MD5 is a cryptographic hash function that produces a 128-bit hash value for a message of any length. It was originally designed to provide authentication of digital signatures but is no longer considered reliable for cryptography due to techniques that can generate collisions. MD5 operates by padding the input, appending the length, dividing into blocks, initializing variables, processing blocks through 4 rounds of operations with different constants each round, and outputting the hash value. While it was intended to be difficult to find collisions or recover the input, MD5 is no longer considered cryptographically secure due to attacks demonstrating collisions.
Security Hash Algorithm (SHA) was developed in 1993 by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and National Security Agency (NSA).
It was designed as the algorithm to be used for secure hashing in the US Digital Signature Standard.
• Hashing function is one of the most commonly used encryption methods. A hash is a special mathematical function that performs one-way encryption.
• SHA-l is a revised version of SHA designed by NIST and was published as a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS).
• Like MD5, SHA-l processes input data in 512-bit blocks.
• SHA-l generates a 160-bit message digest. Whereas MD5 generated message digest of 128 bits.
• The procedure is used to send a non secret but signed message from sender to receiver. In such a case following steps are followed:
1. Sender feeds a plaintext message into SHA-l algorithm and obtains a 160-bit SHA-l hash.
2. Sender then signs the hash with his RSA private key and sends both the plaintext message and the signed hash to the receiver.
3. After receiving the message, the receiver computes the SHA-l hash himself and also applies the sender's public key to the signed hash to obtain the original hash H.
Pgp-Pretty Good Privacy is the open source freely available tool to encrypt your emails then you can very securely send mails to others over internet without fear of eavesdropping by cryptanalyst.
Security Hash Algorithm (SHA) was developed in 1993 by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and National Security Agency (NSA).
It was designed as the algorithm to be used for secure hashing in the US Digital Signature Standard.
• Hashing function is one of the most commonly used encryption methods. A hash is a special mathematical function that performs one-way encryption.
• SHA-l is a revised version of SHA designed by NIST and was published as a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS).
• Like MD5, SHA-l processes input data in 512-bit blocks.
• SHA-l generates a 160-bit message digest. Whereas MD5 generated message digest of 128 bits.
• The procedure is used to send a non secret but signed message from sender to receiver. In such a case following steps are followed:
1. Sender feeds a plaintext message into SHA-l algorithm and obtains a 160-bit SHA-l hash.
2. Sender then signs the hash with his RSA private key and sends both the plaintext message and the signed hash to the receiver.
3. After receiving the message, the receiver computes the SHA-l hash himself and also applies the sender's public key to the signed hash to obtain the original hash H.
Pgp-Pretty Good Privacy is the open source freely available tool to encrypt your emails then you can very securely send mails to others over internet without fear of eavesdropping by cryptanalyst.
A hash function usually means a function that compresses, meaning the output is shorter than the input
A hash function takes a group of characters (called a key) and maps it to a value of a certain length (called a hash value or hash).
The hash value is representative of the original string of characters, but is normally smaller than the original.
This term is also known as a hashing algorithm or message digest function.
Hash functions also called message digests or one-way encryption or hashing algorithm.
http://phpexecutor.com
The presentation include:
-Diffie hellman key exchange algorithm
-Primitive roots
-Discrete logarithm and discrete logarithm problem
-Attacks on diffie hellman and their possible solution
-Key distribution center
Introduction to Public key Cryptosystems with block diagrams
Reference : Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice , Sixth Edition , William Stalling
a message digest is a cryptographic hash function containing a string of digits created by a one-way hashing formula. Message digests are designed to protect the integrity of a piece of data or media to detect changes and alterations to any part of a message. In this paper, we have explained the hashing algorithm of MD5 and also proposed how to use it for file transmission and for hashing any string.
A hash function usually means a function that compresses, meaning the output is shorter than the input
A hash function takes a group of characters (called a key) and maps it to a value of a certain length (called a hash value or hash).
The hash value is representative of the original string of characters, but is normally smaller than the original.
This term is also known as a hashing algorithm or message digest function.
Hash functions also called message digests or one-way encryption or hashing algorithm.
http://phpexecutor.com
The presentation include:
-Diffie hellman key exchange algorithm
-Primitive roots
-Discrete logarithm and discrete logarithm problem
-Attacks on diffie hellman and their possible solution
-Key distribution center
Introduction to Public key Cryptosystems with block diagrams
Reference : Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice , Sixth Edition , William Stalling
a message digest is a cryptographic hash function containing a string of digits created by a one-way hashing formula. Message digests are designed to protect the integrity of a piece of data or media to detect changes and alterations to any part of a message. In this paper, we have explained the hashing algorithm of MD5 and also proposed how to use it for file transmission and for hashing any string.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This material covers Authentication requirement, Authentication function, MAC, Hash function, Security of hash function and MAC, SHA, Digital signature and authentication protocols, DSS, Authentication protocols like Kerberos and X.509, entity authentication
This material covers Authentication requirement, Authentication function, MAC, Hash function, Security of hash function and MAC, SHA, Digital signature and authentication protocols, DSS, Authentication protocols like Kerberos and X.509, entity authentication
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
4. What is MD5?
The MD5 hashing algorithm is a one-way cryptographic function that
accepts a message of any length as input and returns as output a fixed-
length digest value (128-bit) to be used for authenticating the original
message.
