An introduction to the SHA Hashing Algorithm. The origins of SHA are explained, along with the family taxonomy of SHA message digest functions. We also cover their uses in cryptography. http://boblandstrom.com
A hash function is a mathematical function that converts a variable length input into a fixed length output called a hash value. Hash functions are commonly used to verify data integrity and authenticate digital signatures. They have several key properties including producing identical hashes for identical inputs, being very difficult to reverse to find the original input, and being collision resistant such that it is very unlikely two different inputs will produce the same hash. Common uses of hash functions include storing passwords securely, digital signatures, and file integrity verification.
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a symmetric block cipher encryption method that uses a block size of 128 bits and key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It is an iterative cipher based on substitutions and permutations that performs all computations on bytes rather than bits. The encryption process consists of initial round, main rounds, and final round, with the number of main rounds varying based on key size. Decryption undoes the encryption process in reverse order using inverse operations. AES-256 is considered the most secure variant due to its 256-bit key size.
The document describes the SHA-1 hashing algorithm. SHA-1 produces a 160-bit hash value from an input of arbitrary length. It works by padding the input, appending the length, initializing hash buffers, processing the message through 80 rounds of compression, and outputting the final hash value. The compression function divides the padded message into 16-word blocks and schedules the words through the rounds using a message scheduling algorithm. It performs logical and bitwise operations on the words and chaining variables to generate a new hash.
The document discusses the design of secure hash algorithms SHA-256 and SHA-3. SHA-256 has a block size of 512 bits and processes messages in 64 rounds. SHA-3 uses a sponge construction that absorbs data into a state and then squeezes out the output hash. Both algorithms are used to secure blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum.
A hash algorithm is a one-way function that converts a data string into a numeric string output of fixed length. It is collision resistant, meaning it is very unlikely for different data to produce the same hash value. Common hash algorithms include MD5 and SHA-1. A one-way hash function takes a variable-length input and produces a fixed-length output. It is easy to compute the hash but very difficult to reverse it or find collisions. Hash functions are used for password verification, digital signatures, and ensuring data integrity.
A hash function is a mathematical function that converts a variable length input into a fixed length output called a hash value. Hash functions are commonly used to verify data integrity and authenticate digital signatures. They have several key properties including producing identical hashes for identical inputs, being very difficult to reverse to find the original input, and being collision resistant such that it is very unlikely two different inputs will produce the same hash. Common uses of hash functions include storing passwords securely, digital signatures, and file integrity verification.
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a symmetric block cipher encryption method that uses a block size of 128 bits and key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It is an iterative cipher based on substitutions and permutations that performs all computations on bytes rather than bits. The encryption process consists of initial round, main rounds, and final round, with the number of main rounds varying based on key size. Decryption undoes the encryption process in reverse order using inverse operations. AES-256 is considered the most secure variant due to its 256-bit key size.
The document describes the SHA-1 hashing algorithm. SHA-1 produces a 160-bit hash value from an input of arbitrary length. It works by padding the input, appending the length, initializing hash buffers, processing the message through 80 rounds of compression, and outputting the final hash value. The compression function divides the padded message into 16-word blocks and schedules the words through the rounds using a message scheduling algorithm. It performs logical and bitwise operations on the words and chaining variables to generate a new hash.
The document discusses the design of secure hash algorithms SHA-256 and SHA-3. SHA-256 has a block size of 512 bits and processes messages in 64 rounds. SHA-3 uses a sponge construction that absorbs data into a state and then squeezes out the output hash. Both algorithms are used to secure blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum.
A hash algorithm is a one-way function that converts a data string into a numeric string output of fixed length. It is collision resistant, meaning it is very unlikely for different data to produce the same hash value. Common hash algorithms include MD5 and SHA-1. A one-way hash function takes a variable-length input and produces a fixed-length output. It is easy to compute the hash but very difficult to reverse it or find collisions. Hash functions are used for password verification, digital signatures, and ensuring data integrity.
Hash functions take a variable-length input and produce a fixed-length output. They are used to verify data integrity and ensure data has not been altered. Cryptographic hash functions have properties of being one-way and collision resistant. Secure Hash Algorithm 512 (SHA-512) is an iterative cryptographic hash function that produces a 512-bit hash value. It works by processing the input message in 1024-bit blocks through 80 rounds of compression functions using logical operations and round constants. SHA-512 and other cryptographic hash functions have applications in security protocols like TLS, PGP, and DNSSEC.
