This document provides an overview of the origin and development of the main social sciences disciplines: anthropology, sociology, and political science. It discusses how they emerged from philosophy and theology to become empirical sciences based on observation and evidence. Key events and thinkers that contributed to their development include the Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment period, works of thinkers like Comte, Durkheim, Marx, and Boas. Decolonization efforts aimed to make the social sciences less ethnocentric and more reflective of non-Western experiences and knowledge.

1. Good afternoon
Class!

2. LESSON 1
September 17, 2021

3. THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF THE
SOCIAL SCIENCES:
ANTHROPOLOGY ,
SOCIOLOGY, AND POLITICAL
SCIENCE

5. In the Development and progress of human knowledge,
the social sciences were the last to develop after the
natural sciences.

6. And while the origin
of the social
sciences can be
traced back to the
ancient
Greek philosophers
Socrates, Plato,
Aristotle, their
development as
separate fields of
knowledge only

7. Before the birth of modern
social sciences in the West,
the study of society, culture,
and politics were based on
social and political
philosophy.
In return, social and political
philosophies were based on the
theological reasoning grounded
in Revelation based on the
Bible.

8. It ask the questions:
• What is the nature of truth?
• How do we know what we
know?
Philosophy
It is distinct from science.
Philosophy is based
on analytic
understanding of the
nature of truth
asserted about
specific topics or
issues.

9. Sciences are based
on:
• empirical data,
• tested theories,
• and carefully contrived
observations
Science
It seeks to discover the
truth about specific
causes of events and
happenings in the
natural world mainly
through observation.

10. The development of the
sciences during the
modern period was made
possible by several large
scale social upheavals and
pivotal events.
They can be summarized as what is
shown by the figure below:

11. The Unprecedented Growth of Science
refers to historical changes in thought and belief,
to changes in social and institutional organization,
that unfolded in Europe roughly between 1550 and
1700.
The scientific Revolution, which begun with,
(1473-1543)
Nicolaus Copernicus

12. which proposed universal laws of
motion and a mechanical model of
the universe.
It culminated in the works of
(1643-1727)
Isaac Newton

13. who established the supremacy
of reason over Imagination
Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon discovered
and popularized the
scientific method.

14. Descartes advocated the use
of rigorous philosophical
analysis to arrive at truths
rather than basing them on
dogmas.
René Descartes
was a French philosopher,
mathematician, and writer
who is considered the
father of modern
philosophy
Rene Descartes
and Newton laid
the foundation
that allowed
science and
technology to
change the
world.

15. Cartesian coordinates in
the 17th century is
invented by René
Descartes revolutionized
mathematics by
providing the first
systematic link between
Euclidean geometry and
algebra.

16. The discovery of:
 gravity by Newton
 the mathematization of physics
 astronomy
paved the way for the dominance
of science and mathematics in
describing and explaining the world
and its nature.

17. The coming of Scientific Revolution and the Age of Reason, form the
medieval cosmology or model of the universe.
Defines it as divinely ordained,
people shifted to the model of the
universe as a big machine.
The triumph of this model of the
universe was facilitated by Newton’s
Physics
Once the physical its secrets. universe was
considered as a machine, it soon became
apparent that human being can explore it
using science in order to reveal.

18. The
Secularization of
Learning and
Education
Secularization refers to the historical process in which
religion loses social and cultural significance. As a
result of secularization the role of religion in modern
societies becomes restricted.

19. Reformation
The period when reformists from the
Roman Catholic begun to question the
dogma and teachings of the church.
Begun when REASON and SCIENCE
triumphed (specially Western Reason)
over dogma and religious authority.

20. Protestant Movement
It is led by Martin
Luther eroded the
power of the Roman
Catholic Church.
Martin Luther
German monk and university professor
It resulted in the
creation of a
branch of
Christianity called
Protestantism, a
name used
collectively to refer
to the many
religious groups
that separated
from the Roman
Catholic Church
due to differences
in doctrine.

