The document describes the major structures of the human brain including the cerebrum, cerebral cortex, four lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal), sulci, gyri, and fissures. It provides details on the location and functions of each lobe and identifies key cortical regions within each lobe and their roles in functions like movement, language, vision, hearing, smell, and touch. Diagrams are included to illustrate the lobes, cortical regions, and other structures of the brain.
The document discusses the major parts and structures of the human brain. It describes the cerebrum, cerebral cortex, lobes of the brain including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. It outlines key sulci and fissures that divide regions of the brain. The document also discusses the cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord as well as cranial and spinal nerves. Finally, it provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system and sensory organs including skin, eyes, ears, nose and tongue.
The document describes the major structures and regions of the human brain, including the four lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal), cerebral cortex, sulci, gyri, and fissures. It identifies and explains the functions of key cortical regions within each lobe, such as Broca's area, Wernicke's area, primary motor cortex, primary visual cortex, and others. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the locations and relationships between these important brain structures.
The document describes the structure and function of the human brain. It discusses the major lobes of the cerebrum (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal), as well as cortical regions and their functions. Key points covered include the primary motor cortex, Broca's area, somatosensory cortex, visual cortex, and Wernicke's area. Diagrams are included to illustrate lobes, sulci, gyri and other anatomical features of the cerebral cortex.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the human brain. It describes the major lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal - and identifies their locations and primary functions. It also details the cortical regions within each lobe, such as Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and the primary motor cortex. The case of Phineas Gage is discussed as an example of how damage to the frontal lobe can impact personality and behavior.
The document discusses the major divisions and structures of the human brain. It begins by describing the four lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. It then provides details on the cortical regions within each lobe and their functions, such as Broca's area for speech production and Wernicke's area for language comprehension. The document also discusses investigations like the case of Phineas Gage to illustrate how injuries to specific brain regions can impact functions.
This document provides instructions for downloading a lecture file from the Babylon University College of Dentistry website. It directs the user to:
1. Go to TheOptimalSmile.wixsite.com website
2. Choose the "Lectures" section
3. Select the "Second Stage" section
4. Choose the specific lecture file needed
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the human brain. It begins by describing the major parts of the brain, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, lobes, sulci, gyri, and fissures. It then discusses each of the four lobes of the brain (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal) and their associated cortical regions and functions. Examples like Phineas Gage are provided to illustrate how injuries can impact brain function. The presentation aims to describe the relationship between brain structure and function.
The temporal lobe plays important roles in processing sensory input such as auditory and visual information. It is involved in functions such as memory formation, emotion processing, and language comprehension. Damage to temporal lobe structures can cause symptoms like auditory or visual processing issues, memory impairments, and changes in emotional behavior or personality. The superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri and medial temporal structures each contribute to these various temporal lobe functions.
The document discusses the major parts and structures of the human brain. It describes the cerebrum, cerebral cortex, lobes of the brain including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. It outlines key sulci and fissures that divide regions of the brain. The document also discusses the cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord as well as cranial and spinal nerves. Finally, it provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system and sensory organs including skin, eyes, ears, nose and tongue.
The document describes the major structures and regions of the human brain, including the four lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal), cerebral cortex, sulci, gyri, and fissures. It identifies and explains the functions of key cortical regions within each lobe, such as Broca's area, Wernicke's area, primary motor cortex, primary visual cortex, and others. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the locations and relationships between these important brain structures.
The document describes the structure and function of the human brain. It discusses the major lobes of the cerebrum (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal), as well as cortical regions and their functions. Key points covered include the primary motor cortex, Broca's area, somatosensory cortex, visual cortex, and Wernicke's area. Diagrams are included to illustrate lobes, sulci, gyri and other anatomical features of the cerebral cortex.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the human brain. It describes the major lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal - and identifies their locations and primary functions. It also details the cortical regions within each lobe, such as Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and the primary motor cortex. The case of Phineas Gage is discussed as an example of how damage to the frontal lobe can impact personality and behavior.