The document discusses the process of lexical analysis in compiler design. It explains that a lexical analyzer takes source code as input and outputs tokens. It uses two pointers - a begin pointer that points to the start of each token, and a forward pointer that moves through the input string character by character. The document then describes two approaches for buffering input - a single buffer scheme that has issues if a token spans the buffer, and a two buffer scheme that avoids this issue by using two buffers and switching between them.
The document summarizes cryptographic algorithms DES and AES. It describes the basic concepts of encryption, the history and workings of DES including key generation and encryption/decryption processes. It then explains the AES cipher which was selected to replace DES, including the cipher structure involving substitution, shifting, mixing and adding round keys in multiple rounds of processing. The key expansion process is also summarized, which derives the round keys from the main encryption key.
5. message authentication and hash functionChirag Patel
1) Message authentication can be achieved through message encryption, message authentication codes (MACs), or hash functions.
2) MACs provide authentication by appending a fixed-size block that depends on the message and a secret key. Receivers can verify messages by recomputing the MAC.
3) Hash functions map variable-length data to fixed-length outputs and are easy to compute but infeasible to reverse or find collisions. Common hash functions include MD5 and SHA-512.
In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm operating on ... Systems as a means to effectively improve security by combining simple operations such as .... Finally, the cipher should be easily cryptanalyzable, such that it can be ...
The document discusses code optimization techniques in compilers. It covers the following key points:
1. Code optimization aims to improve code performance by replacing high-level constructs with more efficient low-level code while preserving program semantics. It occurs at various compiler phases like source code, intermediate code, and target code.
2. Common optimization techniques include constant folding, propagation, algebraic simplification, strength reduction, copy propagation, and dead code elimination. Control and data flow analysis are required to perform many optimizations.
3. Optimizations can be local within basic blocks, global across blocks, or inter-procedural across procedures. Representations like flow graphs, basic blocks, and DAGs are used to apply optimizations at
The document discusses different modes of operation for block ciphers. It describes four main modes: Electronic Codebook (ECB), Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), Cipher Feedback (CFB), and Output Feedback (OFB). ECB encrypts each block independently, CBC encrypts blocks chained together with previous ciphertext, CFB and OFB use ciphertext to encrypt plaintext block by block in a chained fashion, avoiding error propagation between blocks.
This document discusses bottom-up parsing and LR parsing. Bottom-up parsing starts from the leaf nodes of a parse tree and works upward to the root node by applying grammar rules in reverse. LR parsing is a type of bottom-up parsing that uses shift-reduce parsing with two steps: shifting input symbols onto a stack, and reducing grammar rules on the stack. The document describes LR parsers, types of LR parsers like SLR(1) and LALR(1), and the LR parsing algorithm. It also compares bottom-up LR parsing to top-down LL parsing.
MD5 is a cryptographic hash function that produces a 128-bit hash value for a message of any length. It was originally designed to provide authentication of digital signatures but is no longer considered reliable for cryptography due to techniques that can generate collisions. MD5 operates by padding the input, appending the length, dividing into blocks, initializing variables, processing blocks through 4 rounds of operations with different constants each round, and outputting the hash value. While it was intended to be difficult to find collisions or recover the input, MD5 is no longer considered cryptographically secure due to attacks demonstrating collisions.
Hash table in data structure and algorithmAamir Sohail
The document discusses hash tables and their use for efficient data retrieval. It begins by comparing the time complexity of different data structures for searching, noting that hash tables provide constant time O(1) search. It then provides examples of using hash tables to store student records and complaints by number. Key aspects covered include hash functions mapping data to table indices, minimizing collisions, open and closed addressing for collisions, and linked lists or probing as solutions. Types of hash functions and their parameters are defined. The document aims to explain the core concepts of hashing, hash functions, hash tables and approaches for handling collisions.
The document discusses code generation in compilers. It describes the main tasks of the code generator as instruction selection, register allocation and assignment, and instruction ordering. It then discusses various issues in designing a code generator such as the input and output formats, memory management, different instruction selection and register allocation approaches, and choice of evaluation order. The target machine used is a hypothetical machine with general purpose registers, different addressing modes, and fixed instruction costs. Examples of instruction selection and utilization of addressing modes are provided.
Hashing and Hashtable, application of hashing, advantages of hashing, disadva...NaveenPeter8
Hashing is a process that converts a key into a hash value using a hash function and mathematical algorithm. A good hash function uses a one-way hashing algorithm so the hash cannot be converted back to the original key. Hash tables store data in an array format using the hash value as an index, allowing very fast access if the index is known. Hashing provides constant-time search, insert, and delete operations on average and is widely used for applications like message digests, passwords, and data structures.
