The prefrontal cortex is located in the frontal lobes of the brain in front of the motor and pre-motor areas. It is involved in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior by orchestrating thoughts and actions to internal goals. Executive functions carried out by the prefrontal cortex include differentiating between conflicting thoughts, determining good versus bad options, working towards goals, predicting outcomes, and suppressing urges leading to socially unacceptable behavior. Broca's area, located in the inferior frontal gyrus, is involved in speech and language production.
The executive function (EF) system located in the prefrontal cortex provides top-down bias signals to other brain structures to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways. The four categories of the executive control system are cognitive flexibility, attentional control, goal setting, and information processing. The EF construct is composed of multiple inter-related high functioning cognitive skill such as formulating goals, planning, and carrying out planned goals. The key elements of the EF system including initiation of activity, working memory, attention, mental flexibility, self-regulation, and monitoring of performance. Nonverbal disabilities such as visuospatial and visuomotor deficits are on the same continuum with attention and EF disorders. In adults, the most active cortical area while performing tasks requiring attention for cognition are the left premotor and supplementary motor areas (BA 6).
The frontal lobe is functional during both fluid intelligence and executive function activities. The left thalamus is activated by verbal working memory tasks which is also controlled by the EF system. The dorsolateral prefrontal (Guenon BA 9), Broca’s area BA 45 and BA 46, angular cingulate, and the left thalamus are components of the EF system’s verbal working memory model. Fluid intelligence encompasses problem solving, pattern recognition, abstract thinking, reasoning skills, and ability to draw inferences and understand relationships. Fluid intelligence is also influenced by the EF system. There is a relationship between fluid intelligence and executive functions. Frontal lobe deficits are entirely explained by fluid intelligence (g) when using some classical executive tasks such as verbal fluency, Trail Making Test B, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. However, multitasking, decision making, and social deficits are EF tasks that exceed those predicted by fluid intelligence loss.
The executive function (EF) system located in the prefrontal cortex provides top-down bias signals to other brain structures to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways. The four categories of the executive control system are cognitive flexibility, attentional control, goal setting, and information processing. The EF construct is composed of multiple inter-related high functioning cognitive skill such as formulating goals, planning, and carrying out planned goals. The key elements of the EF system including initiation of activity, working memory, attention, mental flexibility, self-regulation, and monitoring of performance. Nonverbal disabilities such as visuospatial and visuomotor deficits are on the same continuum with attention and EF disorders. In adults, the most active cortical area while performing tasks requiring attention for cognition are the left premotor and supplementary motor areas (BA 6).
The frontal lobe is functional during both fluid intelligence and executive function activities. The left thalamus is activated by verbal working memory tasks which is also controlled by the EF system. The dorsolateral prefrontal (Guenon BA 9), Broca’s area BA 45 and BA 46, angular cingulate, and the left thalamus are components of the EF system’s verbal working memory model. Fluid intelligence encompasses problem solving, pattern recognition, abstract thinking, reasoning skills, and ability to draw inferences and understand relationships. Fluid intelligence is also influenced by the EF system. There is a relationship between fluid intelligence and executive functions. Frontal lobe deficits are entirely explained by fluid intelligence (g) when using some classical executive tasks such as verbal fluency, Trail Making Test B, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. However, multitasking, decision making, and social deficits are EF tasks that exceed those predicted by fluid intelligence loss.
A brief description of the prefrontal cortex: its location, its function, a scientific study relating to the PFC and what happens when the PFC is damaged.
Science of Learning — Why it matters to schools and families?CITE
17 January 2015, Saturday
2:30 pm – 4:00 pm
Rayson Huang Theater, HKU
by Prof. Laura-Ann PETITTO,
Sin Wai-Kin Distinguished Visiting Professor in the Humanities, The University of Hong Kong;
Full Professor, Department of Psychology, Gallaudet University, Washington, D.C. USA
http://sol.edu.hku.hk/petitto-2015/
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The brain's executive function wiring in the prefrontal cortex requires disciplined, intentional activities performed on a regular basis. In order to perform disciplined, intentional activities on a regular basis, we need robust wiring in the executive function areas of the prefrontal cortex. What to do?
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2. Location The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and pre-motor areas.
3. Functions This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior.The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals.
4. Executive Functioning The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the prefrontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social "control" (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes). Remember Phineus Gage!
