high. The centrepiece of the elevator will be the carbon nanotubes composite
ribbon that is just a few centimetres wide and nearly as thin as a piece of paper.
Carbon nanotubes, discovered in 1991, are what make scientists believe that the
space elevator could be built. Carbon nanotubes have the potential to be 100
times stronger than steel and are as flexible as plastic. The strength of carbon
nanotubes comes from their unique structure. Once scientists are able to make
fibres from carbon nanotubes, it will be possible to creates threads that will form
the ribbon for the space elevator. Previously available materials were either too
weak or inflexible to form the ribbon and would have been easily broken. They
have very high elastic modulus and their tensile strength is really high, and that all points to a material that
should make a space elevator relatively easy to build. A ribbon could be built in two ways:
1. Long carbon nanotubes—several meters long or longer—would be braided into a structure resembling a
rope. As of 2005, the longest nanotubes are still only a few centimetres long.
2. Shorter nanotubes could be placed in a polymer matrix. Current polymers do not bind well to carbon
nanotubes, which results in the matrix being pulled away from the nanotubes when placed under tension.
Once a long ribbon of nanotubes is created, it would be wound into a spool that would be launched into
orbit. When the spacecraft carrying the spool reaches a certain altitude, perhaps Low Orbit it would being
unspooling, lowering the ribbon back to earth. At the same time, the spool would continue moving to a
higher altitude. When the ribbon is lowered into earth‘s atmosphere, it would be caught and then lowered
and anchored to a mobile platform in the ocean. The ribbon would serve as the tracks of a sort of railroad
into space. Mechanical lifters would then be used to climb the ribbon to space.
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9. Riding a space elevator to the top—
While the ribbon is still a conceptual component, all of the
other pieces of the space elevator can be constructed using known
technology, including the robotic lifter, anchor station and power-
beaming system. By the time the ribbon is constructed, the other
components will be nearly ready for a launch sometime around 2018.
Lifter—The robotic lifter will use the ribbon to guide its ascent into
space. Traction tread rollers on the lifter would clamp on to then ribbon
and pull the ribbon through, enabling the lifter to climb up the elevator.
Anchor Station—The space elevator will originate from a mobile
platform in the equatorial Pacific, which will anchor the ribbon to earth.
Counterweight—At the top of the ribbon, there will be a heavy counterweight. Early plans for the space
elevator involved capturing an asteroid and using it as a counterweight. However, more recent plans include
the use of a man-made counterweight. In fact, the counterweight might be assembled from equipment used to
build the ribbon including the spacecraft that is used to launch it.
Power Beam—The lifter will be powered by a free-electron laser system located on or near the anchor
station. The laser will beam 2.4 megawatts of energy to photovoltaic cells, perhaps made of Gallium Arsenide
(GaAs) attached to the lifter, which will then convert that energy to electricity to be used by conventional,
niobium-magnet DC electric motors.
Once operational, lifters could be climbing the space elevator nearly every day. The lifters will vary in
size from five tons, at first, to 20 tons. The 20-ton lifter will be able to carry as much as 13 tons of payloads
and have 900 cubic meters of space. Lifters would carry cargo ranging from satellites to solar-powered panels
and eventually humans up the ribbon at a speed of about 118 miles per hour.
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10. Transport system for the space elevator –
This section proposes a new method and transportation system to fly into space, to the Moon, Mars,
and other planets. This transportation system uses a mechanical energy transfer and requires only minimal
energy so that it provides a ‗Free Trip‘ into space. It uses the rotary and kinetic energy of planets, asteroids,
meteorites, comet heads, moons, satellites, and other natural space bodies. The main difference in the
offered method is the transport system for the space elevator and the use of the planet rotational energy for
a free trip to another planet, for example, Mars. The objective of these innovations is to provide an
inexpensive means to travel to outer space and other planets, simplify space transportation technology and
eliminate complex hardware. This goal is obtained by new space energy transfer for long distance, by using
engines located on a planet, the rotational energy of a planet, or the kinetic and rotational energy of the
natural space bodies.
