The ancient Egyptians placed great importance on preserving bodies and providing for the afterlife. They developed an elaborate mummification process to preserve bodies and allow souls to recognize them. Organs were removed and stored in canopic jars while bodies were dried with natron and wrapped in linen. Tombs were constructed on a massive scale and stocked with provisions to serve the deceased in the afterlife, reflecting Egyptian beliefs about eternal life.
Hum1020 the journey to eternity ancient egyptian religionProfWillAdams
The document provides an overview of the ancient Egyptian pantheon and religious beliefs. It describes the major gods and goddesses of ancient Egypt such as Ra, Osiris, Isis, Horus, Set, Anubis, and Thoth. It explains their roles and symbolism. For example, Ra was the sun god and ruler of the gods, Osiris was god of the underworld, Isis searched for Osiris' body after his death. The document also discusses how the Egyptians viewed the gods as having human qualities and partook in storytelling about them.
Hum2310 the journey to eternity ancient egyptian religion & embalmingProfWillAdams
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian religion and mummification practices. It begins with a brief history of ancient Egypt and discusses how the Nile River shaped Egyptian civilization. It then explores the Egyptian pantheon of gods such as Ra, Osiris, Isis, Anubis and others. The document explains that Egyptians believed in an afterlife and engaged in mummification to preserve the body for use in the next world. It concludes by stating that the next sections will further examine how religion influenced Egyptian life and culture, and how mummification aimed to grant the Egyptians immortality.
What The Water Gave Us: The Religion of Ancient MesopotamiaProfWillAdams
This document provides an overview of ancient Mesopotamian civilization and religion. It discusses how the Sumerians established the first civilization in Mesopotamia due to irrigation of fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It describes Sumerian cities, religion centered around temples called ziggurats, and myths like the Enuma Elish creation myth and the Epic of Gilgamesh featuring the hero Gilgamesh. The document examines the environmental challenges faced and solutions developed in early Mesopotamian society.
Hum1020 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egyptProfWillAdams
The document discusses ancient Egyptian practices of mummification and tomb architecture. It describes the intricate 70-day mummification process, which involved removing organs, dehydrating the body with natron, and wrapping it in linen. Egyptians believed the preserved body was necessary for the soul's journey in the afterlife. They also built substantial tombs for pharaohs, using stone, clay, and plants, where the deceased's possessions were left to accompany them. Egyptians prioritized tomb construction and mummification because they viewed the afterlife as the true permanent dwelling.
Architecture of the Afterlife: Embalming & Tombs in Ancient EgyptProfWillAdams
The document discusses the ancient Egyptian practices of mummification and tomb construction. It describes the intricate multi-step mummification process, which took 70 days and involved removing organs, dehydrating the body with natron, wrapping it in linen, and placing it in nested coffins and sarcophagi. The Egyptians believed mummification was necessary for the soul to recognize and return to its body after death. It also explains how the Egyptians constructed elaborate tombs as the permanent dwelling for the afterlife, using materials like stone, clay and plant fibers.
Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of polytheistic beliefs centered around interacting with deities believed to control nature. Egyptians depicted gods with symbolic imagery indicating their roles. For example, Anubis was portrayed as a jackal to counteract threats to the dead. Temples were built for important gods like Amun, who was most powerful combined with Ra as Amun-Ra, and had a large temple at Thebes. Egyptian religious practices aimed to provide for the gods and gain their favor.
The document provides information about Egyptian religion, including key gods and goddesses like Osiris, Isis, Horus, Re, and Set. It explains major religious practices such as mummification of the dead, which involved removing organs and preserving the body so the soul could use it after death. The Egyptians built pyramids and temples and made offerings to ensure souls could navigate to the afterlife. They also created guides like the Book of the Dead to aid the soul's journey. The document outlines these topics to teach students about Egyptian religious beliefs and rituals.
ART1204 Architecture of the Afterlife: Embalming & Tombs in Ancient EgyptProfWillAdams
The document summarizes the ancient Egyptian process of mummification. The goal of mummification was to preserve the body so the spirit could recognize it in the afterlife. The 70-day process involved removing internal organs, dehydrating the body with natron salt, and wrapping it in linen bandages. Organs were placed in canopic jars and stored with the mummified body in the tomb. The Egyptians believed all parts would be reunited in the afterlife, as with their god Osiris who was restored after being murdered.
Hum1020 the journey to eternity ancient egyptian religionProfWillAdams
The document provides an overview of the ancient Egyptian pantheon and religious beliefs. It describes the major gods and goddesses of ancient Egypt such as Ra, Osiris, Isis, Horus, Set, Anubis, and Thoth. It explains their roles and symbolism. For example, Ra was the sun god and ruler of the gods, Osiris was god of the underworld, Isis searched for Osiris' body after his death. The document also discusses how the Egyptians viewed the gods as having human qualities and partook in storytelling about them.
Hum2310 the journey to eternity ancient egyptian religion & embalmingProfWillAdams
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian religion and mummification practices. It begins with a brief history of ancient Egypt and discusses how the Nile River shaped Egyptian civilization. It then explores the Egyptian pantheon of gods such as Ra, Osiris, Isis, Anubis and others. The document explains that Egyptians believed in an afterlife and engaged in mummification to preserve the body for use in the next world. It concludes by stating that the next sections will further examine how religion influenced Egyptian life and culture, and how mummification aimed to grant the Egyptians immortality.
What The Water Gave Us: The Religion of Ancient MesopotamiaProfWillAdams
This document provides an overview of ancient Mesopotamian civilization and religion. It discusses how the Sumerians established the first civilization in Mesopotamia due to irrigation of fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It describes Sumerian cities, religion centered around temples called ziggurats, and myths like the Enuma Elish creation myth and the Epic of Gilgamesh featuring the hero Gilgamesh. The document examines the environmental challenges faced and solutions developed in early Mesopotamian society.
Hum1020 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egyptProfWillAdams
The document discusses ancient Egyptian practices of mummification and tomb architecture. It describes the intricate 70-day mummification process, which involved removing organs, dehydrating the body with natron, and wrapping it in linen. Egyptians believed the preserved body was necessary for the soul's journey in the afterlife. They also built substantial tombs for pharaohs, using stone, clay, and plants, where the deceased's possessions were left to accompany them. Egyptians prioritized tomb construction and mummification because they viewed the afterlife as the true permanent dwelling.
Architecture of the Afterlife: Embalming & Tombs in Ancient EgyptProfWillAdams
The document discusses the ancient Egyptian practices of mummification and tomb construction. It describes the intricate multi-step mummification process, which took 70 days and involved removing organs, dehydrating the body with natron, wrapping it in linen, and placing it in nested coffins and sarcophagi. The Egyptians believed mummification was necessary for the soul to recognize and return to its body after death. It also explains how the Egyptians constructed elaborate tombs as the permanent dwelling for the afterlife, using materials like stone, clay and plant fibers.
Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of polytheistic beliefs centered around interacting with deities believed to control nature. Egyptians depicted gods with symbolic imagery indicating their roles. For example, Anubis was portrayed as a jackal to counteract threats to the dead. Temples were built for important gods like Amun, who was most powerful combined with Ra as Amun-Ra, and had a large temple at Thebes. Egyptian religious practices aimed to provide for the gods and gain their favor.