This document discusses syntax-directed translation and type checking in programming languages. It explains that in syntax-directed translation, attributes are attached to grammar symbols and semantic rules compute attribute values. There are two ways to represent semantic rules: syntax-directed definitions and translation schemes. The document also discusses synthesized and inherited attributes, dependency graphs, and the purpose and components of type checking, including type synthesis, inference, conversions, and static versus dynamic checking.
This document discusses weak slot-and-filler knowledge representation structures. It describes how slots represent attributes and fillers represent values. Semantic networks are provided as an example where nodes represent objects/values and links represent relationships. Property inheritance allows subclasses to inherit attributes from more general superclasses. Frames are also discussed as a type of weak structure where each frame contains slots and associated values describing an entity. The document notes challenges with tangled hierarchies and provides examples of how to resolve conflicts through inferential distance in the property inheritance algorithm.
Hashing is a technique used to uniquely identify objects by assigning each object a key, such as a student ID or book ID number. A hash function converts large keys into smaller keys that are used as indices in a hash table, allowing for fast lookup of objects in O(1) time. Collisions, where two different keys hash to the same index, are resolved using techniques like separate chaining or linear probing. Common applications of hashing include databases, caches, and object representation in programming languages.
this presentation is on block cipher modes which are used for encryption and decryption to any message.That are Defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology . Block cipher modes of operation are part of symmetric key encryption algorithm.
i hope you may like this.
An introduction to asymmetric cryptography with an in-depth look at RSA, Diffie-Hellman, the FREAK and LOGJAM attacks on TLS/SSL, and the "Mining your P's and Q's attack".
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang fungsi hash dan algoritma SHA-256. Fungsi hash merupakan fungsi yang mengubah pesan dengan panjang sembarang menjadi pesan ringkas dengan panjang tetap. Algoritma SHA-256 merupakan salah satu varian dari SHA yang menghasilkan nilai hash sepanjang 256 bit.
Hash functions take a variable-length input and produce a fixed-length output. They are used to verify data integrity and ensure data has not been altered. Cryptographic hash functions have properties of being one-way and collision resistant. Secure Hash Algorithm 512 (SHA-512) is an iterative cryptographic hash function that produces a 512-bit hash value. It works by processing the input message in 1024-bit blocks through 80 rounds of compression functions using logical operations and round constants. SHA-512 and other cryptographic hash functions have applications in security protocols like TLS, PGP, and DNSSEC.
The document discusses the process of lexical analysis in compiler design. It explains that a lexical analyzer takes source code as input and outputs tokens. It uses two pointers - a begin pointer that points to the start of each token, and a forward pointer that moves through the input string character by character. The document then describes two approaches for buffering input - a single buffer scheme that has issues if a token spans the buffer, and a two buffer scheme that avoids this issue by using two buffers and switching between them.
The document summarizes cryptographic algorithms DES and AES. It describes the basic concepts of encryption, the history and workings of DES including key generation and encryption/decryption processes. It then explains the AES cipher which was selected to replace DES, including the cipher structure involving substitution, shifting, mixing and adding round keys in multiple rounds of processing. The key expansion process is also summarized, which derives the round keys from the main encryption key.
5. message authentication and hash functionChirag Patel
1) Message authentication can be achieved through message encryption, message authentication codes (MACs), or hash functions.
2) MACs provide authentication by appending a fixed-size block that depends on the message and a secret key. Receivers can verify messages by recomputing the MAC.
3) Hash functions map variable-length data to fixed-length outputs and are easy to compute but infeasible to reverse or find collisions. Common hash functions include MD5 and SHA-512.
In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm operating on ... Systems as a means to effectively improve security by combining simple operations such as .... Finally, the cipher should be easily cryptanalyzable, such that it can be ...
The document discusses code optimization techniques in compilers. It covers the following key points:
1. Code optimization aims to improve code performance by replacing high-level constructs with more efficient low-level code while preserving program semantics. It occurs at various compiler phases like source code, intermediate code, and target code.
2. Common optimization techniques include constant folding, propagation, algebraic simplification, strength reduction, copy propagation, and dead code elimination. Control and data flow analysis are required to perform many optimizations.
3. Optimizations can be local within basic blocks, global across blocks, or inter-procedural across procedures. Representations like flow graphs, basic blocks, and DAGs are used to apply optimizations at
The document discusses different modes of operation for block ciphers. It describes four main modes: Electronic Codebook (ECB), Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), Cipher Feedback (CFB), and Output Feedback (OFB). ECB encrypts each block independently, CBC encrypts blocks chained together with previous ciphertext, CFB and OFB use ciphertext to encrypt plaintext block by block in a chained fashion, avoiding error propagation between blocks.