Free trip to moon—
A proposed centrifugal space launcher with a cable transport system which includes an equalizer
located in geosynchronous orbit, an engine located on earth, and the cable transport system having three
cables—a main central cable of equal stress and two transport cables, which include a set of mobile cable
chains, connected sequentially one to another by the rollers. One end of this set is connected to the equalizer,
the other end is connected to the planet. Such a separation is necessary to decrease the weight of the
transport cables, since the stress is variable along the cable. This transport system design requires a
minimum weight because at every local distance the required amount of cable is only that of the diameter for
the local force. The load containers also connected to the chain. When containers come up to the rollers and
continue their motion up to the cable. The entire transport system is driven by any conventional motor located
on the planet. When payloads are not being delivered into space, the system may be used to transfer
mechanical energy to the equalizer. This mechanical energy may also be converted to any other sort of
energy. The space satellites released below geosynchronous orbit will have elliptic orbits and may be
connected back to the transport system after some revolutions when the space ship and cable are in the same
position. If low earth orbit satellites use a brake parachute, they can have their orbit closed to a circle. The
space probes released higher than geosynchronous orbit will have a hyperbolic orbit, fly to other planets, and
then can connect back to the transport system when the ship returns. Most space payloads, like tourists, must
be returned to earth. When one container is moved up, then another container is moved down. The work of
lifting equals the work of descent, except for a small loss in the upper and lower rollers. The suggested
transport system lets us fly into space without expending enormous energy. This is the reason why the
method and system are named a ―Free Trip‖.
Assume a maximum equalizer lift force of 9 ton at the
earth’s surface and divide this force between three
cables—one main and two transport cables. The mass of
the equalizer creates a lift force of 9 ton at the earth‘s
surface, which equals 518 ton for K=4. The equalizer is
located over a geosynchronous orbit at an altitude of
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11. 100,000 km. Full centrifugal lift force of the equalizer is 34.6 ton, but 24.6 ton of the equalizer are used in
support of the cables. The transport system has three cables—one main and two in the transport system.
Each cable can support a force of 3000 kgf. The main cable has a cross section area of equal stress. Then
the cable cross section area is A=0.42mm^ at the earth‘s surface, maximum 1.4 mm^ in the middle section,
and A=0.82 mm^ at the equalizer. The mass of main cable is 205 ton. The chains of two transport cable loops
have cross-section areas to equal the tensile stress of the main cable at given altitude, and the capabilities are
the same as the main cable. Each of them can carry 3 ton force. The total mass of the cable is about 620 ton.
The three cables increase the safety of the passengers. If any one of the cables breaks down, then the other
two will allow a safe return of the space vehicle to the earth and the repair of the transport system.
If the container cable is broken, the pilot uses the main cable for delivering people back to earth. If
the main cable is broken, then the load container cable will be used for delivering a new main cable to the
equalizer. For lifting non-balance loads for example, satellites or parts of new space stations, transport
installations, interplanetary ships, and the energy must be spent in any delivery method. When the transport
system is used, the engine is located on the earth and does not have an energy limitation. Moreover, the
transport system can transfer a power of up to 90,000 kW to the space station for a cable speed of 3 km/s.
At the present time, the International Space Station has only 60 kW of power.
Delivery capabilities—For tourist transportation the suggested
system works in the following manner. The passenger space vehicle
has the full mass of 3 ton to carry 25 passengers and 2 pilots. One
ship moves up, the other ship, which is returning, moves down; then
the lift and descent energies are approximately equal. If the average
speed is 3 km/s, then the first ship reaches the altitude of 21.5-23
thousand km in 2 h. At this altitude the ship is separated from the
cable to fly in an elliptical orbit with minimum altitude 200 km and
period approximately 6 h. After one day the ship makes four
revolutions around the earth while the cable system makes one revolution, and the ship and the cable will be
in the same place with the same speed. The ship is connected back to the transport system, moves down the
cable and lifts the next ship. The orbit may be also three revolutions or two revolutions. In one day the
transport system can accommodate 12 space ships in both directions. This means more than 100,000 tourists
annually into space. The system can launch payloads into space, and if the altitude of disconnection is
changed then the orbit is changed. If a satellite needs a low orbit, then it can use the brake parachute when it
flies through the top of the atmosphere and it will achieve a near circular orbit. The annual payload capability
of the suggested space transport system is about 12,600 ton into a geosynchronous orbit.
