The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period across multiple domains including art, literature, philosophy, science, technology, architecture, economy and religion. It began in Italy in the 15th century, driven by newfound interest in classical philosophy and secular thinking. Major city-states like Florence saw economic growth due to their merchant industries and export of high quality textiles. This wealth supported artists and thinkers of the time. Key figures that embodied the Renaissance spirit included Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. The period was characterized by a rebirth of intellectual thought and human-centered values.

1. Katherinne Moran period 6

2. The renaissance began in
the city-state of Italy. The
great artist of the day were
supported by the political
entities and the Italian
merchants. The most
powerful city states were
Florence, the papal states,
Venice and Milan, each of
them grew wit its own
character, mostly due to the
different forms of
government that was over
each other.
Renaissance man may
indeed have found himself
suspended between faith
and reason.

3. The Renaissance is one of
those historic events that
needs to be understood not
just for what it achieved but
also for how it came to be in
the first place.
the rebirth of art, literature,
architecture and intellectual
debate that began in Northern
Italy in the 15th century.

4.  The economic strength owned
by Florence was what created a
growth in the mercantile
industry that was what
attracted immigrants, and set
the scenario for a massive
movement like the renaissance.
Florence exported massive
amounts of textiles of a very
high quality all over Italy and
Europe, and that’s what helped
it maintain the economic
strength that has always
characterized the city.

5. Humanism
Humanism is the term that
applies to the predominant
social philosophy from 1400 to
1650. this was the time when
classics stimulated the
philosophy and secularism,
the appreciation of words and
intensified the personal
independence and individual
expression, it also intensified
the growing of secular view of
life. Expansion of trade,
growth of prosperity and
luxury, and widening social
contacts generated interest in
worldly pleasures, despite the
loyalty to the Christian
doctrine. Humanism
welcomed classical writers
who revealed similar social
values and secular attitudes.

6. The most fundamental point
of agreement is that the
humanist mentality stood at a
point midway between
medieval supernaturalism and
the modern scientific and
critical attitude. Medievalists
see humanism as the terminal
product of the Middle Ages.
As the grip of medieval
supernaturalism began to
diminish, secular and
human interests became
more prominent. The facts
of individual experience in
the here and now became
more interesting than the
shadowy afterlife.

7. Indeed, as the age of
Renaissance humanism wore
on, the distinction between
this world (the City of Man)
and the next (the City of God)
tended to disappear.
Humanistic contributions
to science consisted mainly
in the recovery of Greek
scientific literature which
evinced a more accurate
and acceptable body of
facts and ideas than most
medieval scientific works.

8. Individualism and the instinct
of curiosity were vigorously
cultivated. Honest doubt
began to replace unreasoning
faith.
the spirit of individualism to a
certain degree incited the
Protestant revolt, which, in
theory at least, embodied a
thorough application of the
principle of individualism in
religion.

9. Science
At the beginning of the 15th
century, humanist faith in
classical scholarship led to the
search for ancient texts that
would increase current
scientific knowledge. science
succeeded in becoming a
permanent part of Western
culture, soon after its first
appearance it was swept away
by its antithesis, that is, by
Italian humanism. For
humanism turned the minds
of prospective scientists from
fact to form, from substance to
grammar, from empirical
investigation to the adoration
of ancient authorities.

10. Renaissance scholars inherited
from the Middle Ages
intellectual views and
approaches in philosophy,
medicine, and science, and
challenged almost all of them.
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)
absorbed Aristotelian science
and then rejected it in favor of
a mathematically based
analysis of physical reality, the
modern science of mechanics.
And along the way he offered
evidence that Copernicus's
daring view was not just
mathematical hypothesis but
physical reality. Another
mathematical achievement
affecting Europe and the rest
of the world in future
centuries was calendar reform.

11. Renaissance medical scholars
inherited an understanding of
the human body and an
approach to healing based on
the ancient Greek physician
Galen (c. 129–c. 199 c.e.). they
applied humanistic
philological techniques and
ideological criticism to both
medieval and ancient medical
texts. With the Renaissance
came an increase in
experimental investigation,
principally in the field of
dissection and body
examination, thus
advancing our knowledge
of human anatomy.

12. Technology
During this period technology
and inventions were very
primitive and crude.
The most important
technological innovation of the
time was
the printing press. The
technology to make this
possible was introduced from
China in the 1300’s. By the
1400’s, movable type was
being used in Europe
as Johann Gutenberg began
printing the Bible in everyday
language. Soon millions of
books were in circulation. This
invention led to a
higher literacy rate among
people, and helped with the
spreading of Renaissance
ideas.
Here are some examples:

13. Clocks, eyeglasses
and spectacles
In the beginning of the Renaissance
time period, we can see the first
portable clocks developed in Florenece,
Italy, in 1410 by Filippo Brunelleschi, a
famous architect. Before this time,
mechanical clocks were large, fixed
devices. The spring- driven clock made
it possible to carry the time around
with you.
An important advance in the science
world came from the development of
convex and concave lenses first used as
vision correctors in about 1280, in
Florence, Italy. These spectacles can be
seen in paintings of Pope Leo X, who
was often depicted wearing concave
lenses to correct his vision problem of
myopia, or near-sightedness. From the
development of these lenses came
development of the microscope and
telescope, which will be discussed
later.