The document discusses the major divisions and structures of the human brain. It begins by describing the four lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. It then provides details on the cortical regions within each lobe and their functions, such as Broca's area for speech production and Wernicke's area for language comprehension. The document also discusses investigations like the case of Phineas Gage to illustrate how injuries to specific brain regions can impact functions.
This document provides instructions for downloading a lecture file from the Babylon University College of Dentistry website. It directs the user to:
1. Go to TheOptimalSmile.wixsite.com website
2. Choose the "Lectures" section
3. Select the "Second Stage" section
4. Choose the specific lecture file needed
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the human brain. It begins by describing the major parts of the brain, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, lobes, sulci, gyri, and fissures. It then discusses each of the four lobes of the brain (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal) and their associated cortical regions and functions. Examples like Phineas Gage are provided to illustrate how injuries can impact brain function. The presentation aims to describe the relationship between brain structure and function.
The temporal lobe plays important roles in processing sensory input such as auditory and visual information. It is involved in functions such as memory formation, emotion processing, and language comprehension. Damage to temporal lobe structures can cause symptoms like auditory or visual processing issues, memory impairments, and changes in emotional behavior or personality. The superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri and medial temporal structures each contribute to these various temporal lobe functions.
Approach to temporal lobe anatomy,function,epilepsy MRI findingDr Surendra Khosya
A 40-year-old lawyer experienced seizures and was found to have a left temporal lobe tumor. After the tumor was removed, he had word-finding difficulties but was able to return to work. The temporal lobe is located at the side of the head and is involved in functions like auditory and visual processing, memory, emotion, and language. It contains areas important for these functions and connects to other brain regions. Disorders of the temporal lobe can cause issues with perception, attention, memory, personality, and behavior.
This document summarizes the anatomy and functions of different areas of the cerebral cortex. It describes the allocortex which makes up 10% of the cortex, and the neocortex which is the remaining 90%. It then discusses the six layers of the neocortex and different cell types. It provides details on agranular and granular cortices and their characteristics. Specific areas of the cortex are then described in more detail such as the frontal, parietal, and polar cortices. The document outlines different classification schemes for cortical areas and focuses on the 52 areas described by Brodmann. It provides in-depth descriptions of the primary motor, premotor, frontal eye field, supplementary motor, and prefrontal cortical areas.
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the cerebral cortex and its lobes. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which are the cerebrum, cerebral cortex, hemispheres, external features, lobes and their functions and lesions. It then describes the development of the brain and its main parts. It provides detailed information on the structure and layers of the cerebral cortex, hemispheres, lobes, their functions and common lesions. It discusses various syndromes associated with lesions in different lobes. References used are also listed.
The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of gray matter covering the hemispheres. It is typically 2-3mm thick and covers the gyri and sulci. The neocortex makes up most of the cerebral cortex and has six layers containing 10-14 billion neurons. The allocortex is a more primitive area located in the medial temporal lobes involved in olfaction and emotional reactions. Key areas of the cerebral cortex include the prefrontal, somatosensory, visual, auditory, and motor cortices which are involved in executive functions, sensory processing, vision, hearing, language, and motor control respectively.
The document discusses the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. It describes the six layers of the cortex and notes that sensory input arrives in layer 4 while output signals leave through layers 5 and 6. It then discusses functional areas like association areas and specific areas for tasks like face recognition. The document also covers cerebral dominance, lesions in different hemispheres, language areas and disorders, memory classification and the role of the hippocampus in memory storage.
The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebral cortex. It discusses the functional anatomy of the cerebral cortex, including its layers of neurons. It describes the relations of the cortex to the thalamus, and specific functions of motor, sensory, and association areas. Association areas integrate signals from multiple regions. Important association areas discussed include the parieto-occipitotemporal area, prefrontal area, and limbic area. The document also covers concepts such as the dominant hemisphere, functions in communication including language input and output, and thoughts, consciousness, and memory.
Different animal species have many structures in common, including a cerebellum and cortex.
The cortex is much larger in mammals than in species that evolved earlier, such as fish and amphibians.