21. Largely a cultural movement, emphasizing rationalism as well
as political and economic theory, and it clearly built on the
Scientific Revolution.
Enlightenment

22. -is a philosopher who challenged the use of
metaphysics or absolute truth derived mainly
from unjustified tradition and authority such as
the existence of God.
-he advocated the use of reason in order to
know the nature of the world and human
beings.
Immanuel Kant

23. universities relied mainly on religious tradition and the
Bible to explain the nature of the universe and the
place of human beings in the grand scheme of things,
the modern universities started to rely on science and
its method to interpret the world.
Medieval Period
the period when:

24. Max Weber
one of the leading figures in modern
Sociology, described this process as
rationalization. (Medieval Period)

25. means that social life is more subjected to
calculation and prediction.
Calculation and Prediction can only be achieve if
human beings and society rely on regularities
established by modern science.
Rationalization

26. Germ Theory
Discovered by Louis Pasteur, brought to
the development of vaccination, people
more and more relied on medical
knowledge to deal with diseases.
He is considered to be the father of
Immunology.
Louis Pasteur

27. a French Sociologist pointed
out that Science triumphed,
because it provided reliable
results.
Francois Lyotard (1984)

28. The Rise of Universities
“Education is the most important factor in the rise of social
sciences.”

29. Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States

30. Secular
Subjects
Subjects dealing with
natural world proliferated in
the universities.
mathematics, English, language arts, verbal expression and grammar,
history, literature, nature and geography

31. One of the founding “fathers”
of sociology, for instance,
lectured on the need to
secularize education and base
the curriculum on the need of
the nation-state-to develop
citizens necessary for the
modern world.
Emile Durkheim

32. The Dissolution of
Feudal Social
Relations
With the intensification of commerce and trade in the 17th century, many
,medieval gilds or workers cooperatives were dissolved and absorbed into the
emerging factory system.

33. Trade
and Commerce

34. Marco Polo
his travels of this period fed the imaginations of
the Europeans with vivid descriptions of places
whose very existence they had never been
unaware of.
an Italian merchant traveler from Venice
whose travels are recorded in Livres des
Meveilles du Monde (Description of the World),
introduced the Europeans to Asia and
China;
that inspired Columbus’s five journeys to
America, to Magellan’s circumnavigation of
the world.

35. The Rise of
Individualism
The intensification of commerce and trade gradually replaced barter within the
introduction of money and banking system.

36. The intensification of
commerce and trade
gradually replaced barter
within the introduction of
money and banking system.

37. Individualism
simply the recognition of the power of the
individual to assert one’s freedom against
the given norms and structures of society.
modern individuals asserted their freedom to
choose.
through education and spread of scientific
worldview, people saw their lives as no longer at
the mercy of fate or destiny.

38. The Birth of Social Sciences
as a Response to the
Social Turmoil of the
Modern Period

39. It is a branch of social sciences that deals with
o the scientific study of human interactions,
o social groups and institutions,
o whole societies,
o and the human world as such
Sociology

40. Social
institutions
Their universality indicates that
they are deeply rooted in human
nature and that they are essential
in the development and
maintenance of orders.
A social institution is a complex,
integrated set of social norms organized
around the preservation of a basic
societal value.

41. The secondary institutions derived from Family would
be,

42. The secondary institutions of economics would be,

43. The secondary institutions of Religion would be,

44. The secondary institutions of education would be,

45. The secondary institutions of State would be,

46. -a French philosopher and
mathematician, is the founding
father of sociology.
-he coined the term “sociology”
but originally used “social
physics” as a term for it.
Isidore Auguste Marie Farncois
Xavier Comte (1798-1857)

47. Comte suggested that there were three stages in the
development of societies, namely:
1. The theological stage
2. The metaphysical stage
3. The positive stage

48. -an English writer and
reformist
-is considered as the
“founding mother of
sociology”
-despite her physical
disabilities, she
traveled a lot
she wrote How to
Observe Morals
and Manners
(1838), the deep
sociological insights
that we now call as
ethnographic
narratives are fully
conveyed
Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)

49. -is considered as the
“father of scientific
socialism”
-he introduced the
materialist analysis of
history, which discounts
religious and
metaphysical (spiritual)
explanation for historical
development.
• he advocated the use of
scientific methods to
uncover the deeps
structural tendencies
that underline great
social transitions
• he belonged to the
realist tradition of social
sciences that believed
the power of scientific
reasoning to know the
nature of society and
human beings
• he stood out as the
sociologist who
combined revolutionary
activity with scholarly
passion.
Karl Marx (1818-1883)

50. -a French sociologist who
made professionalization of
sociology possible by
teaching it in the university
of Bordeaux
-his main contribution are in
the field of sociology of
religion, education, and
evidence.
• he was responsible for
depending sociology as an
independent discipline
from psychology
• he argued that society
possesses a reality sui
generis (that is, its own
kind, or a class by itself,
unique) independent of
individuals and institutions
that compose it.
• he argued that society
preexisted the individuals
and will continue to exist
long after the individual is
dead.
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

51. -he is the pioneer of
interpretative sociology
-he stressed the role of
rationalization in the
development of society. For
him rationalization refers
essentially to the
disenchantment of the world.
as science began
to replace to
replace religion,
people also
adopted a
scientific or
rational attitude.
People started to
doubt myths and
superstitious
beliefs.
Max Weber (1864-1920)

52. Anthropology
Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with
• human behavior,
• human biology,
• cultures and societies,
• in both the present and past, including past human species.