The MD5 hash function was originally designed for use as a secure
cryptographic hash algorithm for authenticating digital signatures.
MD5 has been deprecated for uses other than as a non-
cryptographic checksum to verify data integrity and detect
unintentional data corruption.
Although originally designed as a cryptographic message authentication
code algorithm for use on the internet, MD5 hashing is no longer
considered reliable for use as a cryptographic checksum because
researchers have demonstrated techniques capable of easily generating
MD5 collisions on commercial off-the-shelf computers.
5. Ronald Rivest, founder of RSA Data Security and Institute professor at
MIT, designed MD5 in 1991 as an improvement to a prior message digest
algorithm, MD4.
Ronald Rivest wrote: The algorithm takes as input a message of arbitrary
length and produces as output a 128-bit 'message digest' of the input. It is
conjectured that it is computationally infeasible to produce two messages
having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given
pre-specified target message digest. The MD5 algorithm is intended for
digital signature applications, where a large file must be 'compressed' in a
secure manner before being encrypted with a private (secret) key under a
public-key cryptosystem such as RSA.
The IETF suggests MD5 hashing can still be used for integrity protection,
noting "Where the MD5 checksum is used inline with the protocol solely to
protect against errors, an MD5 checksum is still an acceptable use."
Facts about MD5:
6. MD5 hashes:
The 128-bit (16-byte) MD5 hashes (message digests) are typically
represented as a sequence of 32 hexadecimal digits.
The following demonstrates a 26-byte ASCII input and the
corresponding MD5 hash:
MD5(“Are you able to understand") =
9e107d9d372bb6826bd81d3542a419d6
Even a small change in the message will result in a mostly different
hash.
For example, adding a period to the end of the sentence:
MD5("Are you able to understand?") =
e4d909c290d0fb1ca068ffaddf22cbd0
The hash of the zero-length string is:
MD5("") = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e
The MD5 algorithm is specified for messages consisting of any number of
bits; it is not limited to multiples of eight bit (octets, bytes). Some MD5
implementations such as md5sum might be limited to octets.
9. Step 3 : Divide the input in 512 –bit block
Step 4 : Initialize chaining variables
10. Step 5 : Process blocks
Copying of chaining variables into temporary variables.
Divide the current 512-bit block in 16 sub blocks.
11. Conceptual process within a round.
We can mathematically express a single MD5 operation as follows:
a = b+((a + Process P (b,c,d)+M[i]+t[k])<<<s)
where,
a,b,c,d = Chaining variable
Process P = A non-linear operation
M[i] = M[q*16+i],which is the ith 32-bit word in the
qth 512-bit block of the message
t[k] = A constant
<<<s = Circular shift by s bits
17. MD5 versus MD4 :
Point of discussion MD4 MD5
Number of rounds 3 4
Use of additive constant
t
Not different in all the
iterations
Different in all the
iterations
Process P in round 2 (b AND c) OR (b AND d)
OR (c AND d)
(b AND d) OR (c AND (
NOT d))– This is more
random
NOTE: The order of accessing the sub blocks in rounds 2 and 3 is
changed to introduce more randomness.
18. MD5 algorithm’s strength:
The attempt of Rivest was to add as much complexity and
randomness as possible to the MD5 algorithm, so that no two
message digests produced by MD5 on any two different messages
are equal.
MD5 has a property that every bit of the message digest is some
function of every bit in the input.
The possibility that two messages produce the same message
digest using MD5 is in order of 264 operations.
Given a message digest, working backwards to find the original
message can lead up to 2128 operations.
19. MD5 security:
The goal of any message digest function is to produce digests that
appear to be random.
To be considered cryptographically secure, the hash function should
meet two requirements:
It is impossible for an attacker to generate a message matching a specific
hash value.
It is impossible for an attacker to create two messages that produce the same
hash value.
MD5 hashes are no longer considered cryptographically secure, and
they should not be used for cryptographic authentication.
In 2011, the IETF published, "Updated Security Considerations for the
MD5 Algorithms" which cited a number of recent attacks against MD5
hashes, especially one that generated hash collisions in a minute or less
on a standard notebook. As a result, the IETF suggested that new
protocol designs should not use MD5 at all.
digital signature is a mathematical scheme for presenting the authenticity of digital messages or documents.
Internet Engineering Task Force:::a public-key cryptosystem such as RSA:::In a public key encryption system, any person can encrypt a message using the receiver's public key. That encrypted message can only be decrypted with the receiver's private key.