The cross section of the human brain shows how the cerebral cortex has developed around and above more primitive brain structures. Localization—notion that different functions are located in different areas of the brainLateralization—notion that different functions are processed primarily on one side of the brain or the other
I. Cerebrum
II. Brain Stem
III. Cerebellum.
The Cerebral Cortex
A. Frontal lobe
1) Motor area (area 4):
Frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
1. The document discusses the anatomical organization and functional roles of different areas of the cerebral cortex, including sensory processing, motor control, and association areas.
2. It specifically focuses on Brodmann's mapping of the human cortex, which identified 47 distinct regions based on cytoarchitecture.
3. The prefrontal cortex is highlighted as the area that gives humans capacities for empathy, understanding humor, and regulating social behavior.
The cerebral cortex consists of two hemispheres covered in convoluted gyri and sulci. It is the largest part of the human brain. The hemispheres are separated by a fissure and connected by the corpus callosum. The neocortex, or association cortex, is the phylogenetically newest part responsible for higher functions like language, memory, and intelligence. It is divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - each with distinct functions. The left hemisphere is typically dominant for language and logical thinking.
anatomy and physiology of temporal lobechaurasia028
this ppt talks about the detailed physiology of temporal lobe and explain in detail about the mechanism involved in speech, auditory response and episodic memory.
it also talks about the anatomy and functions of the temporal lobe.
Functional organization of the cerebral cortex i sensory & motor cortexFatima Mangrio
The document summarizes the functional organization of the cerebral cortex. It describes that the cortex contains sensory, motor, and association areas. The sensory areas include primary somatosensory, visual, auditory, gustatory and olfactory areas which receive and process sensory information from the body and environment. The motor areas include the primary motor area and Broca's area which control voluntary movements. Association areas integrate different types of information for higher-level cognitive functions.
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is located in the frontal lobes of the brain behind the forehead. It is involved in executive functions like decision making, creating strategies, focusing thoughts, learning, and social judgments. The PFC contains areas responsible for self-awareness, risk-taking behaviors, speech production, and integrating emotion and memory. Damage to the PFC can impact personality and the ability to discern appropriate behavior, potentially causing issues like paranoia, anxiety, or irritability.
The document summarizes the functional areas of the cerebral cortex. It describes the different types of cerebral cortex and their layers. It discusses the main functional areas including motor, sensory and association areas. Specific areas are outlined like the primary motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, visual and auditory cortices. Brodmann areas are referenced in relation to the different functional regions of the cerebral cortex.
This document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the frontal lobe. It describes that the frontal lobe comprises the anterior half of each cerebral hemisphere and contains the precentral gyrus, supplementary motor area, premotor area, and Brodmann areas 4, 6, 8, and 8a. It discusses the primary motor cortex, connections of the motor cortex to the spinal cord and brainstem, and functions of the premotor, supplementary motor, and frontal eye fields in selecting and executing movements. It also summarizes the roles of the dorsolateral, medial, and orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex regions in working memory, executive function, and associating sensory information with emotional responses.
The document discusses the functional anatomy of cortical areas in the brain. It describes how the cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres, which are separated by fissures. The major lobes and cortical areas are identified, including motor, sensory, and association areas. Specific regions are described such as the primary motor cortex, Broca's area, primary somatosensory cortex, visual and auditory cortices, and prefrontal cortex. The functions of these areas and disorders resulting from lesions are summarized. Lateralization of language and other cognitive functions between the left and right hemispheres is also covered.
The visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe and processes visual information from the eyes via the optic nerve. It contains specialized regions for color, spatial awareness, depth, texture, and motion. The primary auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe and processes pitch and volume. Higher-level auditory areas integrate these basics into perceptions of speech, music, and sounds. The fusiform gyrus is located near tertiary auditory areas and visual area V3, and is involved in face recognition based on its location in the brain.