The document provides information about Egyptian religion, including key gods and goddesses like Osiris, Isis, Horus, Re, and Set. It explains major religious practices such as mummification of the dead, which involved removing organs and preserving the body so the soul could use it after death. The Egyptians built pyramids and temples and made offerings to ensure souls could navigate to the afterlife. They also created guides like the Book of the Dead to aid the soul's journey. The document outlines these topics to teach students about Egyptian religious beliefs and rituals.
ART1204 Architecture of the Afterlife: Embalming & Tombs in Ancient EgyptProfWillAdams
The document summarizes the ancient Egyptian process of mummification. The goal of mummification was to preserve the body so the spirit could recognize it in the afterlife. The 70-day process involved removing internal organs, dehydrating the body with natron salt, and wrapping it in linen bandages. Organs were placed in canopic jars and stored with the mummified body in the tomb. The Egyptians believed all parts would be reunited in the afterlife, as with their god Osiris who was restored after being murdered.
The document summarizes key events and characters from ancient Egyptian mythology. It describes how Osiris became king and brought civilization to Egypt but was later murdered by his jealous brother Set. Isis searched for and reassembled Osiris' body parts. Their son Horus later fought Set to avenge his father and claim the throne. The myths explain Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife and roles of various gods and goddesses in their pantheon.
The document provides information on Egyptian mythology and gods. It discusses several major Egyptian gods including Osiris, the god of the afterlife; Anubis, the god associated with mummification; and Horus, who served many functions including god of the sky. It also mentions Bastet, the goddess of cats; and provides a creation myth from Hermopolis focused on the Ogdoad group of eight primeval water gods who were involved in the creation of the world from the primeval waters.
The document provides background information on Egyptian mythology, including its gods and goddesses like Isis, Osiris, Horus, and Set. It describes how the ancient Egyptians worshipped in temples dedicated to different deities. It also discusses some Egyptian mysteries like the Sphinx and the Rosetta Stone, which helped with deciphering hieroglyphs. Notable Egyptian kings and queens that ruled during this time include King Tut, Ramesses II, Queen Hatshepsut, and Cleopatra.
1) The document discusses ancient Egyptian history, including their pantheon of gods and tradition of pyramid building for burials.
2) It provides details on 14 principal gods such as Ra, Osiris, Isis, and Horus. Gods were associated with nature, the afterlife, and kingship.
3) The tradition of pyramid building evolved from early mastaba tombs to include the Step Pyramid of Djoser and later true pyramids built by pharaohs such as Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure at Giza.
Papyrus was used as a writing material in Ancient Egypt, made from pressed reeds. It was used for everyday writings as well as important documents placed in tombs. Museums would cut rolled papyri into sheets for easier storage and display. Papyri provide information about daily life in Egypt and their beliefs about the afterlife, often depicting gods, people, and symbols. Scenes from the Book of the Dead show funerary rituals and the deceased undertaking tasks in the afterlife.
Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of polytheistic beliefs centered around interacting with deities that controlled nature. Formal practices focused on sustaining the gods through rituals and offerings led by the pharaoh, who was believed to be descended from the gods. Major gods included Amun the king of gods, Ra the sun god, Geb the god of earth, Anubis the god of embalming, and Osiris who was murdered by his brother Seth and resurrected by his wife Isis. Mummification was used to prepare bodies for the afterlife by removing organs and preserving the body.
This document provides information about ancient Egyptian gods and goddesses. It describes several major gods like Amun, who was considered the "King of the Gods", and Anubis, the god of embalming and the dead. It also discusses goddesses such as Bastet, who was both protective and associated with cats, and Hathor, who was related to love, joy and motherhood. The document presents details on various gods' roles and appearances through images like Amun being depicted as a man with a ram's head.
The document provides information on various Egyptian gods and goddesses, including their names, appearances, and roles. It describes Amun as a powerful king of the gods, Anubis as the god of embalming, and Bastet as a protective goddess often depicted as a cat or lioness. Ra is presented as the most important sun god who was swallowed daily by Nut and reborn at dawn. Osiris was the ruler of the underworld and god of resurrection, while Isis and Nephthys were protective goddesses sometimes shown in funerary contexts.
The Egyptian religion was polytheistic and centered around pleasing and providing for the many gods. They believed the Pharaoh was descended from the gods and acted as an intermediary between the people and gods. Egyptians also had elaborate burial customs like mummification and placing goods in tombs to help souls survive in the afterlife. They buried kings in lavish pyramids and sometimes killed servants to accompany prominent leaders like Pharaohs to the next life.
Egyptians Gods[ Katherine Rizcala Alejandra N Avarro) 2003 2007polharder
The document provides descriptions of various Egyptian gods and goddesses, including their appearances and roles. It describes Amun as a powerful king of the gods, Anubis as the god of embalming and the dead, Aten as a form of the sun god Ra, and Atum as the first creator god. It also summarizes Bastet as a protective goddess often depicted as a woman with a cat's head, Bes as a dwarf protector of families, and Geb as the earth god who was married to the sky goddess Nut.
This document contains definitions of terms related to ancient Egypt. It defines symbols, artifacts, gods and goddesses, places, and other important concepts from ancient Egyptian culture. Some entries provide brief descriptions, like the ankh being a symbol of eternal life. Others provide more detail, like the different crowns worn by pharaohs to represent unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. The document acts as a dictionary for understanding aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization.
The document provides an overview of Egyptian mythology and religion. It describes some of the major gods and goddesses like Ra, Osiris, Isis, and Horus. It outlines some key myths around creation, the daily journey of the sun god Ra, and the story of Osiris. Magic played an important role in Egyptian religion. Myths helped explain the world and were depicted in temple art and rituals. Egyptian religion had a significant influence on later cultures like ancient Greece and Rome.
The document summarizes several important Egyptian gods:
- Ra was the sun god who was swallowed each night and reborn each morning. He also travelled through the underworld at night as a man with a ram's head.
- Isis was a protective goddess and the wife of Osiris and mother of Horus. She protected her son Horus.
- Osiris was the god of the dead and ruler of the underworld. He was killed by his brother Seth but resurrected.
- Anubis was the god of embalming and watched over the dead and mummification process.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian society during the Old Kingdom period from 2700-2200 BC. It describes how Egypt was ruled by pharaohs who were believed to be both kings and gods. Egyptian social structure was hierarchical with the pharaoh at the top followed by priests, officials, and scribes. Egyptians developed an elaborate set of burial practices including mummification and construction of pyramids to serve as tombs for pharaohs and display their power and importance. Major gods worshipped included Re, Osiris, Isis, and Horus.
The Nile River was essential to the development of ancient Egyptian civilization, providing fertile land for agriculture. Its predictable annual flooding enriched the soil and allowed Egyptians to develop permanent settlements along its banks. The river also served as the primary transportation route, connecting all parts of Egypt. Cut off from outside influences by deserts, Egyptian culture evolved uniquely with a focus on religion, the pharaoh's divine rule, and grand architecture like the pyramids and temples built from stone. While the exact methods are unknown, it is believed the pyramids were constructed using ramps and lever systems requiring a large workforce of laborers and artisans. Egyptian society was highly stratified but opportunities existed for social mobility through professions like scribe.
The document provides information about ancient Egypt, including sphinxes, pharaohs, and locations. It describes that sphinxes are mythical creatures with the body of a lion and the head of a person, usually a pharaoh, and the Egyptians built giant sphinx statues to guard important areas like temples and tombs. The first sphinx was built around 2500 BC to guard Pharaoh Khafre's tomb. Sphinxes are made of limestone that was carved and shaped using stone tools. The Great Sphinx was discovered in 1817 by an expedition led by Captain Caviglia.