This document discusses bottom-up parsing and LR parsing. Bottom-up parsing starts from the leaf nodes of a parse tree and works upward to the root node by applying grammar rules in reverse. LR parsing is a type of bottom-up parsing that uses shift-reduce parsing with two steps: shifting input symbols onto a stack, and reducing grammar rules on the stack. The document describes LR parsers, types of LR parsers like SLR(1) and LALR(1), and the LR parsing algorithm. It also compares bottom-up LR parsing to top-down LL parsing.
MD5 is a cryptographic hash function that produces a 128-bit hash value for a message of any length. It was originally designed to provide authentication of digital signatures but is no longer considered reliable for cryptography due to techniques that can generate collisions. MD5 operates by padding the input, appending the length, dividing into blocks, initializing variables, processing blocks through 4 rounds of operations with different constants each round, and outputting the hash value. While it was intended to be difficult to find collisions or recover the input, MD5 is no longer considered cryptographically secure due to attacks demonstrating collisions.
Hash table in data structure and algorithmAamir Sohail
The document discusses hash tables and their use for efficient data retrieval. It begins by comparing the time complexity of different data structures for searching, noting that hash tables provide constant time O(1) search. It then provides examples of using hash tables to store student records and complaints by number. Key aspects covered include hash functions mapping data to table indices, minimizing collisions, open and closed addressing for collisions, and linked lists or probing as solutions. Types of hash functions and their parameters are defined. The document aims to explain the core concepts of hashing, hash functions, hash tables and approaches for handling collisions.
The document discusses code generation in compilers. It describes the main tasks of the code generator as instruction selection, register allocation and assignment, and instruction ordering. It then discusses various issues in designing a code generator such as the input and output formats, memory management, different instruction selection and register allocation approaches, and choice of evaluation order. The target machine used is a hypothetical machine with general purpose registers, different addressing modes, and fixed instruction costs. Examples of instruction selection and utilization of addressing modes are provided.
Hashing and Hashtable, application of hashing, advantages of hashing, disadva...NaveenPeter8
Hashing is a process that converts a key into a hash value using a hash function and mathematical algorithm. A good hash function uses a one-way hashing algorithm so the hash cannot be converted back to the original key. Hash tables store data in an array format using the hash value as an index, allowing very fast access if the index is known. Hashing provides constant-time search, insert, and delete operations on average and is widely used for applications like message digests, passwords, and data structures.
This document discusses syntax-directed translation and type checking in programming languages. It explains that in syntax-directed translation, attributes are attached to grammar symbols and semantic rules compute attribute values. There are two ways to represent semantic rules: syntax-directed definitions and translation schemes. The document also discusses synthesized and inherited attributes, dependency graphs, and the purpose and components of type checking, including type synthesis, inference, conversions, and static versus dynamic checking.
This document discusses weak slot-and-filler knowledge representation structures. It describes how slots represent attributes and fillers represent values. Semantic networks are provided as an example where nodes represent objects/values and links represent relationships. Property inheritance allows subclasses to inherit attributes from more general superclasses. Frames are also discussed as a type of weak structure where each frame contains slots and associated values describing an entity. The document notes challenges with tangled hierarchies and provides examples of how to resolve conflicts through inferential distance in the property inheritance algorithm.
Hashing is a technique used to uniquely identify objects by assigning each object a key, such as a student ID or book ID number. A hash function converts large keys into smaller keys that are used as indices in a hash table, allowing for fast lookup of objects in O(1) time. Collisions, where two different keys hash to the same index, are resolved using techniques like separate chaining or linear probing. Common applications of hashing include databases, caches, and object representation in programming languages.
this presentation is on block cipher modes which are used for encryption and decryption to any message.That are Defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology . Block cipher modes of operation are part of symmetric key encryption algorithm.
i hope you may like this.
An introduction to asymmetric cryptography with an in-depth look at RSA, Diffie-Hellman, the FREAK and LOGJAM attacks on TLS/SSL, and the "Mining your P's and Q's attack".
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang fungsi hash dan algoritma SHA-256. Fungsi hash merupakan fungsi yang mengubah pesan dengan panjang sembarang menjadi pesan ringkas dengan panjang tetap. Algoritma SHA-256 merupakan salah satu varian dari SHA yang menghasilkan nilai hash sepanjang 256 bit.