The cerebral cortex has several association areas that perform different functions. The left hemisphere is specialized for language and analytical abilities in most right-handed individuals, while the right hemisphere is specialized for visuospatial abilities. Damage to different areas can cause different types of aphasias by disrupting language abilities. The hippocampus and medial temporal lobe are important for forming new memories and consolidating them into long-term memory. Alzheimer's disease involves the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, leading to memory loss and cognitive decline.
This document provides an overview of the functional areas of the cerebral cortex. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which are to describe the similarities and differences between the brain and computer, discuss the allocortex and neocortex, name the functional areas of the different brain lobes, and describe the functions of cortical association areas. The document then proceeds to describe the functional areas of the different lobes, including the primary motor, sensory, visual, and auditory areas. It also discusses association areas and complementary specialization between brain hemispheres. Finally, it lists several methods that can be used to study the brain.
The frontal lobe is located at the front of the brain behind the forehead. It controls important functions like reasoning, planning, problem solving, motor skills, language, memory, judgment, and social/sexual behavior. Damage to the frontal lobe can cause changes in personality and behavior, loss of impulse control, and difficulty with movement, language, and complex tasks. Pick's disease and frontal lobe dementia specifically affect the frontal and temporal lobes, causing changes in behavior and language problems.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the human brain. It begins by describing the major parts of the brain, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex. It then discusses the four lobes of the cerebrum (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal) and identifies the functions of each lobe. The document outlines several cortical regions within each lobe and their functions. It also examines notable cases like Phineas Gage to illustrate structure-function relationships in the brain.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the human brain. It begins by describing the major divisions of the brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex. It then discusses the four lobes of the cerebrum (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal) and identifies several key sulci and fissures. For each lobe, the document outlines its location in the skull and summarizes its primary functions. It also identifies and describes important cortical regions within each lobe including motor, sensory, language, and visual processing areas. The document concludes by discussing the case of Phineas Gage to illustrate how damage to the frontal lobe can impact personality and behavior.
Approach to temporal lobe anatomy,function,epilepsy MRI findingDr Surendra Khosya
A 40-year-old lawyer experienced seizures and was found to have a left temporal lobe tumor. After the tumor was removed, he had word-finding difficulties but was able to return to work. The temporal lobe is located at the side of the head and is involved in functions like auditory and visual processing, memory, emotion, and language. It contains areas important for these functions and connects to other brain regions. Disorders of the temporal lobe can cause issues with perception, attention, memory, personality, and behavior.
This document summarizes the anatomy and functions of different areas of the cerebral cortex. It describes the allocortex which makes up 10% of the cortex, and the neocortex which is the remaining 90%. It then discusses the six layers of the neocortex and different cell types. It provides details on agranular and granular cortices and their characteristics. Specific areas of the cortex are then described in more detail such as the frontal, parietal, and polar cortices. The document outlines different classification schemes for cortical areas and focuses on the 52 areas described by Brodmann. It provides in-depth descriptions of the primary motor, premotor, frontal eye field, supplementary motor, and prefrontal cortical areas.
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the cerebral cortex and its lobes. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which are the cerebrum, cerebral cortex, hemispheres, external features, lobes and their functions and lesions. It then describes the development of the brain and its main parts. It provides detailed information on the structure and layers of the cerebral cortex, hemispheres, lobes, their functions and common lesions. It discusses various syndromes associated with lesions in different lobes. References used are also listed.
The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of gray matter covering the hemispheres. It is typically 2-3mm thick and covers the gyri and sulci. The neocortex makes up most of the cerebral cortex and has six layers containing 10-14 billion neurons. The allocortex is a more primitive area located in the medial temporal lobes involved in olfaction and emotional reactions. Key areas of the cerebral cortex include the prefrontal, somatosensory, visual, auditory, and motor cortices which are involved in executive functions, sensory processing, vision, hearing, language, and motor control respectively.
The document discusses the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. It describes the six layers of the cortex and notes that sensory input arrives in layer 4 while output signals leave through layers 5 and 6. It then discusses functional areas like association areas and specific areas for tasks like face recognition. The document also covers cerebral dominance, lesions in different hemispheres, language areas and disorders, memory classification and the role of the hippocampus in memory storage.