This document summarizes the most important gods in ancient Egyptian mythology. It describes the major gods Ra, Amun, Mut, Khonsu, Osiris, Isis, Horus, Seth, Hathor, Anubis, Thoth, Ptah, Nut, Ma'at, Apis, and Sobek. For each it provides 1-2 sentences on their role and symbolism, such as Ra being the sun god and god of resurrection, Amun being the hidden god of air, and Osiris being the god of resurrection and fertility.
This document provides information about several beautiful places and aspects of culture in Egypt. It describes popular tourist destinations along the River Nile like cruises and the cities of Luxor and Aswan. It also discusses the iconic Pyramids of Giza and Red Sea reefs known for diving. On culture, it outlines Egypt's ancient history, languages including hieroglyphics and Arabic, the predominant religions of Islam and Christianity, and sports like football. The document concludes by describing several major gods and goddesses of ancient Egypt like Ra the sun god, Osiris ruler of the underworld, and Isis the protector of children.
1) Osiris was the Egyptian god of the afterlife who was murdered by his jealous brother Set.
2) Isis, Osiris' sister and wife, found and reassembled Osiris' body parts and resurrected him.
3) Horus, the son of Osiris and Isis, fought Set to avenge his father's death and became the new ruler of Egypt.
World history s_encyclopedia_of_ancient_egypt2010Evan Abbey
The document is an encyclopedia of ancient Egypt compiled by a world history class. It provides brief entries on various topics related to ancient Egypt, including cities, pharaohs, gods, and aspects of Egyptian culture and daily life such as hieroglyphics, mummification, and the use of amulets.
The document discusses the process of mummification in ancient Egypt. It explains that the Egyptians believed the soul could only live eternally if the body was preserved so the soul would recognize it. The 70-day mummification process involved removing organs, dehydrating the body with natron, wrapping it, and placing it in nested coffins along with canopic jars containing organs. These practices were meant to ensure the soul's safe journey to the afterlife and eternal existence.
The ancient Egyptians believed that after death, a person's spirit or 'ka' would travel during the day and return to its body at night. To ensure the ka could recognize its body for eternity, Egyptians developed the practice of mummification. The complex mummification process took 70 days and involved removing internal organs, dehydrating the body with natron, and wrapping the body in linen bandages with amulets. The preserved body was then placed in nested coffins and buried with supplies for the afterlife.
The document summarizes key events and characters from ancient Egyptian mythology. It describes how Osiris became king and brought civilization to Egypt but was later murdered by his jealous brother Set. Isis searched for and reassembled Osiris' body parts. Their son Horus later fought Set to avenge his father and claim the throne. The myths explain Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife and roles of various gods and goddesses in their pantheon.
The document provides information on Egyptian mythology and gods. It discusses several major Egyptian gods including Osiris, the god of the afterlife; Anubis, the god associated with mummification; and Horus, who served many functions including god of the sky. It also mentions Bastet, the goddess of cats; and provides a creation myth from Hermopolis focused on the Ogdoad group of eight primeval water gods who were involved in the creation of the world from the primeval waters.
The document provides background information on Egyptian mythology, including its gods and goddesses like Isis, Osiris, Horus, and Set. It describes how the ancient Egyptians worshipped in temples dedicated to different deities. It also discusses some Egyptian mysteries like the Sphinx and the Rosetta Stone, which helped with deciphering hieroglyphs. Notable Egyptian kings and queens that ruled during this time include King Tut, Ramesses II, Queen Hatshepsut, and Cleopatra.
1) The document discusses ancient Egyptian history, including their pantheon of gods and tradition of pyramid building for burials.
2) It provides details on 14 principal gods such as Ra, Osiris, Isis, and Horus. Gods were associated with nature, the afterlife, and kingship.
3) The tradition of pyramid building evolved from early mastaba tombs to include the Step Pyramid of Djoser and later true pyramids built by pharaohs such as Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure at Giza.
Papyrus was used as a writing material in Ancient Egypt, made from pressed reeds. It was used for everyday writings as well as important documents placed in tombs. Museums would cut rolled papyri into sheets for easier storage and display. Papyri provide information about daily life in Egypt and their beliefs about the afterlife, often depicting gods, people, and symbols. Scenes from the Book of the Dead show funerary rituals and the deceased undertaking tasks in the afterlife.
Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of polytheistic beliefs centered around interacting with deities that controlled nature. Formal practices focused on sustaining the gods through rituals and offerings led by the pharaoh, who was believed to be descended from the gods. Major gods included Amun the king of gods, Ra the sun god, Geb the god of earth, Anubis the god of embalming, and Osiris who was murdered by his brother Seth and resurrected by his wife Isis. Mummification was used to prepare bodies for the afterlife by removing organs and preserving the body.
This document provides information about ancient Egyptian gods and goddesses. It describes several major gods like Amun, who was considered the "King of the Gods", and Anubis, the god of embalming and the dead. It also discusses goddesses such as Bastet, who was both protective and associated with cats, and Hathor, who was related to love, joy and motherhood. The document presents details on various gods' roles and appearances through images like Amun being depicted as a man with a ram's head.
The document provides information on various Egyptian gods and goddesses, including their names, appearances, and roles. It describes Amun as a powerful king of the gods, Anubis as the god of embalming, and Bastet as a protective goddess often depicted as a cat or lioness. Ra is presented as the most important sun god who was swallowed daily by Nut and reborn at dawn. Osiris was the ruler of the underworld and god of resurrection, while Isis and Nephthys were protective goddesses sometimes shown in funerary contexts.
The Egyptian religion was polytheistic and centered around pleasing and providing for the many gods. They believed the Pharaoh was descended from the gods and acted as an intermediary between the people and gods. Egyptians also had elaborate burial customs like mummification and placing goods in tombs to help souls survive in the afterlife. They buried kings in lavish pyramids and sometimes killed servants to accompany prominent leaders like Pharaohs to the next life.
Egyptians Gods[ Katherine Rizcala Alejandra N Avarro) 2003 2007polharder
The document provides descriptions of various Egyptian gods and goddesses, including their appearances and roles. It describes Amun as a powerful king of the gods, Anubis as the god of embalming and the dead, Aten as a form of the sun god Ra, and Atum as the first creator god. It also summarizes Bastet as a protective goddess often depicted as a woman with a cat's head, Bes as a dwarf protector of families, and Geb as the earth god who was married to the sky goddess Nut.
This document contains definitions of terms related to ancient Egypt. It defines symbols, artifacts, gods and goddesses, places, and other important concepts from ancient Egyptian culture. Some entries provide brief descriptions, like the ankh being a symbol of eternal life. Others provide more detail, like the different crowns worn by pharaohs to represent unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. The document acts as a dictionary for understanding aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization.
The document provides an overview of Egyptian mythology and religion. It describes some of the major gods and goddesses like Ra, Osiris, Isis, and Horus. It outlines some key myths around creation, the daily journey of the sun god Ra, and the story of Osiris. Magic played an important role in Egyptian religion. Myths helped explain the world and were depicted in temple art and rituals. Egyptian religion had a significant influence on later cultures like ancient Greece and Rome.
The document summarizes several important Egyptian gods:
- Ra was the sun god who was swallowed each night and reborn each morning. He also travelled through the underworld at night as a man with a ram's head.