14. Microscope
Another major development in the
science world was the microscope
invented in 1590 by Zacharias Janssen
and his father in Holland. It was a
compound microscope with two
lenses. The microscope was used for
viewing things too tiny to be seen by
the naked eye. It used concave and
convex lenses to bend light and
greatly enlarge images. In 1660, Dutch
scientist and microscope builder
Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first
to study bacteria using a microscope.
His microscopes had a magnifying
power of up to 270 times larger than
actual size and used a single lens. This
was considered to be the best
available power for his time, used to
study microorganisms and human
blood cells. Because many of our
scientists and inventors went against
common knowledge and belief, many
were ridiculed and some were even
punished.

15. Telescope
Using the idea of the microscope to
guide him, Hans Lippershy of
Middleberg decided to invent the
telescope in 1608. Lippershy
thought that if a microscope could
enlarge images too small for the
naked eye to see, there must be a
way to enlarge objects too distant
for which to get a good view. He
accomplished this by combining
two lenses and a tube in a different
way than previously used in the
microscope. By using convex and
concave lenses he was able to
magnify stars and planets. Like the
microscope, the telescope was
invented in Holland and bent light
to view a desired image. Galileo
Galilei used the telescope to
develop his theories and ideas
about Earth and its relation to the
stars and the rest of the universe.

16. Astronomy
Astronomy languished for
centuries after the fall of Rome.
Much of the astronomical
knowledge of the ancient Greeks
was lost, apart from Aristotle’s
concepts about a spherical Earth
and its location at the center of the
universe. Nicolas
Copernicus arrived at a new model
of the cosmos, with the Sun at the
center rather than the Earth. The
invention of the telescope
led Galileo to new discoveries and
a defense of Copernicus, while later
astronomers used the instrument
to map the heavens. The
Copernican system would finally
be proven through the work
of Isaac Newton in the early 1700’s.

17. Philosophy
Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Skepticism
underwent a revival over the course of
the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries as
part of the ongoing recovery of ancient
literature and thought.
While many humanists shared Petrarca’s
esteem for Stoic moral philosophy, others
called its stern prescriptions into
question. They accused the Stoics of
suppressing all emotions and criticized
their view for its inhuman rigidity.
In contrast to the extreme ethical stance
of the Stoics, they preferred the more
moderate Peripatetic position, arguing
that it provides a more realistic basis for
morality, since it places the acquisition of
virtue within the reach of normal human
capacities. Another Stoic doctrine that
was often criticized on religious grounds
was the conviction that the wise man is
entirely responsible for his own
happiness and has no need of divine
assistance.

18. The most important exponent of
Stoicism during the Renaissance
was the Flemish humanist Justus
Lipsius (1547–1606), who worked
hard to brighten the appeal of
Stoicism to Christians. His first
Neostoic work was De
constantia (On Constancy, 1584), in
which he promoted Stoic moral
philosophy as a refuge from the
horrors of the civil and religious
wars that ravaged the continent at
the time. His main accounts of
Stoicism were Physiologia
Stoicorum (Physical Theory of the
Stoics) and Manuductio ad stoicam
philosophiam (Guide to Stoic
Philosophy), both published in 1604.
Together they constituted the most
learned account of Stoic philosophy
produced since antiquity.

19. Some humanists tried to
harmonize Epicurean with
Christian doctrine.
The revival of ancient philosophy
was particularly dramatic in the
case of Skepticism, whose
revitalisation grew out of many of
the currents of Renaissance thought
and contributed to make the
problem of knowledge crucial for
early modern philosophy. The
major ancient texts stating the
Skeptical arguments were slightly
known in the Middle Ages. It was
in the fifteenth and sixteenth
century that Sextus
Empiricus’s Outlines of
Pyrrhonism and Against the
Mathematicians, Cicero’s Academica,
and Diogenes Laertius’s Life of
Pyrrho started to receive serious
philosophical consideration.

20. Literature
The Renaissance in Europe was in
one sense an awakening from the
long slumber of the Dark Ages.
What had been a stagnant, even
backsliding kind of society re-
invested in the promise of material
and spiritual gain. There was the
sincerely held belief that humanity
was making progress towards a
noble summit of perfect existence.
How this rebirth came to fruition is
a matter of debate among
historians.
In Italy, for example, educated
citizens rediscovered the grace and
power of their classical, pagan
traditions. Greek and Roman
mythologies and philosophies
served as the inspirational material
for a new wave of artistic creation.

21. The spirit of the Renaissance
was expressed in literature as
well as art. The poetry of
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
powerfully expressed the
principles of humanism
extremely early in the budding
Renaissance.

22. Art
In keeping with the spirit of
humanism, artists of the early
Renaissance strove to portray
lifelike human forms with correct
proportions and realistic clothing
and expressions. Artists developed
new techniques to give paintings a
more three-dimensional, life-like
quality, and commonly studied
human and animal anatomy in
efforts to better understand their
subjects.
During the renaissance, a lot of
important humanist started to
express themselves by paintings
that now form an important part of
our history.