If instead of the equalizer the system has a space station of the same mass at an altitude of 100,00
km and the system can have space stations along cable and above geosynchronous orbit, then, these
stations decrease the mass of the equalizer and may serve as tourist hotels, scientific laboratories, or
industrial factories. If the space station is located at an altitude of 100,000 km, then the time of delivery will be
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12. 9.36 h for an average delivery speed of 3 km/s. This means 60 passengers per day or 21,000 people annually
in space.
Let us assume that every person needs 400 kg of food for a 1-year-round trip to Mars, and Mars has the same
transport installation. This means we can send about 2000 people to Mars annually at suitable positions of
Earth relative to Mars.
Cost of suggested space transport installation—
The current International Space Station has cost many billions of dollars, but the suggested space
transport system can lost a lot less. Moreover, the suggested transport system allows us to create other
transport systems in a geometric progression. Let us examine an example of the transport system.
Initially we create the transport system to lift only 50 kg of load mass to an altitude of 100,000 km.
The equalizer mass is 8.5 ton, the cable mass is 10.25 ton, and the total mass is about 19 ton. Let us assume
that the delivery cost of 1 kg mass is $10,000. The construction of the system will then have a cost of $190
Million then the system costs $1.25 million. Let us put the research and development (R&D) cost of
installation at $29 million. Then the total cost of initial installation will be $220 million. About 90% of this sum is
the cost of initially rocket delivery. After construction, this initial installation begins to deliver the cable and
equalizer or parts of the space station into space. The cable and equalizer capability increase in a geom etric
progression. The installation can use part of the time for delivery of payload and self-financing of this project.
After 765 working days the total mass of equalizer and cables reaches the amount above 1133 ton and the
installation can work full time as a tourist launcher or continue to create new installations in only 30 months
with a total capacity of 10 million tourists/year. The new installations will be separated from the mother
installations and moved to other positions around the earth. The result of these installations allows the delivery
of passengers and payloads from one continent to another across space with low expenditure of energy.
Let us estimate the cost of the initial installation. The installation needs 620 ton of cable. Let us take
the cost of cable as $0.1 million/ton. The cable cost will be $62 million. Assume the space station cost $20
million. The construction time is 140 days. The cost of using the mother installation without profit is $5
million/year. In this case the new installation will cost $87 million. In reality soon after construction the new
installation can begin to launch payloads and become self-financing.
Cost of delivery—
The cost of delivery is the most important parameter in the space industry. Let us estimate it for the
full initial installation above. As we calculated earlier the cost of the initial installation is $220 million. Assume
that installation is used for 20 years, served by 100 officers with an average annual salary of $50,000 and
maintenance is $1 million in year. If we deliver 100,000 tourists annually, the production delivery cost will be
$160/person or $1.27/kg of payload. Some 70% of this sum is the cost of installation, but the delivery cost of
the new installations will be cheaper. If the price of a space trip is $1990, then the profit will be $183 million
annually. If the payload delivery price is $15/kg then the profit will be $189 million annually. The cable speed
for K=4 is 6.32 km/s. If average cable speed equals 6 km/s, then all performance factors are improved by a
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13. factor of 2 times. In any case the delivery cost will be hundreds of times less than the current rocket powered
method.
Cost (in comparison to space shuttle)
Per kg: $100/kg vs $10,000-$40,000/kg
Construction: $6 billion vs $19 billion
Space elevator maintenance—
At a length of 62,000 miles (100,000 km), the space elevator will be vulnerable to many dangers,
including weather, space debris and terrorists. As plans move forward on the design of the space elevator, the
developers are considering these risks and ways to overcome them. In fact, to make sure there is always an
operational space elevator, developers plan to build multiple space elevators. Each one will be cheaper than
the previous one. The first space elevator will serve as a platform from which to build additional space
elevators. In doing so, developers are ensuring that even if one space elevator encounters problems, the
others can continue lifting payloads into space.