- Isis was a protective goddess and the wife of Osiris and mother of Horus. She protected her son Horus.
- Osiris was the god of the dead and ruler of the underworld. He was killed by his brother Seth but resurrected.
- Anubis was the god of embalming and watched over the dead and mummification process.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian society during the Old Kingdom period from 2700-2200 BC. It describes how Egypt was ruled by pharaohs who were believed to be both kings and gods. Egyptian social structure was hierarchical with the pharaoh at the top followed by priests, officials, and scribes. Egyptians developed an elaborate set of burial practices including mummification and construction of pyramids to serve as tombs for pharaohs and display their power and importance. Major gods worshipped included Re, Osiris, Isis, and Horus.
The Nile River was essential to the development of ancient Egyptian civilization, providing fertile land for agriculture. Its predictable annual flooding enriched the soil and allowed Egyptians to develop permanent settlements along its banks. The river also served as the primary transportation route, connecting all parts of Egypt. Cut off from outside influences by deserts, Egyptian culture evolved uniquely with a focus on religion, the pharaoh's divine rule, and grand architecture like the pyramids and temples built from stone. While the exact methods are unknown, it is believed the pyramids were constructed using ramps and lever systems requiring a large workforce of laborers and artisans. Egyptian society was highly stratified but opportunities existed for social mobility through professions like scribe.
The document provides information about ancient Egypt, including sphinxes, pharaohs, and locations. It describes that sphinxes are mythical creatures with the body of a lion and the head of a person, usually a pharaoh, and the Egyptians built giant sphinx statues to guard important areas like temples and tombs. The first sphinx was built around 2500 BC to guard Pharaoh Khafre's tomb. Sphinxes are made of limestone that was carved and shaped using stone tools. The Great Sphinx was discovered in 1817 by an expedition led by Captain Caviglia.
This document summarizes the most important gods in ancient Egyptian mythology. It describes the major gods Ra, Amun, Mut, Khonsu, Osiris, Isis, Horus, Seth, Hathor, Anubis, Thoth, Ptah, Nut, Ma'at, Apis, and Sobek. For each it provides 1-2 sentences on their role and symbolism, such as Ra being the sun god and god of resurrection, Amun being the hidden god of air, and Osiris being the god of resurrection and fertility.
This document provides information about several beautiful places and aspects of culture in Egypt. It describes popular tourist destinations along the River Nile like cruises and the cities of Luxor and Aswan. It also discusses the iconic Pyramids of Giza and Red Sea reefs known for diving. On culture, it outlines Egypt's ancient history, languages including hieroglyphics and Arabic, the predominant religions of Islam and Christianity, and sports like football. The document concludes by describing several major gods and goddesses of ancient Egypt like Ra the sun god, Osiris ruler of the underworld, and Isis the protector of children.
1) Osiris was the Egyptian god of the afterlife who was murdered by his jealous brother Set.
2) Isis, Osiris' sister and wife, found and reassembled Osiris' body parts and resurrected him.
3) Horus, the son of Osiris and Isis, fought Set to avenge his father's death and became the new ruler of Egypt.
World history s_encyclopedia_of_ancient_egypt2010Evan Abbey
The document is an encyclopedia of ancient Egypt compiled by a world history class. It provides brief entries on various topics related to ancient Egypt, including cities, pharaohs, gods, and aspects of Egyptian culture and daily life such as hieroglyphics, mummification, and the use of amulets.
The document discusses the process of mummification in ancient Egypt. It explains that the Egyptians believed the soul could only live eternally if the body was preserved so the soul would recognize it. The 70-day mummification process involved removing organs, dehydrating the body with natron, wrapping it, and placing it in nested coffins along with canopic jars containing organs. These practices were meant to ensure the soul's safe journey to the afterlife and eternal existence.
The ancient Egyptians believed that after death, a person's spirit or 'ka' would travel during the day and return to its body at night. To ensure the ka could recognize its body for eternity, Egyptians developed the practice of mummification. The complex mummification process took 70 days and involved removing internal organs, dehydrating the body with natron, and wrapping the body in linen bandages with amulets. The preserved body was then placed in nested coffins and buried with supplies for the afterlife.
The document summarizes the ancient Egyptian practice of mummification. It describes the process the Egyptians used to preserve bodies after death, which involved removing internal organs, dehydrating the body with natron, and wrapping it in linen bandages. The purpose of mummification was to allow the soul to recognize and inhabit the preserved body for eternity.
The document summarizes the process of mummification in ancient Egypt over different time periods. It explains that Egyptians believed mummification was important for ensuring well-being in the afterlife. The 10 step process involved removing organs, drying the body with natron, wrapping it in linen, and placing amulets and canopic jars with organs inside the mummy's tomb. Mummification was mostly reserved for pharaohs and wealthy Egyptians, while poor Egyptians were buried in shallow desert graves.
The ancient Egyptians first created natural mummies by leaving bodies in the hot, dry desert sand, which dehydrated and preserved them. Later, they developed a more elaborate seven-step process involving removing organs, drying the body with natron, wrapping it in linen with amulets and charms, a ceremony to allow use of senses in the afterlife, and burial along with possessions. Egyptians believed the heart was weighed after death - if it was lighter than a feather, the soul gained immortality, but if heavier it was devoured as punishment. Some believe the deaths after Tut's tomb was opened show the power of his supposed curse.
Mummies can be studied using modern techniques like radiology, MRI, CT scans, mass spectroscopy, DNA analysis and proteomics. These techniques provide valuable information about the individual's health, diseases, gender, family relationships and causes of death. X-rays of mummies have revealed dental problems, bone fractures, infections and other health issues. DNA analysis helps determine genetic relationships between mummies. Proteomics provides insights into ancient diseases and infections plaguing the individual. Overall, these studies deepen understanding of ancient lives and deaths.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization. It describes Egypt's geography along the Nile River, which provided fertile soil and was important for transportation and irrigation. Early structures for the dead evolved from mastabas to pyramids. Egyptian social classes were based on wealth, occupation, and education. Hieroglyphics was their written language. Pharaohs ruled as divine kings and were mummified after death. Egyptians made contributions like calendars, papyrus, irrigation systems, and mathematics. The major gods were Ra, Osiris, Horus, and Anubis.
1) The ancient Egyptians had an elaborate process to mummify bodies so that the deceased could use their body in the afterlife.
2) The steps included announcing the death, removing internal organs and brains, drying the body with natron salt for 40 days, and carefully wrapping the body with linen and amulets.
3) The final procession involved walking the mummy to the burial site with mourners, and a ceremony called "Opening of the Mouth" was performed to restore senses to the deceased.
Ancient Egyptians had strong beliefs about life after death that centered around gods like Osiris and Anubis. They developed intricate funerary practices like mummification to preserve bodies and allow souls to survive into the afterlife. Only the wealthy were mummified, and elaborate tombs like the pyramids were built to store everything the deceased would need. The discovery of King Tutankhamun's intact tomb revealed the rich treasures Egyptians buried their pharaohs with for the afterlife.
Herodotus described the ancient Egyptian mummification process in detail. The brain was removed through the nose with an iron hook, then the internal organs were taken out through an incision in the side of the body except for the heart. The cavities were then cleaned and filled with spices and perfumes before the body was covered in natron for 70 days to dehydrate it. The dried body was then wrapped tightly in linen bandages and placed in an ornate coffin for burial and the afterlife.