This document discusses secure hashing algorithms used for authentication rather than encryption. It provides an overview of the requirements for authentication including preventing masquerading, content modification, sequence modification, and timing modification. It then describes the basic theory behind hashing including producing a message digest, ensuring it is computationally infeasible to find two messages with the same digest, and being unable to recreate a message from its digest. Finally, it details the framework of the SHA-1 hashing algorithm including preprocessing the message, initializing buffers, processing the message in blocks, and outputting the final digest.
This document discusses hash functions and their analysis for a network security seminar. It begins by defining a hash function as a mathematical function that converts a large amount of data into a small string of integers. Common applications of hash functions include hash tables for quickly searching data, eliminating data redundancy, caches, bloom filters, and pattern matching. Cryptographic hash functions have properties like preimage and second preimage resistance as well as collision resistance. Popular cryptographic hash functions discussed include MD2, MD4, MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-2, along with their advantages, limitations, and examples of attacks.
This document discusses message authentication techniques including message encryption, message authentication codes (MACs), and hash functions. It describes how each technique can be used to authenticate messages and protect against various security threats. It also covers how symmetric and asymmetric encryption can provide authentication when used with MACs or digital signatures. Specific MAC and hash functions are examined like HMAC, SHA-1, and SHA-2. X.509 is introduced as a standard for digital certificates.
Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) was developed by NIST and NSA to hash messages into fixed-length message digests. SHA has multiple versions including SHA-1, SHA-2, and SHA-3. SHA-1 produces a 160-bit message digest and works by padding the input message, appending the length, dividing into blocks, initializing variables, and processing blocks through 80 rounds of operations to output the digest. SHA-512 is closely modeled after SHA-1 but produces a 512-bit digest and uses 1024-bit blocks.
The document summarizes the SHA3 hash algorithm competition hosted by NIST. It provides details on the winning algorithm called Keccak, including its sponge construction, Keccak-f permutation, and the algorithms used in each round. Performance experiments show SHA3-512 is slower than SHA256 but provides stronger security guarantees. In conclusion, SHA3 will be the next hash standard and Keccak offers a secure design suited for hardware implementations.
This document provides an overview of the Keccak hash function and sponge construction. It describes how Keccak was selected as the winner of the NIST hash function competition in 2012. The core of Keccak is the Keccak-f permutation, which applies 5 modules (Theta, Rho, Pi, Chi, Iota) over multiple rounds to diffuse bits across a 3D state array. Keccak offers flexibility in hash output size, parallelism for efficiency, and resistance to side-channel attacks. It finds applications in digital signatures, data integrity, password storage, and authenticated encryption.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in DNSSEC including public/private keys, message digests or hashes, and digital signatures. It explains that public/private key pairs are used, where the private key is kept secret and the public key can be freely distributed. It also describes how one-way hashing functions work to generate fixed-length hashes from variable-length data, and how digital signatures are created by encrypting a message hash with a private key. These three concepts of public/private keys, hashes, and digital signatures form the basis of cryptographic techniques used in DNSSEC.
The Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) is a symmetric key encryption algorithm created by David Wheeler and Roger Needham of Cambridge University. TEA is one of the fastest and most efficient cryptographic algorithms due to its minimal memory footprint and maximized speed. It is a Feistel cipher that achieves diffusion and confusion after only six rounds, though thirty-two rounds are recommended for security. TEA performs operations on 32-bit words and encrypts data in 64-bit blocks using a 128-bit key split into four 32-bit subkeys.
Fota Delta Size Reduction Using FIle Similarity AlgorithmsShivansh Gaur
This paper proposes algorithms to reduce the size of firmware updates transmitted over-the-air (FOTA). It uses a three stage approach of chunking files into variable sized pieces, hashing the chunks, and comparing hashes to find similar chunks between versions. This allows creating "delta" updates that only transmit changed parts, rather than full files. The algorithms were able to reduce FOTA delta sizes by up to 30% compared to existing tools on test firmware pairs, saving bandwidth. Experimental results on three firmware pairs demonstrate size reductions and performance compared to Google's existing FOTA update method.
Makalah ini merupakan tugas kelompok dari mata kuliah "Keamanan Komputer". Di dalamnya dibahas mengenai apa pengertian dari fungsi hash, bagaimana sifat-sifat dan apa saja manfaatnya. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan membahas lebih dalam mengenai salah satu fungsi hash yaitu SHA-256.
The document discusses digital signatures and authentication protocols. It covers the properties of digital signatures, including how they can verify authorship and authenticate message contents. Direct digital signatures involve the sender signing a message with their private key, while arbitrated signatures involve a third party. Authentication protocols are used to establish identity and exchange session keys, and must address issues like confidentiality, timeliness, and replay attacks. The document also describes common cryptographic algorithms and standards used for digital signatures, including the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA).
