Pharmacy

1. 
DIVERSITYINTHE
LIVINGWORLD
Pharmacy


2. o Biology - The term biology is derived from the
Greek word bios means ‘life’ and logia means
‘study of’.
o Biology is the study of life and living organisms.
o Life - Life can be defined as the property or
quality of the living organisms that
distinguishes
from dead or non-living in some functions
like:
:•growth
:• metabolism
:• response to stimuli
:•reproduction

3. 1. Growth
4. Response to stimuli
2. Reproduction
3. Metabolism
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

4. o Growth is an important characteristic feature of living
beings.
o They increase in mass and number.
o Non-living objects also grow in mass by accumulation
of material on its surface.
o Growth in a living being takes place due to internal
processes, i.e. cell division.
o Plants show continuous growth throughout their life
span, while animals show growth up to a certain
age.

5. Reproduction
Sexual
Asexual
o Fungi reproduce by asexual spores.
o Yeast and Hydra by budding.
o Planaria (flat worms) by regeneration.
o Unicellular organisms like bacteria, unicellular algae or
Amoeba, reproduction is synonymous with growth, i.e.,
increase in number of cells.
o All living beings produce their offspring by the process of
reproduction.
o Reproduction is an important process for continuing the
lineage of a species.

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9.  Identification - Identification is the process
of
assigning a pre-existing taxon name to an
individual organism.
 ICBN - International Code for Botanical
Nomenclature
 ICZN - International Code for Zoological
Nomenclature

10. Carolous Linnaeus
 Bionomial nomenclature is a
system of naming species
by
giving each a name
composed
of two components, generic
name and species name.
 Carolous Linnaeus
invented
the modern system of
binomial
nomenclature.

11. o Biological names are usually written in Latin word
and in italics font.
o Scientific name usually contains two parts: first word
is Genus and second word is Species or specific
epithet.
o Genus name starts with a Capital letter while species
name starts with a small letter.
o Biological name is or printed in italics to indicate their
Latin origin and underlined, when it is handwritten.
o Example: Mangifera indica ( Mango), Homo sapiens
( Human), Oryza sativa (Rice), Triticum aestivum
(Wheat)

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13. o Systematics
o The word systematics is derived from the Latin
word ‘systema’ means systematic arrangement of
organisms.
o Systematics is the study of the diversification of
living forms, both past and present, and the
relationships among living things through time.
o Linnaeus used Systema Naturae as the title of his
publication

14. o TAXONOMIC CATEGORY
o Classification involves hierarchy of steps where
each step represents a rank or category.
o Various steps of the classification hierarchy are
called taxonomic categories.
o Each level in the hierarchy represents an increase
in organisational complexity.

15. o Species is
a group of
individuals
in which the
individu
als can
interbreed
among
themselve
s.
o Members
of a species
have a large
number of
similar
characters
SPECIES

16. o A group of closely related species is called genus.
o Example –
o Potato,tomato and brinjal are three different species
but all belong to the genus Solanum.
o Lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus) and
tiger (Panthera tigris) are members of the genus
Panthera.

17. 
FAMILY
o A group of closely related genera is called a family.
o Families are characterised on the basis of both
vegetative and reproductive features of plant species.
Example :-
o Three different genera Solanum, Petunia and Datura
are placed in the family Solanaceae.
o In animals, genus Panthera and genus Felis belong to
the family Felidae.


18. o A group of closely related families is called order.
o Order and other higher taxonomic categories are
identified based on the aggregates of characters.
Example :–
o Plant families like Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae are
included in the order Polymoniales.
o In animals, Felidae and Concidae belong the order
Carnivora.

19. o Class is a major category made of one or more
related orders that posses certain similar
correlated
characters.
o Example –
o Class mammalia has a number of orders like
carnivora, rodentia, primata, insectivora, etc. all
possess mammary glands, external ears and hair.
o

20.  A group of closely related classes is called
phylum.
 In the Plant Kingdom phylum has been replaced
with division.
 Example - Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and
Mammalia belong to the Phylum Chordata.

21. o A group of
all the related
phyla is called
the Kingdom.
o Example :–
o The
Kingdom
Plantae
comprises all
plants from
various
divisions.
o All
heterotrophic
organisms
which are
KINGDOM

22. Order
Class
Kingdom
Phylum or
Division
Family
Genus
Species


23. ORGANISMS WITH THEIR
TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES

Common
Name
Biological
Name
Genus Family Order Class Phylum/
Division
Man Homo
sapiens
Homo Hominidae Primate Chordate Mammalia
Housefly Musca
domestica
Musca Muscidae Diptera Insecta Arthropoda
Mango Mangifera
indica
Mangifera
Anacardiac
eae
Sapindal
es
Dicotyledo
nae
Angiospermae
Wheat Triticum
aestivum
Triticum Poaceae Poales Monocotyle
donae
Angiospermae

24. o Storehouses of information and specimens which
can help in identification and classification of
organisms are called taxonomic aids.
o Study of various species of plants, animals and
other organisms are useful in agriculture, forestry,
industry, etc.
o These studies are useful to know about our bio-
resources and their diversity.
o These help in identification, naming, and
classification of organisms.

25. o1. Herbarium
o Herbarium is the storehouse of plant specimens.
o Specimens are dried, pressed, and preserved on
sheets.
o These sheets are arranged systematically
according to the universally accepted system of
classification.
o Herbarium sheet contains information about date
and place of the collection, collector’s name,
local
and scientific name, family, etc.
o It provides quick referral systems in taxonomical
studies.

26. o2. Botanical gardens
o A botanical garden is a place where plants are grow
and displayed for the purposes of research and
education.
o Each plant contains labels indicating their scientific
name and family.
Some famous botanical gardens:
o Indian Botanical Garden, Calcutta
o National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow
o Garden of Medicinal Plants, North Bengal University,
West Bengal

27. o3. Museum
o Musium is the place of collection of preserved plant
plant and animal specimens for study and
reference.
o Specimens are preserved in containers or jars in
preservative solutions and can be preserved as
dry
also.
o Insects are preserved in insect boxes after
collecting, killing, and pinning.
o Large animals are stuffed and preserved.

28. o4. Zoological parks
o Zoological park is the place where wild animals are
protected under similar to their natural habitat.
o It provides opportunity for studying the behaviour and
food habits of the animals.
Some famous Zoo in India:
o Zoological Park, Mysore
o Nehru Zoological Park, Hyderabad
o Trivandrum Zoo
o Chennai Zoo

29. o5. Key
o Keys are used for identification of plants and
animals based on similarities and
dissimilarities.
o Keys are analytical in nature and based on
contrasting characters in a pair called couplet.
o Out of two proposed characters, only one which is
relevant is accepted while the other is rejected.
o Each statement in a key is called a lead.
o Separate taxonomic keys are required for each
taxonomic category such as family, genus,
order,
etc.

30. o Flora, manuals, monographs, and catalogues are
other taxonomical aids.
o They help in correct identification
o Manuals provide information for identification of
names of various species in a given area.
o Monograph contain information on any particular
taxon.