The ancient Egyptians developed the practice of mummification to preserve the human body after death, which they believed was essential for an afterlife. The complicated mummification process took around 70 days and involved removing internal organs, dehydrating the body with natron, and wrapping it in linen bandages. They also buried the dead with objects from their lives. Wealthy Egyptians could afford burial in tombs, while poor Egyptians were buried in the sand. Mummies and pyramids were ways to protect the body into the afterlife.
The ancient Egyptians had an elaborate burial process that evolved over time but consistently involved mummification, magic spells, and grave goods. Mummification removed organs and dried the body with natron for 40 days before filling it with sawdust and wrapping in linen. The mummified body was then placed in nested coffins and sarcophagi, which were decorated, and pets were sometimes buried as well. Wealth determined the burial location, from elaborate tombs to natural preservation in the hot sand.
The ancient Egyptians had an elaborate burial process that evolved over time but consistently involved mummification, magic spells, and grave goods. Mummification removed organs and dried the body with natron for 40 days before filling it with sawdust and wrapping in linen. The mummified body was then placed in nested coffins and sarcophagi, which were decorated, and pets were sometimes buried as well. Wealth determined the burial location, from elaborate tombs to natural preservation in the hot sand.
The ancient Egyptians had an elaborate burial process that evolved over time but consistently involved mummification, magic spells, and grave goods. Mummification removed organs and dried the body with natron for 40 days before filling it with sawdust and wrapping in linen. The mummified body was then placed in nested coffins and sarcophagi, which were decorated, and pets were sometimes buried as well. Wealth determined the burial location, from elaborate tombs to natural preservation in the hot sand.
The document describes the ancient Egyptian mummification process in three steps:
1) The internal organs are removed and dried, then placed in Canopic jars while the body is dried with natron for 40 days.
2) The dried body is anointed with oils, stuffed with materials, and wrapped completely in linen with protective amulets placed between layers.
3) Funerary rituals are performed and the mummy is placed in a sarcophagus in the tomb, where it will undertake a journey to the Underworld to be judged.
The mummification process involved removing internal organs like the brain and storing them in canopic jars. The body was then dried with salts for up to 40 days, stuffed with linen to maintain its shape, and tightly wrapped in linen bandages. Anubis, the god of the dead, oversaw the process while wearing a jackal mask. Amulets were placed with the mummy for protection in the afterlife. When complete, the mummy was sealed in a coffin and possibly a stone sarcophagus if the deceased was important.
The document discusses the history of ancient Egypt from the Old Kingdom to the Late Period. Some key details include:
- King Khufu of the Old Kingdom/Age of the Pyramids built the Great Pyramids at Giza around 2700-2200 BC.
- The Middle Kingdom period from 2050-1800 BC would have overlapped with the time of Joseph in Egypt.
- Ramses II, who ruled from the Early Kingdom period of 1570-1300 BC, is believed to have been the Pharaoh during Moses' time in Egypt.
- Mummification was an important part of Egyptian burial practices to preserve the body for the afterlife, despite their lack of belief
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The document summarizes information about different types of mummies from around the world. It discusses how the ancient Egyptians created mummies through deliberate mummification processes to preserve bodies for the afterlife. It also describes naturally formed mummies found frozen in ice or bogs, and outlines different cultural practices for mummification, including among the Chinchocos tribe in South America and in ancient Egypt. The document shares details on famous mummies like Ötzi the Iceman and the Vancouver mummy.
Egyptians believed the soul needed to recognize the body to live forever after death. They developed the practice of mummification to preserve bodies. The intricate mummification process took 70 days and involved removing organs, dehydrating the body with natron, wrapping it in linen and placing amulets between layers for protection in the afterlife. Mummies were then placed in coffins inside sarcophagi and tombs were sealed, containing supplies believed needed for the afterlife.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Hum2220 1030 architecture of the afterlife egyptian mummification & tombs
1. Architecture of the Afterlife
Embalming & Tombs in Ancient Egypt
Professor Will Adams
Valencia College
Spring 2012
2. Ancient Egyptian History
Early Dynastic (2950 – 2575 BCE): Step Pyramid built at
Saqqara
Old Kingdom (2575 – 2150 BCE): Great Pyramids at Giza &
Great Sphinx
First Intermediate Period (2125 – 1975 BCE): Memphis rules
Egypt in the north & Thebes in the south
Middle Kingdom (1975 – 1640 BCE):
Egypt reunites & conquers Lower Nubia.
Second Intermediate Period (1630 – 1520 BCE): The Hyksos
invade
New Kingdom (1539 – 1075 BCE): Deir el-Bahri & The Valley of
the Kings
3. Ancient Egypt: Gift of the Nile
The ancient Egyptians inhabited the
fertile valley of the Nile.
The river's annual flood deposited a
fresh layer of silt, renewing the
fertility of the soil & ensuring that,
for the most part, the country was
prosperous & the population
sufficiently fed.
For much of the year, most people
would be involved in agricultural
labor of some kind, but during the
Inundation (July – October) the
workforce was used by the state
for building & other major projects
such as "rehabilitation" of the land
following the flood.
5. The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
The ancient Egyptians’ funerary
customs & beliefs called for the
preservation of the body & ample
provisions for the afterlife.
This was envisioned as a continuation
of the mortal existence after death.
An ancient Egyptian would provide
for the afterlife as best as his or her
economic abilities would allow.
Today, this means that a huge
amount of information about daily
life in ancient Egypt can be found in
the tombs.
Examination of mummies provides
information on health, diet & life-
expectancy.
6. The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
The body of a dead Egyptian would be
made into a mummy in order to
preserve the body for its immortal soul,
or ka.
The word "mummy" comes from the
Arabic mumiyah (body preserved by
wax or bitumen)
The process of mummification was
complicated, including removing organs
& wrapping the body in linen cloth.
The body was treated with
preservatives which dried out the body
of the mummy.
The ancient Egyptians believed that,
after death, their bodies would travel to
the world of the afterlife during the day
& return to their bodies at night.
7. The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
In order for the person’s
spirit, or ka, to live forever, it
had to be able to recognize &
return to the body.
If a spirit could not recognize
the body it belonged to, it
would die.
This is why the Egyptians
wanted to preserve the
bodies of the dead in as life-
like a state as possible.
Mummification guaranteed
eternal life for the spirit.
8. The Mummification Process
The entire process took 70
days to complete.
Several embalmers
conducted the task in the
special embalming shop, or
per-nefer.
The chief embalmer was
known as the hery sheshta.
He wore a jackal mask to
represent Anubis, the god
of mummification.
9. The Mummification Process
After the deceased’s body
was brought to the per-
nefer, it was washed with a
mixture of palm wine and
water from the Nile, then
shaved of its hair.
Following that, all of the
body parts that might decay
or rot were removed.
The embalmers first
removed the deceased’s
brain through his or her nose
using a long hook.
10. The Mummification Process
The long hook was used to
stir up the brain until it was
liquefied.
Then the embalmers would
turn the body face down to
allow the brain to ooze out
through the nostrils.
The Egyptians were so rough
on the brain because they
didn’t realize its importance.
They thought its sole
purpose was to produce
snot!
11. The Mummification Process
Next, the embalmers
would remove the soft,
moist body parts that
would cause the body to
decay.
A deep incision was made
in the left side of the
deceased’s abdomen to
remove his or her internal
organs, usually the lungs,
the stomach, the liver and
the intestines.