The document summarizes several hash algorithms including MD5, SHA-1, and RIPEMD-160. It describes the design and security of each algorithm. It also discusses HMAC, which uses a hash function to provide message authentication by including a key along with the message.
This chapter discusses digital signatures, which allow a message to be signed digitally to provide authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation. It compares digital and conventional signatures, explaining the digital signature process involves separately sending the message and signature. Digital signatures provide message authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation, but not confidentiality. The chapter describes various digital signature schemes like RSA, ElGamal, and Schnorr, as well as the Digital Signature Standard. It also covers attacks on digital signatures and applications of digital signatures.
Hash Functions, the MD5 Algorithm and the Future (SHA-3)Dylan Field
The document discusses hash functions and the MD5 algorithm. It explains that a hash function maps inputs of arbitrary size to outputs of a fixed size, and that it is virtually impossible to derive the input given only the hash output. The document then provides a detailed overview of how the MD5 algorithm works, including converting the input to binary, padding it to a multiple of 512 bits, breaking it into 512-bit blocks, assigning initialization values, and performing 64 rounds of logical operations on each block that combines it with the output of the previous block.
Hash functions are used to compress variable length messages into fixed length digests. They provide compression, efficiency, and hide message content. Properties include one-way, weak collision, and strong collision resistance. Merkle-Damgard iteration is used to build cryptographic hash functions from compression functions. Applications include digital signatures, message authentication codes, and key derivation. Common hash functions are MD4, MD5, and SHA which use Boolean functions and updating rules in their algorithms. Hash functions provide security by making it difficult to find collisions or inputs that result in specific outputs.
Authentication(pswrd,token,certificate,biometric)Ali Raw
Authentication refers to confirming the identity of a person or entity. There are three main categories of authentication: what you know (e.g. passwords), what you have (e.g. tokens, certificates), and who you are (biometrics). Common types of authentication include password-based using user IDs and passwords, certificate-based using digital certificates, token-based using devices that generate random codes, and biometric-based using unique human characteristics like fingerprints. Each type involves validating identity by verifying identifying information against stored credentials through an authentication process.
Hashing is a technique that converts data inputs into a unique alphanumeric string called a hash value. It adds an extra layer of security by making the data unreadable and hiding information about the original input. Some key properties of hashing include being deterministic, agile, providing avalanche effects and collision resistance. Common hashing algorithms include MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, and Tiger, with longer hashes providing better security. Hashing is widely used to check file integrity, encrypt signatures, store passwords, detect duplicates, and anonymize data while maintaining privacy.
A Survey of Password Attacks and Safe Hashing AlgorithmsIRJET Journal
This document discusses password hashing and safe hashing algorithms. It begins with an introduction to password hashing and why it is important to store hashed passwords rather than plaintext passwords. It then discusses various hashing algorithms such as MD5, SHA-1, SHA-2, and SHA-3. The document also covers different types of password attacks like dictionary attacks, brute force attacks, and rainbow tables. Finally, it discusses the properties that make for a secure hashing algorithm, including using unique salts per password and algorithms being fast on software but slow on hardware.
Hashes are strings or numbers generated from text that are used to store passwords and check file integrity. Popular hashing algorithms include MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-2, with SHA-256 being recommended when security is important. Digital signatures combine hashing with public key infrastructure to validate the authenticity, integrity, and consent of digital communications. They work by hashing the content, encrypting the hash with a private key, and allowing verification with the corresponding public key.
Cryptography and Network Security Chapter 12 discusses hash and message authentication code (MAC) algorithms. It covers popular hash functions like SHA-512 and Whirlpool, as well as how to construct MACs using hash-based MACs like HMAC and cipher-based MACs like CMAC. HMAC is the preferred way to construct a MAC using a cryptographic hash function. CMAC improves on CBC-MAC by using two keys and padding to avoid message size limitations.
Cryptography and Network Security Chapter 12 discusses hash and message authentication code (MAC) algorithms. It covers popular hash functions like SHA-512 and Whirlpool, as well as how to construct MACs using hash-based MACs like HMAC and cipher-based MACs like CMAC. HMAC is the preferred way to construct a MAC using a cryptographic hash function. CMAC improves on CBC-MAC by using two keys and padding to avoid message size limitations.
The document discusses cryptographic hash algorithms and focuses on MD5. It provides a list of hash algorithms and their properties. MD5 is described in detail, including its algorithm, applications, and history of attacks. While formerly widely used, MD5 is now considered broken due to vulnerabilities found in 2004 and 2008. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of hashing in cryptography and information security.