Avoiding Space Debris—
Like the space station or space shuttle, the space elevator will need the ability to avoid orbital
objects like debris and satellites. The anchor platform will employ active avoidance to protect the space
elevator from such objects. Currently, the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) tracks
objects larger than 10 cm. protecting the space elevator would require an orbital debris tracking system that
could detect objects approximately 1 cm. This technology is currently in development for other space projects.
Repelling Attacks—
The isolated location of the space elevator will be the biggest factor in lowering the risk of terrorist
attack. For instance, the first anchor will be located in the equatorial Pacific, 404 miles (650 km) from any air
or shipping lanes. Only a small portion of the space elevator will be within reach of any attack, which is
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14. anything 9.3 miles or below. Further, the space elevator will be a valuable global resource and will likely be
protected by the U.S. and other foreign military forces.
Space Elevator Impact—
The potential global
impact of the space elevator is
drawing comparisons to another
great transportation achievement—
the U.S. transcontinental railroad.
Completed in 1869at Promontory,
Utah, the transcontinental railroad
linked the country‘s east and west
coasts for the first time and sped
the settlement of the American
west. Cross-country travel was
reduced from months to days. It
also opened new markets and gave
rise to whole new industries. By 1893, the United States had five transcontinental railroads.
The idea of a space elevator shares many of the same elements as the transcontinental railroad. A
space elevator would create a permanent Earth-to-space connection that would never close. While it wouldn‘t
make the trip to space faster, it would make trips to space more frequent and would open up space to a new
era of development. Perhaps the biggest factor propelling the idea of a space elevator is that it would
significantly lower the cost of putting cargo into space. Although slower than the chemically propelled space
shuttle, the lifters reduce launch costs from $10,000 to $20,000 per round, to approximately $400 per round.
Current estimates put the cost of building a space elevator at $6 billion with legal and regulatory costs at $4
billion. Additionally, each space shuttle flight costs $500 million, which is more than 50 times more than
original estimates.
The space elevator could replace the space shuttle as the main space vehicle, and be used for
satellite deployment, defence, tourism and further exploration. To the latter point, a space craft would climb
the ribbon of the elevator and then would launch toward its main target once in space. This type of launch will
require less fuel than would normally be needed to break out of Earth‘s atmosphere. Some designers also
believe that space elevators could be built on other planets, including Mars.
Conclusion—
The Space Elevator is the most promising Space Transportation system on the drawing boards
today, combining scalability, low cost, qualify of ride, and safety to deliver truly commercial-grade space
access-practically comparable to a train ride to space. Rocket-based space launch systems are inherently
limited by the physics of rocket propulsion. More than 90% of the rocket‘s weight is propellant and the rest is
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15. split between the weight of the fuel tank and the payload. It is very difficult to make such a vehicle safe or low
cost. A target cost of $1000 per kg is proving to be impossible to reach. In comparison, airlines charge us
about $1 per round, and train transportation is in cents per pound.
The Space Elevator is based on a thin vertical tether stretched from the ground to a mass far out in
space, and climbers that drive up and down the tether. The rotation of the earth and of the mass around it
keeps the tether taut and capable of supporting the climbers. The climbers travel at speeds comparable to a
fast train, and carry no fuel on board – they are powered by a combination of sunlight and laser light
projected from the ground. While the trip to space takes several days, climbers are launched once per day.
The Space Elevator is linearly scalable. The first ―baseline‖ design will use 20 ton climbers, but by making
the tether thicker we can grow the Space Elevator to lift 100, or even 1000 tons at a time. In addition to
launching payloads into orbit, the Space Elevator can also use its rotational motion to inject them into
planetary transfer orbits—thus able to launch payloads to Mars, for example, once per day. Imagine the kind
of infrastructure we can set up there, waiting for the first settlers to arrive...
Looking back from the year 2100, the construction of the Space Elevator will be considered to mark the true
beginning of the Space age; much like the advent of the airplane or steamboat heralded the true commercial
use of the air and sea.
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