12. The Mummification Process
In some cases they removed
the heart, but in the vast
majority of cases they left it.
Unlike modern humans, the
ancient believed that the
heart, not the brain, was the
seat of the soul
The Egyptians also believed
that the heart testified on
behalf of the deceased
during the Weighing of the
Heart Ceremony in the
afterlife.
13. The Mummification Process
After the body’s organs had
been removed, it was stuffed
with bundles of a strong
drying salt called natron that
was meant to further
dehydrate the corpse.
The deceased’s entire body
was then covered with natron
& placed on an inclined slab so
that any moisture the natron
pulled from the body would
run off the end, be collected &
buried with the body.
14. The Mummification Process
While the body was drying, the
previously removed internal
organs were also dried &
preserved with natron.
They were then wrapped in
strips of linen & put into
separate containers called
canopic jars.
The Egyptians believed that all
body parts would be magically
reunited in the afterlife and
that the body would become
whole again, just like the god
Osiris’s had.
15. The Egyptian Myth of Osiris
According to Egyptian
mythology, the god Osiris was
murdered by his jealous
brother Set, who hacked
Osiris’s body into pieces &
scattered them into the Nile.
Heartbroken, Osiris’s wife, the
goddess Isis, reassembled the
pieces with the other gods’
assistance & Osiris was
magically restored.
He then went on to become
the god of the afterlife.
16. The Mummification Process
The stoppers of the canopic jars
were shaped like the heads of the
four sons of the god Horus (god of
the Egyptian kings).
Each son protected the organ
placed inside his respective jar:
Jackal-headed Duamutef guarded
the jar that contained the
stomach.
Falcon-headed Qebehsenuf
watched over the intestines.
The baboon-headed son of Horus,
Hapi, protected the lungs.
Human-headed Imseti was in
charge of protecting the liver.
17. The Mummification Process
Next, the canopic jars
were carefully stored in
a heavy, secure chest
that was later placed in
the tomb with the
mummy.
The chest of canopic jars
on the left was found in
the tomb of the famous
King Tutankhamen.
18. The Mummification Process
After 40 days, the body was
completely dehydrated.
During that time the skin
became shrunken, wrinkled
& leathery.
The bundles of natron were
then removed from the
body’s abdomen.
Next, the mummy was
washed with wine & water
one more time & rubbed
with sacred oils to soften the
skin.
19. The Mummification Process
The mummy’s head & body
were packed with herbs,
sawdust & linen soaked in
scented oil so that the body
could regain its shape, and to
deodorize the deceased’s body.
Then, small stones or small
onions were placed under the
eyelids to restore a life-like
appearance.
Once this was done, the
mummy could be covered with
necklaces, rings and bracelets
made of gold & gems.
20. The Mummification Process
According to Egyptian myth,
the god Horus had his eye
miraculously restored after
losing it in a battle with the evil
god Set.
As a result, The Eye of Horus,
called a wedjat, is associated
with healing & protection.
During mummification, a wax
or bronze plate with a wedjat
carved on it was placed over
the embalming incision to
magically heal the wound in
the afterlife.
21. The Mummification Process
Once the wedjat was in
place, the entire body was
then covered in shrouds &
bound with strips of linen
until the mummy had
returned to its original
size.
This was a complicated
job, could take as long as a
week, and usually required
1,000 yards’ worth of 2 –
8” wide linen strips.
22. The Mummification Process
As the mummy was being
wrapped, small, magical
carvings called amulets
were inserted between the
layers of linen to further
protect the mummy’s spirit
on its way to the afterlife.
As each layer was added, it
was coated with resin to
hold the wrappings
together with a waterproof
seal.
23. The Mummification Process
After the week of wrapping
was finished, the head of the
mummy was covered with a
portrait mask.
This was designed to ensure
that the ka would recognize
the body in the afterlife.
Finally, the wrapped, masked
mummy was placed into a
series of wooden & gilded
coffins which were
ultimately placed into a
stone sarcophagus.
24. The Mummification Process
On the day of the funeral, the
mummy was brought to the
western bank of the Nile on a
barque.
The mummy was next brought
to its tomb, where Osiris’s
priests performed the Opening
of the Mouth Ceremony by
touching the deceased’s eyes,
nose, and mouth of the
sarcophagus with a sacred tool.
This ritual symbolically
reactivated these senses in the
afterlife.
25. The Mummification Process
The deceased’s sarcophagus was
then placed inside the tomb’s
burial chamber, the entrance to
which would be sealed to prevent
looting or theft.
Before the tomb was sealed, the
deceased’s family members
deposited food, clothes, furniture,
and dishes into the burial chamber.
They did this because the
Egyptians believed the deceased
would need the same
accoutrements in the afterlife that
he or she had used in his or her
mortal life.
26. The Mummification Process
If you still can’t get
enough of the Egyptian
mummification process,
then you might enjoy the
opportunity to act like a
virtual hery shesta, using
the Québec Museum of
Civilization’s online
embalming game at:
www.mcq.org/momies
28. Architecture of the Afterlife
The Sahara’s Shaping Influence
Ancient Egyptian architecture can
only be understood by also looking
at the environment in which it is
located.
Egypt is essentially located in a
desert, which is vast, empty space.
For anything to be visible &
considered monumental in that
environment, it must match the
scale of the desert.
This understanding may have
influenced the architects of ancient
Egypt to focus on designing &
constructing the massive buildings
that we study today.
29. Architecture of the Afterlife
The Nile’s Shaping Influence
The Nile River had an
important influence in the
geometry of ancient Egyptian
architecture.
The Nile is a very straight
river, and the straightness of
its line provided the ancient
Egyptians with both a
symbolic sense of direction &
a principle for application in
the creation of monumental
buildings.
30. Architecture of the Afterlife
Building Materials
The 3 most common materials
for construction in Egypt were
plant materials, clay & stone.
Plant materials consisted of
readily available materials like
reeds, papyrus, & palm tree ribs
& shafts.
Timber was available in limited
quantity & used for roofing.
Nile-sourced clay was used for
construction, either for frame
construction or as sun-dried
brick.
Stone was not used much during
the early period of Egyptian
civilization, but became popular
later for tombs & temples.
31. Architecture of the Afterlife
Building Materials
Construction systems in ancient
Egypt reflected the availability
of materials.
Two construction systems were
predominant: Adobe & post-
and-beam construction
Adobe construction took the
form of clay on plant material
or sun-dried brick construction.
This construction was reserved
for houses & other buildings of
daily life.
These buildings were only
supposed to last for a
generation.
32. Architecture of the Afterlife
Construction Systems
In contrast, Egyptian monumental
construction is mainly post-and-
beam.
This is found mainly in pyramids,
tombs & temples.
Ironically, columns are designed to
look like plant materials:
Their shafts resemble bundles
of plant stems tied together.
Their capitals are derived from
the lotus bud, the papyrus
flower, or the palm frond.
Great importance was attached to
relief carving & it was an integral
part of the architecture.
33. Architecture of the Afterlife
Building On A Massive Scale
Ancient Egyptian architecture
displays more concern with
massing & less attention to
space or function.
The architects of ancient Egypt
gave little consideration to
creating functional space.
Consideration of function in
design was limited to providing
spaces for ritual activities such
as chapels dedicated to gods or
pharaohs in pyramid funerary
complexes or mortuary
temples.
34. Architecture of the Afterlife
Environmental Harmony & Contrast
Architecture in ancient Egypt
also displays an understanding
of the principle of harmony &
contrast.
