The document summarizes the ancient Egyptian practice of mummification. It describes the process the Egyptians used to preserve bodies after death, which involved removing internal organs, dehydrating the body with natron, and wrapping it in linen bandages. The purpose of mummification was to allow the soul to recognize and inhabit the preserved body for eternity.

1. Egyptian Mummification

2. A corpse whose shin have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to extreme cold, chemicals, low humidity and airlessness. What is a mummy?

3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUDiXs927-U

4. The ancient Egyptians believed that after death their bodies would travel to another world during the day, and at night they would return to their bodies. Purpose of Egyptian Mummification

5. In order for the person’s spirit to live forever, it had to be able to recognize and return to the body. If a spirit could not recognize the body it belonged to, it would die. This is why the Egyptians wanted to preserve the bodies of the dead in as lifelike a state as possible. Mummification guaranteed eternal life for the spirit.

6. The Mummification Process The entire process took 70 days to complete. Several embalmers conducted the task in the special embalming shop or per nefer. The chief embalmer was known as the hery sheshta. He wore a jackal mask to represent Anubis, the god of mummification.

7. After the body had been shaved and washed with wine and spices, all of the parts that might decay were removed. The embalmers first removed the brain through the nose using a long hook.

8. The long hook was used to stir up the brain until it was liquefied. Then the embalmers would turn the body face down to allow the brain to ooze out the nostrils. The Egyptians were so rough on the brain because they didn’t realize its importance. They thought its sole purpose was to produce snot!

9. Next they would remove the soft, moist body parts that would cause decay. A deep incision was made in the left side of the abdomen to remove the internal organs: the lungs, the stomach, the liver and the intestines.

10. In some cases they removed the heart, but in others they left it, because it was considered to be the seat of the soul that testified on behalf of the deceased during judgment before the gods.

11. The body was stuffed with bundles of strong drying salt called natron. Natron is a naturally occurring dessicant – something that has high affinity for water and can be used as a drying agent.

12. It was then completely covered with natron and placed on a slanted couch so that any fluids that dripped out as the body was drying could be collected and buried along with it.

13. While the body was drying, the internal organs were also dried and preserved with natron. They were then wrapped in strips of linen and put into separate containers called canopic jars. The Egyptians believed that all body parts would be magically reunited in the afterlife and the body would become whole again, just like the god Osiris.

14. Natron Information Found in the salt lakes near the Nile Acts as a drying agent Can be used in Glass and ceramics Binds precious metals together Can be used with oils as soap, toothpaste or mouth wash Gives pretzels their brown colour

15. According to Egyptian mythology, the god Osiris was murdered by his jealous brother Set and hacked into pieces. The goddess Isis reassembled the pieces and Osiris was magically restored, and went on to become the god of the afterlife.

16. The stoppers of the canopic jars were shaped like the heads of the four sons of the god Horus. Each son protected the organ placed inside his respective jar. Duamutef, who had the head of a jackal, guarded the jar that contained the stomach. Qebehsenuf, who had the head of a falcon, watched over the intestines. Hapi, the baboon-headed son of Horus, protected the lungs, while human-headed Imseti was in charge of protecting the liver.

17. Canopic jars were usually stored in a chest that was later placed in the tomb with the mummy.

18. After 40 days, the body was completely dried. The skin became shrunken, wrinkled, and leathery. The bundles of natron were removed from the body cavity. The mummy was cleaned one more time and rubbed with sacred oils to soften the skin.

19. The mummy’s head and body were packed with herbs, sawdust, and linen soaked in scented oil so that they could regain the shape they had in life. Stones or small onions were placed under the eyelids to restore a lifelike appearance. Once this was done, the mummy could be covered with necklaces, rings and bracelets made of gold and gems.

20. In one Egyptian myth, the god Horus had his eye miraculously restored after losing it in a battle with the evil god Set. The Eye of Horus, called a wedjat, is associated with healing and protection. A wax or bronze plate with a wedjat carved on it was placed over the embalming incision to magically heal the gash in the afterlife.

21. The entire body was then covered in shrouds and bound with strips of linen until the mummy had returned to its original size. This was a complicated job and could take as long as a week.

22. Small magical amulets were inserted between the layers of the bandages to further protect the mummy’s spirit on its way to the afterlife. As each layer was added, it was coated with resin to hold the wrappings together with a waterproof seal.

23. After the wrapping was finished, the head of the mummy was covered with a portrait mask, just to make sure that the spirit would recognize it.

24. The masked mummy was then placed in a series of gilded wooden coffins and put into a sarcophagus.

25. On the day of the funeral, the mummy was brought to the tomb, where priests performed the Opening of the Mouth Ritual – touching the eyes, nose, and mouth of the coffin with a sacred tool. This ritual reactivated these senses for the afterlife.

26. Before the tomb was sealed, family members deposited food, clothes, furniture, and dishes, which the Egyptians believed the deceased would need for eternity.

27. Scenes of offering bearers and daily life were painted on the walls of the tomb, which provided comforting and familiar surroundings for the deceased in the afterlife.

28. After the tombs were closed, some wealthy families hired priests to offer food to the soul of the deceased periodically. Family members visited the site during special holidays to conduct ceremonies for the deceased.

29. Invented in 1978 Fluids in the body are replaced with plastics The mummy doesn’t smell, can be touched and does not decay Modern methods of preservation: Plastination

30. Foods can be dehydrated by air drying or freeze drying Eg. Dried mushrooms, camping meals, beef jerky, sultanas Modern methods of preservation: Drying

31. Adding a combination of salt, sugar or smoking can make meats last much longer Modern methods of preservation: Curing/ Smoking

32. Sugar can be used to dry fruits to the point of crystalisation. After this they can be stored dry Modern methods of preservation: Crystallizing

33. Food is placed in an edible liquid that inhibits the formation of bacteria Modern methods of preservation: Pickling

34. Nowadays there are many artificial preservatives used in foods to give them a longer shelf life in the shops Modern methods of preservation: Artificial Preservatives

35. The End