Whitepaper on new research on message digest and hash techniques Bhargav Amin
This document summarizes new research on message digest and hash techniques. It introduces message digests and hash functions, then describes NIST's new SHA-3 standard which specifies six hash and extendable output functions based on the Keccak algorithm. The SHA-3 functions include four cryptographic hash functions (SHA3-224, SHA3-256, SHA3-384, SHA3-512) and two extendable output functions (SHAKE128, SHAKE256). The SHA-3 functions are designed to provide security and resist attacks similarly or better than the SHA-2 functions.
Security in Manets using Cryptography AlgorithmsIRJET Journal
This document discusses security in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using cryptography algorithms. It proposes a novel approach for effective key management and prevention of malicious nodes in MANETs. The approach incorporates security to the routing protocol using traditional SHA algorithm along with symmetric (AES) and asymmetric (RSA) key encryption methods. It analyzes the performance of the proposed algorithms by comparing the time taken to transfer data, communication overheads, and battery consumption. The results show that using AES with SHA provides better performance than using RSA with SHA, as RSA consumption more time and battery due to its large prime number calculations and operations.
Hash functions are mathematical functions that compress an input of arbitrary length into a fixed-length output called a hash value. They have several key properties including:
- Fixed length output regardless of input size
- Fast computation of hash values
- Pre-image, second pre-image, and collision resistance, making it difficult to derive the input data from its hash or find two inputs with the same hash
Common applications of hash functions include password storage by storing hashed passwords rather than plaintext, and data integrity checks by comparing hashed files to detect unauthorized changes. Popular hash functions are MD5, SHA-1/2, RIPEMD, and Whirlpool.
This document discusses cryptographic hash functions. It provides an overview of hash functions and their properties like producing a fixed-length digest from an arbitrary-length message. It describes common hash functions like MD5, SHA-1 and SHA-2 and their structures. It also discusses attacks on hash functions and the need for a new secure hash standard to replace insecure functions like MD5 and the weakened SHA-1, leading to the NIST SHA-3 competition to select a new standard.
This document discusses cryptographic hash functions. It provides an overview of hash functions and their properties like producing a fixed-length digest from an arbitrary-length message. It describes common hash functions like MD5, SHA-1 and SHA-2 and their structures. It also discusses attacks on hash functions and the need for a new secure hash standard to replace insecure functions like MD5 and the soon-to-be insecure SHA-1, leading to the NIST SHA-3 competition to select a new standard.
Google recently announced that they have successfully Generated a collision for SHA-1, although it would 90 more days before they reveal to the world as to how they accomplished this task.
This document proposes a new approach called the Count based Secured Hash Algorithm. It introduces a new parameter β that represents the number of bits rotated to the right in the preprocessing step, which depends on the count of 1s in the input message. This increases security compared to traditional SHA algorithms where the rotation is fixed. It modifies the SHA-256, SHA-384 and SHA-512 functions by replacing the fixed rotation with a rotation based on the count. The algorithm has higher time complexity but provides better security by making the digest dependent on the message content through the count variable.
The document discusses cryptographic hash functions, including an overview of their usage, properties, structures, attacks, and the need for a new secure hash standard. It describes how hash functions work by condensing arbitrary messages into fixed-size message digests. The properties of preimage resistance, second preimage resistance, and collision resistance are explained. Common hashing algorithms like MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-2 are outlined along with vulnerabilities like birthday attacks. The document concludes by noting the need to replace standards like MD5 and SHA-1 due to successful cryptanalysis attacks.
This document discusses cryptographic hash functions. It provides an overview of hash functions and their properties like producing a fixed-length digest from an arbitrary-length message. Common hash functions like MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-2 are described along with attacks against them. The need for a new secure hash standard, SHA-3, is explained due to weaknesses found in earlier standards like MD5 and SHA-1. The timeline and process for the SHA-3 competition to select a new standard by 2012 is summarized.
The document discusses cryptographic hash functions, including an overview of their usage, properties, structures, attacks, and the need for a new secure hash standard. Hash functions take an arbitrary-length message and condense it to a fixed length digest. They are used for applications like file integrity verification, password storage, and digital signatures. Key properties include producing fixed length outputs, and being preimage, second preimage, and collision resistant. Common hash functions like MD5 and SHA-1 have been broken or are becoming vulnerable to attacks. This highlights the need for a new secure hash standard with stronger security.
This document discusses cryptographic hash functions. It provides an overview of hash functions and their properties like producing a fixed-length digest from an arbitrary-length message. Common hash functions like MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-2 are described along with attacks against them. The need for a new secure hash standard, SHA-3, is explained due to weaknesses found in earlier standards like MD5 and SHA-1. The timeline and process for the SHA-3 competition to select a new standard by 2012 is summarized.