A great illustration of this is
reflected in the Pyramids at
Giza.
The color & materials of the
pyramids create a harmony
between themselves & the
desert.
However, the form & shape of
the pyramids contrast sharply
with the smooth, undulating
desert.
35. Architecture of the Afterlife
The Socio-Cultural Context
Ancient Egyptians viewed
earthly dwellings as
temporary, so they spent
very little emphasis on
house construction.
Instead, tremendous
effort was exerted in
tomb construction.
This stemmed from the
belief that the deceased’s
tomb was his or her true
permanent dwelling, as it
would be used for the
entirety of the afterlife.
36. Architecture of the Afterlife
The Socio-Cultural Context
As previously stated,
Egyptians believed that a
dead person needed all her
or his worldly goods in the
afterlife.
Subsequently, the tomb was
usually packed with all the
dead person’s treasures.
If something could not be
provided, its image was
painted on the walls of the
tomb.
37. Architecture of the Afterlife
The Socio-Cultural Context
Ancient Egyptian tombs also
had charms or curses painted
onto or carved into their walls
to protect the dead person’s
property from looters or grave
robbers.
The Egyptians buried their dead
in cities of the dead, called
necropoli, located in the desert
on the west bank of the Nile.
The Egyptians saw the setting
sun on the Nile’s west bank as a
symbol of the deceased’s
transition into the afterlife.
38. Architecture of the Afterlife
During the Old Kingdom, the
pharaoh and his court lived in
Memphis.
When they died, they were buried
at the necropolis at Saqqara.
Today, very little of ancient
Memphis survives because its
structures were built from
inexpensive, locally-sourced
materials.
Houses were built of materials
like wood and mud-brick, and
were only meant to last for 1
lifetime.
39. Architecture of the Afterlife
Egyptian tombs were the most
outstanding architectural
achievements of the period.
In addition to housing the deceased
Egyptians’ remains, tombs served as
places of worship for the Cult of the
Dead.
The Egyptians thought that their
pharaohs became gods upon their
deaths, and worshipped them as
such.
The tomb evolved during the Old
Kingdom from the mastaba, through
the stepped pyramid, to the
renowned ancient Egyptian pyramids.
40. Architecture of the Afterlife
The earliest method of burial in
ancient Egypt was actually in
shallow pits in the desert of the
Nile’s west bank.
The desert sand dried the
bodies and preserved them.
When animals preying on
bodies became a problem in
burial, the people dug their
graves deeper.
In the end, to ensure the
preservation of their burials,
they built a bench-like structure
over graves to create the first
burial structure called a
mastaba.
41. Architecture of the Afterlife
The name mastaba derived
from the name for the steps or
podiums found in the front of
traditional Egyptian houses.
In the Old Kingdom, rich &
noble people built mastabas for
their burials in the necropolis.
Above ground, the mastaba
looks like a large bench of
sunbaked bricks rising about 30
feet high, with a flat roof &
sloping walls.
The earliest mastabas were
decorated with painted
patterns in brilliant colors.
42. Architecture of the Afterlife
Internally, a mastaba
consists of three spaces: an
underground burial chamber
& an above ground serdab &
chapel.
The burial chamber was
located 30 feet below
ground & was the place for
the deceased’s sarcophagus.
It was connected to the
serdab & chapel above
ground through a shaft.
43. Architecture of the Afterlife
The mastaba’s serdab &
chapel are located above-
ground.
The serdab is a room where
the ka statue of the dead
person is kept.
The ka statue would act as a
substitute for the
deceased’s body in case it
was destroyed and was also
the focus of worship by the
deceased’s family members.
44. Architecture of the Afterlife
The ancient Egyptians
believed that the ka must
return to the body, or a copy
of it, each night.
They believed that if both
body & statue were destroyed,
the ka would die.
The serdab is where the ka is
supposed to live forever
Typically, it is a colorful room
meant to deceive the gods
into letting the ka enter the
afterlife.
A painted, false door led to
the land of the dead.
45. Architecture of the Afterlife
Some mastabas had
surrounding security
fences or walls, and some
even had chambers for
the burial of the
deceased’s servants or
pets.
The design of the
mastaba is the
architectural embryo that
grew into the pyramids.
47. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
Egyptian King Djoser was a
powerful pharaoh of the third
dynasty of the Old Kingdom.
His tomb, known as the Step
Pyramid of King Djoser, was
designed by Imhotep (the
first named artist in history)
in 2,667 BCE.
It was built as a funeral
complex at the necropolis of
Saqqara.
Initially, Imhotep conceived
of the tomb as a large
mastaba of stone.
48. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
Apparently, King Djoser did
not like Imhotep’s initial
idea, so instead Imhotep
designed a series of layered
mastaba “steps” instead.
The result was a pyramid
with five sloping tiers set
upon a massive mastaba
base.
As a result, this step pyramid
acts as the intermediate step
between the mastaba and a
true geometric pyramid.
49. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
When it was complete, the
Step Pyramid stood 200’
high, with 6 giant steps.
The pharaoh’s burial
chamber was entered from
north side & is 92’ below
ground level.
On either side of chamber
are store rooms for the
pharaoh’s treasures
50. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
Sadly, the pharaoh’s
stockpile of treasures
were looted in
antiquity, and none of
them survive today.
Recently, however, a
ka statue of King
Djoser was found,
staring out through
peep holes in his
serdab!
51. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
The serdab is located on The funerary complex’s
the north side, within a wall follows an alternating
funerary temple. pattern of over 200
The Step Pyramid is projecting & receding
actually the middle of a panels.
large funerary complex. Fourteen of the projecting
The funerary complex panels were larger & 13 of
consisted of palaces, them had false “doors”.
temples, courtyards & the
pyramid. The false “doors” for use
of Pharaoh’s ka, & to
These were all surrounded confuse looters.
by a 33’ wall.
53. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
The complex’s actual
entrance door leads to a
long, enclosed hall
supported by two rows of
columns.
These are believed to be the
oldest surviving stone
columns in history!
Cleverly, the architect,
Imhotep, designed the
columns to look like bundles
of reeds from the Nile.
54. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
The complex’s north palace
also features engaged (non-
structural) columns with
capitals designed to look like
a papyrus plant.
In effect, King Djoser’s
funerary complex was
designed to mimic his palace,
his city & his kingdom.
Symbolically, the pyramid
resembles a stairway the sky,
through which Djoser could
join the supreme god, Amon-
Ra, god of the sun.
55. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
After the completion of King Djoser’s Step
Pyramid at Saqqara, subsequent pharaohs
made several attempts at designing &
building purely geometrical pyramids for
themselves as tombs.
Among the more successful, prominent
attempts were the Pyramid of King Huni at
Meidum, & the two pyramids built by
Pharaoh Snefru at Dashur.
57. Architecture of the Afterlife:
Pyramid of King Huni at Meidum
It was King Huni made
the first attempt at
building pure,
geometrical Pyramid at
Meidum in 2637 BCE.
To do this, he
constructed a seven-
stepped pyramid with a
square plan, a height of
295’, & an angle of
incline of 51°.
58. Architecture of the Afterlife:
Pyramid of King Huni at Meidum
Unlike King Djoser’s Step
Pyramid at Saqqara, Huni’s
Pyramid at Meidum did
not have mortuary temple
or a surrounding complex.
