The document discusses the hierarchical organization of living organisms, detailing the levels from cells to organisms and their respective functions, including processes like catabolism, anabolism, and homeostasis. It explains the classification system of organisms through nomenclature, identification, and the taxonomic hierarchy, culminating in the scientific naming system called binomial nomenclature. Additionally, it covers taxonomical aids such as herbariums, botanical gardens, museums, and zoological parks that support the study and organization of biological specimens.

1. BioEze

2. Cellular Organisation: In all organisms the organisation is of following types:
Cell :
Building blocks of body
Tissue:
Tissue are group of cells
that have a similar
structure and add together
to perform a specific
structure.
Organ:
It is a group of self
contained tissues that
perform a specific
function in the body.
Organism:
It refers to the living
thing that is capable to
carry on life functions.
Organ system :
A group os organs that
perform together to carry
out certain function in
organisms body.

3. It is the sum of all catabolic and anabolic reactions.
 Catabolic : A process of breakdown of large complete molecules into smaller ones.
 Anabolic : It involve the joining of smaller molecules into larger ones.
It is the process of progressive deterioration in structure and function of organism body.
Homeostasis:
It is the maintenance of internal conditions i.e. temperature of our body.
-Thermostate is the hormone which balance the temperature of our body.
Death:
It is the permanent, irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism.
Nutrition:
It is the process by which organism uses food to support its life.

4. Digestion:
Breakdown of large indigestible food particles into small digestible forms .
- Digestion can be intracellular (inside the cell ) and Extracellular (outside the cell).
Osmoregulation:
Maintenance of constant concentration of water.
Excreation:
Process of removal of metabolic waste.
-Excretory waste is of following types: Uric acid,Urea,Ammonia
Healing:
Repairing a damaged part.
e.g. Mammals etc.
Repair:
Formation of lost part.
E.g. Lizard tail , Planaria

5. Classification Heirarchy:
- It is a system of grouping oranisms according to a hierarchy or order or levels.
1. Classification: Systematic arrangement in groups according to established criteria.
-Each category or rank is a unit of classification and commonly termed as taxon.
2. Nomenclature: Naming of living organism and it is known by same name all over the world.
-It is only possible when it is described correctly i.e. Identification.
3. Identification: It is the method of determining that a specific organism belongs to a recognized taxon.
 A scientific name is given to each organism. For plants, scientific names are based on agreed principles
and criteria, which are provided in International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN).
 For animals , these are provided in International Code for Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).
 Each scientific name consits of two components:Generic name and specific epithet. This system is
called Bionomial Nomenclature.
KINGDOM (K)
PHYLUM (P)
CLASS (C)
ORDER (O)
FAMILY (F)
GENUS (G)
SPECIES (S)
Gave bionomial nomenclature.
E.g. Mangifera indica - scientific name of mango .
Genus
Species Epithet
Name language: Latin
-In Italics or separately
underlined.
-First word of genus
start with capital letter
- Species epithet start
with a small letter.

6. Books written by
Linneaus:
1. Species Plantarum
(About plants)
2. Species Nature
(About Animals)
Species:
A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of
exchanging genes or interbreeding.
E.g.-Mangifera Indica , indica represents species epithet.
- Each genus may have one or more than one species epithet . E.g. Panther leo
(Lion) have a another species epithet called tigris.
Genus:
Genus comprises a group of related species which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other
genera.
e.g. Potato and Brinjal are two different species but both belong to genus Solanum .
- Lion (Panthera Leo) ,Leopard ( P. pardus) and tiger (P. tigeris) all are species of genus Panthera.
Family:
It has a group of related genera with still less, number of similarities as compared to genus and species.
e.g. Three different genera Solanum, Petunia, Datura placed in a family Solanaceae.
In animals, genus Panthera,consisting of lion, tiger, leopard with genus Felis consisting of cats comes in family Felidae.

7. Order:
It is being a higher category which is the assembladge of families which exhibit a few similar characters.
e.g.-Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae - included in Polymoniales- based on floral characters.
- Carnivora-includes Felidae and Canidae.
Class:
This includes related orders.
E.g. Order Primates comprising monkey , gorilla and gibbon is placed in class Mammalia along with order Carnivora
animals like tiger , cat and dog etc.l
Phylum:
Classes containing animals like fishes,amphibians, reptiles,birds along with mammals
All these are included in higher category Chordata which
is phylum.
They are included in this phylum chordata on the basis of presence of
notochord and dorsal hollow neural system .
* In plants , classes with a few similar characters are assigned to higher category called
Division.

8. Kingdom :
All organism belonging to various phyla are assigned to highest category called Kingdom .
*Lower the taxa , more is the characteristics shared by the members in that taxa.
*Higher is the category ,greater is the difficulty of determining the relationship to other taxa at same level.
Homo Sapiens classification :
Kingom:Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Sub Phylum: Vertebrate
Division: Gnathostomata
Super class:Tetrapoda
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Sapiens
Means it has notochord, and a dorsal neural hollow system
Jawed Vertebrates
Notochord is modified into vertebraes
Have four limbs: Two fore limbs and two hind limbs
characterized by mammary glands
Primates include lemurs, monkeys,apes,tarsiers and humans etc.
Include great apes like gorillas ,chimpanzees, orangutans, bonobos,
and human being
Wise Man

9. Taxonomical Aids:
Taxonomical aids is the collection of samples or preserved organisms which helps in extensive research for the
identification of various taxonomic hierarchy.
1. Herbarium:
• Herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimens that are dried pressed and preserved on sheets.
and these sheets are reserved according to universally accepted system of classification .
• The specimens with their descriptions on herbarium sheets become store house or repository for future use.
Scientific Name:_______
Common name:_______
Family:______________
Place of Collection :____
Date of Collection:_____
Name of Collector:_____

10. Botanical Garden :
These are specialised gardens having collections of living plants for reference.
Plant species are gorwn for identification purposes ans eaach plant is labelled indicating its botanical/scientific
name and its family.
Some famous botanical gardens are :
• Kew (England)
• Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah
• National Botanical Reasearch Institue, Lucknow

11. Museum:
• Set up in educational institutes such as schools and colleges.
• Museums have collection of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and reference.
• Plant and animals speciemns may also be preserved as dry specimens.
• Larger animals are stuffed and preserved.
Zoological parks :
• Here wild animals are kept in protected environments under human care and which enable us to learn
about their food habits and behaviour.
• All animals are provided natural conditions as far as possible.
Key:
• It is the taxonomical aid that is required for identification of plants and animals based on similarities and dissimilarities
• Key is based on contrasting charaters generally in pair called couplet.
• Each statement in the key is called a lead.
• Separate taxonomic keys required for each taxonomic category such as family, genus and species for identification
purposes.
• Key are generally analytical in nature.