The document discusses cryptographic hash functions, including an overview of their usage, properties, structures, attacks, and the development of standards. Hash functions take an arbitrary-length message and generate a fixed-length digest. They are used for applications like file integrity verification, password storage, and digital signatures. Key properties include producing the same hash for identical messages, being preimage and second preimage resistant, and collision resistant. Common hash functions include MD5, SHA-1, SHA-2, and RIPEMD, with NIST developing new standards like SHA-3 due to attacks on older functions.
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
2. Data Protection in the Data Center
Why are we bothering with cryptography when talking about data centers?
If we believe that the data center is a treasure chest for our business’ most important
assets, then we have to realize the importance and the role of cryptography for:
a) Maintaining the integrity of data
b) Protecting data privacy, especially with new regulatory constraints
- In Motion, In Use, and At Rest
3. Hashing Algorithms and Cryptography
Hashing algorithms (or hashing functions) are not technically encryption algorithms
at all.
They are though, an essential component in cryptography along with symmetric
encryption and asymmetric encryption algorithms.
Hashing algorithms are also known as a Message Digests.
4. Message Digest: Data Fingerprint
Message-Digest algorithms are mathematical functions that transform a data string
of arbitrary length into a new string of data of fixed length (In this case, there are
options for the length of the digest, but it’s always fixed for each algorithm).
The output of the algorithm can be thought of as a “fingerprint” of the input data.
That is, it is a unique representation of the input data.
Important Points:
1) It should be impossible to have two different versions of the input data that
returns the same output data.
2) It cannot be reversed! It should be impossible to produce the input value even if
you know the output value. It’s a one-way function!
5. The Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)
The SHA hashing algorithm is actually a family of algorithms: SHA-0, SHA-1, SHA-2, SHA-3.
Created through the US Government’s “Capstone” project, driven by NIST and the NSA.
SHA-0 was quickly withdrawn after release and replaced by SHA-1
SHA-1 produces a 160-bit hash value.
In 2015, SHA-1 was revealed to be vulnerable to collisions at a cost of only $75-120K
using EC2 nodes, putting it within reach of criminal syndicates.
6. SHA-2
The US Government recommends SHA-2 as a replacement for SHA-1.
SHA-2 is a family of hash functions in its own way !
Message Digest lengths of 224, 256, 384, and 512 bits are available.
7. How does it work then?
SHA works like all hashing functions work, by applying a compression function to
the input data.
SHA works in block mode, first separating the data into words, and then grouping
the words into blocks. The words are 32-bit strings converted to hexadecimal,
grouped together as 16 words to make up a 512-bit block. The message can be
padded with zeros and an integer describing the original message length is
appended.
Once formatted for processing, the actual hash is generated. The 512-bit blocks
are taken in order, processing them algorithmically through a series of buffers.
After done for all blocks, the entire message is now represented by the fixed
length string of the hash.
8. Of course- SHA-3
And if you’re wondering, of course there is also a SHA-3.
NIST created a competition in 2006 to create a new hashing function standard.
This was not to replace SHA-2, but as an alternative and dissimilar cryptographic
hashing function.
SHA-3 has been an official NIST hashing standard since 2015. A notable
“dissimilarity” with SHA-3 is its use of a sponge function, which is unlike earlier
SHA algorithms.
9. Which SHA should I use?
So when do you use which SHA algorithm? Well the Federal Information Processing
Standard (FIPS) recommends the following. Use SHA-1, SHA-224, and SHA-256 for
messages less than 264 bits in length. SHA-384 and SHA-512 are recommended for
messages less than 2128 bits in length.
The value of digital fingerprints is straightforward, and there are many choices of
hashing algorithms to use. When applying a hashing algorithm, one may encounter
tradeoffs such as collision resistance and also processing speed.
10. Hashing Algorithm Speed Comparison
Hashing algorithms consume data processing resources of one form or another.
This chart comes from Javamex showing the differences in processing time for the
various hashing algorithms.
11. Applications of SHA Hashing Algorithms
Applications for SHA-1 and SHA-2 are many for demonstrating message integrity,
including password storage, file verification, and digital signatures. They are used
in common Internet applications such as TLS and SSL, PGP, SSH, S/MIME and IPsec.
SHA-2 is widely used for authentication of software packages and digital media.
SHA-256 and SHA-512 have been proposed for use in DNSSEC and also for Unix and
Linux password hashing. SHA-256 is used for Bitcoin transaction verification.