A later pharaoh, Snefru
attempted to convert
Huni’s stepped pyramid
into a pure pyramid by
facing over the layers, but
that work doesn’t survive
today.
60. Architecture of the Afterlife:
Snefru’s Bent Pyramid at Dahshur
The later Pharaoh Snefru
made two attempts at
creating a true pyramid.
His first attempt in 2,600
BCE, the Bent Pyramid at
Dahshur, had a square plan
with a height of 334’.
Due to structural instability
during construction, the
pyramid’s sides changed
angle halfway up, which led
to its being nicknamed the
“Bent Pyramid”.
62. Architecture of the Afterlife:
Snefru’s Red Pyramid at Dahshur
King Snefru’s second
pyramid to the north,
known today as the Red
Pyramid, is the tomb in
which the pharaoh was
actually buried.
It is not a true pyramid,
because its sides have a very
low pitch of 43° instead of
52°, making it look stunted
or squatty.
A true pyramid has an
incline angle of 52°.
64. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Pyramids at Giza
Construction of a true
geometrical pyramid was finally
achieved during reign of King
Cheops, son of Snefru, in 2,560
BCE.
His pyramid is located, along
with the other most famous true
pyramids, on the Giza Plateau on
the west bank of the Nile.
Today, King Cheops’ Pyramid is
nicknamed “The Great Pyramid”
because of its size.
The pyramid is 482’ high on a
plan of 760’ square.
65. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Pyramids at Giza
Eventually, two additional
pyramids were built at Giza
by Cheops’ successors.
The second and largest, in
the center, was built by King
Chefren, King Cheops’s son.
The third and smallest was
built by King Mycerinus,
Chefren’s son.
Collectively, the three are
referred to as the Pyramids
at Giza.
66. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Pyramids at Giza
The three are aligned
diagonally along the
axis set by the Great
Pyramid.
The three small
pyramids located
close by were built
for the pharaohs’
queens.
67. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Pyramids at Giza
The Great Pyramid is
unique among the three
because of its internal
chambers’ arrangement.
First, a chamber was built
below base of pyramid.
Then, another chamber
was built above it, known
as “Queen’s Chamber”.
Finally, the largest
chamber, known as the
“King’s Chamber” was
built at the center of the
pyramid.
68. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Pyramids at Giza
It was the final chamber
where the king was buried in
his sarcophagus.
It measures 35’ x 17’ and 19’
high.
Both the King & Queen’s
Chambers are connected to
the entrance on the
pyramid’s north side.
Two air shafts also connect
the King’s Chamber to the
outside for ventilation.
Once the king was buried, his
burial chamber was sealed.
69. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Pyramids at Giza
All the pyramids were
designed as part of a
dynastic funeral complex for
the burial of the pharaohs.
Today, Chefren’s complex is
the best preserved example.
His complex consist of three
interconnected units:
A valley temple by the
Nile where the pharaoh’s
body was embalmed
A pyramid mortuary
temple for rituals
A long narrow causeway
connecting the two
70. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Pyramids at Giza
How were the pyramids constructed?
There is no completely certain knowledge about the
method of construction used to create the pyramids.
That said, scholars estimate that roughly 100,000 men
worked 3-4 months each year for 30 years to build the
pyramids.
The material used to construct the pyramids was limestone
quarried from nearby & transported by lever action.
Pyramid construction workers were paid in food, clothing
& drinks.
71. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Pyramids at Giza
The Pyramids at Giza were
built to contrast the vast
Saharan desert landscape
that surrounds them.
For structures to be visible in
the immense desert, they
had to be built on a huge
scale.
The pyramids were a product
of the will to achieve
immortality by the pharaohs.
The pyramids were built with
such monumentality because
they were the everlasting
homes of the pharaohs’ kas.
72. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Great Sphinx
Also located at Giza is the
Great Sphinx with the body
of a lion & the head of
Chefren.
The reason for its
construction & its purpose
are unclear.
A theory holds that it was
produced from leftover
pyramid materials that were
a applied to an existing
stone.
It may also have been carved
to stand guard over the
temple & tomb of Chefren.
73. Architecture of the Afterlife:
The Period of Pyramids Passes
With King Mycerinus’s death, the era of the pyramid ended
for the most part.
More pyramids were built by later pharaohs, but they
were smaller & less complex.
Also, later pharaohs could not afford the cost of huge
pyramid construction.
Of even greater concern, ancient grave robbers quickly
learned how to break into the pyramids & steal the goods
buried with pharaohs.
The end of the Old Kingdom therefore marked the end of
the great era of Egyptian pyramid construction.
74. Architecture of the Afterlife:
Middle Kingdom Temples & Tombs
The Middle Kingdom began
when Pharaoh Mentuhotep
united Egypt again.
During the Middle Kingdom,
the practice of pyramid
construction disappeared
altogether.
The focus in architectural
development was still on
tombs & burial chambers
however.
During this time, 2 categories
of structure came into use:
mortuary temples &
underground rock-cut tombs.
75. Architecture of the Afterlife:
Middle Kingdom Temples & Tombs
Middle Kingdom mortuary temples served as a place for
burial & worship of pharaohs after their deaths.
Temples dedicated to the Egyptian gods were also located
within them.
Mortuary temples evolved from the original pyramid
funerary complex, but without the expensive & unsecure
pyramid itself.
Later, underground rock-cut tombs became popular because
they were considered more secure.
Many powerful & wealthy pharaohs & nobles carved tombs
directly into rock cliffs & below ground during the Middle &
New Kingdoms.
The majority of mortuary temple & rock-cut tomb
construction was carried out at the necropolis of Deir el-
Bahri.
76. Architecture of the Afterlife:
Middle Kingdom Temples & Tombs
Two types of underground
tombs were built by pharaohs &
nobles during the Middle & New
Kingdom periods: Rock-cut
tombs & shaft tombs.
A rock-cut tomb is a tomb that
is carved into the earth itself.
Many of these are found along
the western cliffs of the Nile.
Good examples are the 30+
rock-cut tombs at Beni Hassan,
built for royal governors from
the 21st – 19th centuries BCE.
77. Architecture of the Afterlife:
Middle Kingdom Temples & Tombs
The Beni Hassan tombs consist
of three elements:
A colonnaded (column-
lined) entrance with a
portico (recessed porch)
for public worship.
Behind the portico, a
chamber or hall with
columns supporting the
roof, serving as a chapel.
A small chamber towards
the back of the chapel
where the person was
buried.
78. Architecture of the Afterlife:
Middle Kingdom Temples & Tombs
The Beni Hassan tombs’
exterior columns are prism-
shaped, with either 8 or 16
sides.
The columns in the tombs’
interiors were designed to
resemble bundles of reeds
tied together by rope, and
bear an uncanny
resemblance to those in
King Djoser’s hall at the
Step Pyramid at Saqqara.
79. Architecture of the Afterlife:
Middle Kingdom Temples & Tombs
Later, shaft tombs were
constructed as a complex
series of underground
corridors & rooms, cut
into the mountains in the
Valley of the Kings at Deir
Al-Bahri.
Their large number of
rooms & complicated
arrangement were
deliberate: they were a
maze or puzzle to confuse
grave robbers!
80. Architecture of the Afterlife:
Middle Kingdom Temples & Tombs
Their designs made it
difficult for robbers to
determine where the
deceased were buried.
A dead pharaoh or
nobleman would be
buried in one of the many
underground rooms.
Once the burial was
finished, the entrance was
sealed permanently &
hidden from everybody.