23. Architecture
Italian Renaissance architects based
their theories and practices
on Classical Roman examples. The
Renaissance revival of Classical Rome
was as important in architecture as it
was in literature. A pilgrimage to
Rome to study the ancient buildings
and ruins, especially the Colosseum
and Pantheon, was considered
essential to an architect's training.
Classical orders and architectural
elements such as columns, pilasters,
pediments, entablatures, arches, and
domes form the vocabulary of
Renaissance buildings. Vitruvius's
writings on architecture also
influenced the Renaissance definition
of beauty in architecture. As in the
Classical world, Renaissance
architecture is characterized by
harmonious form, mathematical
proportion, and a unit of
measurement based on the human
scale.

24. During the Renaissance, architects
trained as humanists helped raise
the status of their profession from
skilled laborer to artist. They hoped
to create structures that would
appeal to both emotion and reason.
Three key figures in Renaissance
architecture were Filippo
Brunelleschi, Leon Battista Alberti,
and Andrea Palladio.

25. Economy
The reason northern Italy was so
much more prosperous than other
European countries was that
commerce was extremely
developed in northern Italy.
contact with other cultures through
Crusades helped reviving
commercial activity. Trade was
increased with the exchange of
luxury goods in the Mediterranean
region and various commodities
such as fish and fur.

26. Eventually, commerce soon moved
inland, bringing new prosperity to
the citizens of cities along major
trade routes. As traffic along these
routes increased, existing
settlements grew and many non-
residents came from the
countryside. Simultaneously the
international and inland trade
became active centering around the
Mediterranean, and the commerce
of port cities advanced. Also the
merchant families accumulated
enormous amount of properties by
trade, and they supported the port
cities. Thus, though the northern
Italy was not abundant of resources
compared to other places of
Europe, the advancement created
by trade allowed it to prosper.

27. Religion
The new ideals of humanism,
although more secular in some
aspects, developed against a
Christian backdrop, especially in
the Northern Renaissance. Much, if
not most, of the new art was
commissioned by or in dedication
to the Church. However, the
Renaissance had a profound effect
on contemporary theology,
particularly in the way people
perceived the relationship between
man and God. Many of the period's
foremost theologians were
followers of the humanist method.

28. The Age of
Exploration
officially began in the early 15th
century and lasted until the 17th
century. The period is
characterized as a time when
Europeans began exploring the
world by sea in search of trading
partners, new goods, and new
trade routes. In addition, some
explorers set sail to simply learn
more about the world. Many
nations were looking for goods
such as silver and gold but one of
the biggest reasons for exploration
was the desire to find a new route
for the spice and silk trades.

29. The Protestant
Reformation
"The Protestant Reformation was a
major 16th century European
movement aimed initially at
reforming the beliefs and practices
of the Roman Catholic Church. Its
religious aspects were
supplemented by ambitious
political rulers who wanted to
extend their power and control at
the expense of the Church. The
Reformation ended the unity
imposed by medieval Christianity
and, in the eyes of many historians,
signaled the beginning of the
modern era. A weakening of the
old order was already under way in
Northern Europe, as evidenced by
the emergence of thriving new
cities and a determined middle
class.

30. Famous People in
the Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
(1452 – 1519) Leonardo was the
supreme Renaissance painter,
scientist, inventor, and
polymath. Da Vinci is widely
regarded as one of the greatest
minds the world has ever
produced. He was interested in
everything from music to art
and science. Da Vinci was an
immense creative force at the
start of the renaissance period.
Amongst his many works was
the immortal painting - The
Mona Lisa.

31. MICHELANGELO RAPHAEL
 (1475 – 1564) Renaissance sculptor,
painter and architect. Michelangelo
is often thought of as embodying the
spirit of the renaissance. His greatest
works include the statue of David
and his painting of the Sistine
Chapel.
 (1483 – 1520) Italian painter. One of
the three members of the high
Renaissance trinity. Raphael was
asked by Pope Julius II to work on
rooms in the Vatican at the same
time as Michelangelo worked on the
Sistine chapel. Raphael was known
for the perfection and grace of his
classical interpretations.

32. TITIAN DONATELLO
 (1488-1576) An Italian painter, Titian
was a member of the 16th Century
Venetian school. He was a prolific
and verstaile artist who
experimented with new forms of art,
such as subtle variations in colour.
 (1386-1466) An Italian painter and
sculptor. Donatello was a key figure
in the early Florence renaissance.
Major works includ David, Virgin
and Child with Four Angels, St
Mark and The Feast of Herod.

33.  http://www.sparknotes.com/history/europea
n/renaissance1/summary.html
 http://www.italianlegacy.com/brief-history-
of-florence.html by anon.
 http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/huma
nism.html
 http://www.scienceandyou.org/articles/ess_1
5.shtml

34.  http://nides.bc.ca/Assignments/Invent69/Re
naissance1.htm