53. -considered as the
“father of modern
American
anthropology.”
-he was the first
anthropologist to have
rejected the biological
basis of racism or racial
discrimination
he rejected the
popular Western idea
of social evolution or
the development of
societies from lower
to higher forms. This
kind of theory
influenced by Darwin
was rejected by Boas
in favor of historical
particularism.
Franz Boas

54. -was an anthropologist
and ethnographer
-a Polish immigrant who
did a comprehensive
study of Trobriand Island.
based on his field study,
he developed what
social scientist now call
as participant
observation.
-he is considered as one
of the most influential
ethnographers in the
20th century.
Bronisław Kasper Malinowski

55. -was an English social
anthropologist who
developed the theory of
structural functionalism
-in 1937, he became the
Chair in Social
Anthropology in Oxford
-he has similarity with
Durkheim in which he
advocated the study of
abstract principles that
govern social change
- he viewed individuals as
mere products of social
structures which led to
the establishment of the
structural-functionalist
paradigm in anthropology.
Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown

56. Part of social sciences that
deals with the study of
politics, power and
government.
Political Science
Studies how even the most private and
personal decisions of individuals are
influenced by collective decisions of a
community. While other social sciences
have a quite clear history, political science
has a complex past.

57. Pluralismled to the emphasis on
analyzing group interest rather than the state.
In the 20th century, the discipline of social science shifted
from state-centered to pluralism.

58. -was a newspaper commentator
and respected world news
columnist
Walter Lippmann (1889-1974)

59. The Colonial Origin of the
Social Sciences

60. The Clamor for Decolonization of Social Sciences
Social sciences spread from the center (west) to the
peripheries (non-Western) of the world. Most of their
observations, mainly from anthropology, were clothed
in the cultural beliefs and attitudes of the European
colonizers.
It cannot be denied that social sciences, as they
developed in the West, were not employed by
colonizers in order to further subjugate the inhabitants
of the non-Western World.

61. Social Darwinism, which proclaimed the survival of the
fittest, was used to justify the denomination of native
people as well as the exploitation of the underclass in
industrial societies.
Most travelogues and descriptions of the European
travelers were full of factual errors and had belittling
descriptions of natives.

62. -is a known as Tagalog
writer and poet whose
works related to the
Filipino Diaspora
-author of books on race
and cultural studies, he
was a "major influence
on the academic world"
-in 1999, San Juan
received the
Centennial Award for
Achievement in
Literature from the
Cultural Center of the
Philippines because
of his contributions to
Filipino and Filipino
American Studies.
Epifanio San Juan Jr.

63. -his famous work is
Muqaddimah, which he
finished in 1378 and was
intended as an
introduction or
prolegomenon to Kitab
al-Ibar, is an empirical
work on the history of
the Arabs and Berbers in
several volumes
he can therefore
be considered as
the true “father
of sociology”
Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406)

64. Sikolohiyang Pilipino (SP)
-is defined as the psychology rooted on the experience,
ideas, and cultural orientation of the Filipinos.
1. Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino
-is the only organization focusing on the advancement of
sikolohiyang Pilipino in the Philippines.
2. Narcisa Paredes-Canilao and Maria Ana Babaran Diaz
are two leading exponents sikolohiyang Filipino, wrote:
“Sikolohiyang Pilipino refers to the psychology borne out of
the experience, thought and orientation of the Filipinos,
based on the full use of Filipino culture and Language

66. What are the five social institution?

67. What part of social science that deals with
the study politics?
POLITICAL SCIENCE

68. He viewed individuals as mere products of social
structures and advocated the study of abstract
principles that govern social change.
Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown

69. He is a poet and a writer who makes a "major
influence on the academic world“ through his
writings about race and cultural studies.
Epifanio San Juan Jr.

70. What branch of social sciences which deals
with scientific study of human interactions?
SOCIOLOGY

71. Who is the father of scientific socialism”
that introduced the materialist analysis of
history?
KARL MARX

72. Who argued that society possesses a reality
sui generis independent of individuals and
institutions that compose it?
Emile Durkheim

73. Who was considered as the “founding
mother of sociology” ?
Harriet Martineau

74. What branch of social science that deals
with scientific study of humanity?
ANTHROPOLGY

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cCegQIABAA&oq=Harriet+Martineau+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgQIABAeMgYIABAFEB4yBAg
AEB4yBAgAEB4yBAgAEBhQ3qcBWN6nAWD-
rgFoAHAAeACAAaUBiAGlAZIBAzAuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1n&sclient=img&ei=wCcFX9z-
Hfebr7wPq7mC0Aw&bih=618&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH877PH877
https://www.google.com/search?q=Karl+Marx+&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiA6e_ZxrzqAhWazYsBHUMeA1EQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Karl+Marx+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCABQzow
BWM6MAWCVkQFoAHAAeACAAZwBiAGcAZIBAzAuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1n&sclient=img&ei=2CcFX4CdEZqbr7
wPw7yMiAU&bih=618&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH877PH877
https://www.google.com/search?q=Emile+Durkheim+&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjTuLPjxrzqAhWVIqYKHWZJBckQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Emile+Durkheim+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAB
Q8pUBWPKVAWDgmQFoAHAAeACAAbABiAGwAZIBAzAuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1n&sclient=img&ei=7CcFX9OSEJ
XFmAXmkpXIDA&bih=618&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH877PH877
https://www.google.com/search?q=Franz+Boas+&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjB-6_txrzqAhULCpQKHd45DgoQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Franz+Boas+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIAFC-
9gFYvvYBYOL7AWgAcAB4AIABpgGIAaYBkgEDMC4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=ASgFX4H3CouU0ATe
87hQ&bih=618&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH877PH877

79. https://www.google.com/search?q=Bronis%C5%82aw+Kasper+Malinowski&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiU
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87uG2Aw&bih=618&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH877PH877
https://www.google.com/search?q=Alfred+Reginald+Radcliffe-Brown&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwib9-
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Brown&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyBAgAEB4yBAgAEB5Qk4YBWJOGAWCciwFoAHAAeACAAZkBiAG
ZAZIBAzAuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1n&sclient=img&ei=NCgFX5uNHs-
KmAWD7KzwAw&bih=618&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH877PH877
https://www.google.com/search?q=Walter+Lippmann+&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjpq_SOx7zqAhVL3pQ
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cCegQIABAA&oq=Walter+Lippmann+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADIECAAQHjIECAAQHj
IECAAQHjIECAAQHjIGCAAQBRAeMgYIABAFEB4yBAgAEBhQpJUBWKSVAWCrnAFoAHAAeACAAbYBiA
G2AZIBAzAuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1n&sclient=img&ei=RygFX6nsHsu80wSDp7rADw&bi
h=618&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH877PH877
https://www.google.com/search?q=Epifanio+San+Juan+Jr.+&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwigiYaZx7zqAhW4z
IsBHbtZD9EQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Epifanio+San+Juan+Jr.+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1DeiwFY3osBYM2PAWgAcAB4AIABo
AGIAaABkgEDMC4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=XCgFX6DrLriZr7wPu7O9iA0
&bih=618&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH877PH877

80. https://www.google.com/search?q=Ibn+Khaldun&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj897iix7zqAhVRAqYKHUglD3
4Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Ibn+Khaldun&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAA
yAggAMgIIADICCAA6BAgAEB5Qh7ABWJ26AWCBvgFoAHAAeACAAb0BiAH4A5IBAzAuM5gBAKABAao
BC2d3cy13aXotaW1n&sclient=img&ei=cCgFX_z_HNGEmAXIyrzwBw&bih=618&biw=1366&rlz=1C1C
HBF_enPH877PH877
https://www.google.com/search?q=political+science&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiYy--
4x7zqAhULCpQKHd45DgoQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=political+sci&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgUIABCxAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAgg
AMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADoECAAQQ1D7GFjsLWCqNGgAcAB4AIAByAGIAbYPkgEGMC4xMC4xmAE
AoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=nygFX9j_HouU0ATe87hQ&bih=618&biw=1366&rlz=
1C1CHBF_enPH877PH877
https://www.google.com/search?q=sociology&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiT79K8x7zqAhUOXZQKHWkCC
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cCegQIABAA&oq=sociology&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIHCAAQsQMQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzI
ECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzoFCAAQsQM6AggAUIdIWJ1ZYOxbaAB
wAHgAgAHbAYgBmw6SAQUwLjguMpgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nsAEA&sclient=img&ei=pygFX
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81. Reference Book:
Lanuza, G., & Raymundo S. S. 2019.
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics.
The Birth and Growth of the Social Sciences,
p1-21. Rex Publishing.