The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebral cortex. It discusses the functional anatomy of the cerebral cortex, including its layers of neurons. It describes the relations of the cortex to the thalamus, and specific functions of motor, sensory, and association areas. Association areas integrate signals from multiple regions. Important association areas discussed include the parieto-occipitotemporal area, prefrontal area, and limbic area. The document also covers concepts such as the dominant hemisphere, functions in communication including language input and output, and thoughts, consciousness, and memory.
Different animal species have many structures in common, including a cerebellum and cortex.
The cortex is much larger in mammals than in species that evolved earlier, such as fish and amphibians.
The cross section of the human brain shows how the cerebral cortex has developed around and above more primitive brain structures. Localization—notion that different functions are located in different areas of the brainLateralization—notion that different functions are processed primarily on one side of the brain or the other
I. Cerebrum
II. Brain Stem
III. Cerebellum.
The Cerebral Cortex
A. Frontal lobe
1) Motor area (area 4):
Frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
1. The document discusses the anatomical organization and functional roles of different areas of the cerebral cortex, including sensory processing, motor control, and association areas.
2. It specifically focuses on Brodmann's mapping of the human cortex, which identified 47 distinct regions based on cytoarchitecture.
3. The prefrontal cortex is highlighted as the area that gives humans capacities for empathy, understanding humor, and regulating social behavior.
The cerebral cortex consists of two hemispheres covered in convoluted gyri and sulci. It is the largest part of the human brain. The hemispheres are separated by a fissure and connected by the corpus callosum. The neocortex, or association cortex, is the phylogenetically newest part responsible for higher functions like language, memory, and intelligence. It is divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - each with distinct functions. The left hemisphere is typically dominant for language and logical thinking.
anatomy and physiology of temporal lobechaurasia028
this ppt talks about the detailed physiology of temporal lobe and explain in detail about the mechanism involved in speech, auditory response and episodic memory.
it also talks about the anatomy and functions of the temporal lobe.
Functional organization of the cerebral cortex i sensory & motor cortexFatima Mangrio
The document summarizes the functional organization of the cerebral cortex. It describes that the cortex contains sensory, motor, and association areas. The sensory areas include primary somatosensory, visual, auditory, gustatory and olfactory areas which receive and process sensory information from the body and environment. The motor areas include the primary motor area and Broca's area which control voluntary movements. Association areas integrate different types of information for higher-level cognitive functions.
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is located in the frontal lobes of the brain behind the forehead. It is involved in executive functions like decision making, creating strategies, focusing thoughts, learning, and social judgments. The PFC contains areas responsible for self-awareness, risk-taking behaviors, speech production, and integrating emotion and memory. Damage to the PFC can impact personality and the ability to discern appropriate behavior, potentially causing issues like paranoia, anxiety, or irritability.
The document summarizes the functional areas of the cerebral cortex. It describes the different types of cerebral cortex and their layers. It discusses the main functional areas including motor, sensory and association areas. Specific areas are outlined like the primary motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, visual and auditory cortices. Brodmann areas are referenced in relation to the different functional regions of the cerebral cortex.
This document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the frontal lobe. It describes that the frontal lobe comprises the anterior half of each cerebral hemisphere and contains the precentral gyrus, supplementary motor area, premotor area, and Brodmann areas 4, 6, 8, and 8a. It discusses the primary motor cortex, connections of the motor cortex to the spinal cord and brainstem, and functions of the premotor, supplementary motor, and frontal eye fields in selecting and executing movements. It also summarizes the roles of the dorsolateral, medial, and orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex regions in working memory, executive function, and associating sensory information with emotional responses.
The document discusses the functional anatomy of cortical areas in the brain. It describes how the cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres, which are separated by fissures. The major lobes and cortical areas are identified, including motor, sensory, and association areas. Specific regions are described such as the primary motor cortex, Broca's area, primary somatosensory cortex, visual and auditory cortices, and prefrontal cortex. The functions of these areas and disorders resulting from lesions are summarized. Lateralization of language and other cognitive functions between the left and right hemispheres is also covered.
The visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe and processes visual information from the eyes via the optic nerve. It contains specialized regions for color, spatial awareness, depth, texture, and motion. The primary auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe and processes pitch and volume. Higher-level auditory areas integrate these basics into perceptions of speech, music, and sounds. The fusiform gyrus is located near tertiary auditory areas and visual area V3, and is involved in face recognition based on its location in the brain.
The cerebral cortex has several association areas that perform different functions. The left hemisphere is specialized for language and analytical abilities in most right-handed individuals, while the right hemisphere is specialized for visuospatial abilities. Damage to different areas can cause different types of aphasias by disrupting language abilities. The hippocampus and medial temporal lobe are important for forming new memories and consolidating them into long-term memory. Alzheimer's disease involves the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, leading to memory loss and cognitive decline.
This document provides an overview of the functional areas of the cerebral cortex. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which are to describe the similarities and differences between the brain and computer, discuss the allocortex and neocortex, name the functional areas of the different brain lobes, and describe the functions of cortical association areas. The document then proceeds to describe the functional areas of the different lobes, including the primary motor, sensory, visual, and auditory areas. It also discusses association areas and complementary specialization between brain hemispheres. Finally, it lists several methods that can be used to study the brain.
The frontal lobe is located at the front of the brain behind the forehead. It controls important functions like reasoning, planning, problem solving, motor skills, language, memory, judgment, and social/sexual behavior. Damage to the frontal lobe can cause changes in personality and behavior, loss of impulse control, and difficulty with movement, language, and complex tasks. Pick's disease and frontal lobe dementia specifically affect the frontal and temporal lobes, causing changes in behavior and language problems.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the human brain. It begins by describing the major parts of the brain, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex. It then discusses the four lobes of the cerebrum (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal) and identifies the functions of each lobe. The document outlines several cortical regions within each lobe and their functions. It also examines notable cases like Phineas Gage to illustrate structure-function relationships in the brain.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the human brain. It begins by describing the major divisions of the brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex. It then discusses the four lobes of the cerebrum (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal) and identifies several key sulci and fissures. For each lobe, the document outlines its location in the skull and summarizes its primary functions. It also identifies and describes important cortical regions within each lobe including motor, sensory, language, and visual processing areas. The document concludes by discussing the case of Phineas Gage to illustrate how damage to the frontal lobe can impact personality and behavior.
The document describes the structure and functions of the brain, including:
- The cerebrum is divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.
- The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of gray matter. It is divided into cortical regions that control functions like movement, speech, senses, and cognition.
- The frontal lobe is involved in reasoning, emotions, and personality. Damage to Phineas Gage's frontal lobe altered his personality and behavior.
The document provides information about the structure and function of the brain. It describes the four major lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. Each lobe is associated with different functions. The document also discusses the cerebral cortex and identifies key cortical regions within each lobe and their functions, such as Broca's area for language and the primary visual cortex for vision.
The document provides an overview of the structure and function of the cerebrum and its four major lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal). It describes the lobes, sulci, gyri, fissures and cortical regions of the brain. Key points include the functions of the frontal lobe in memory, emotion and reasoning. It also discusses the case study of Phineas Gage and how his frontal lobe injury impacted his personality.
The document describes the structure and functions of different parts of the human brain. It discusses the cerebrum, cerebral cortex, lobes of the brain including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. It identifies various cortical regions and describes their functions, such as the primary motor cortex, Broca's area, visual cortex, auditory cortex etc. It also describes sulci, fissures and gyri of the cerebral cortex.
The document provides information on the functional neuroanatomy of the human brain. It discusses the major parts and lobes of the cerebral cortex including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. It describes key structures and regions within each lobe involved in motor control, sensory processing, vision, language, hearing and other cognitive functions. It also summarizes the thalamocortical, basal ganglia and limbic systems that make up the human brain's functional circuits.
physiology of cerebral cortex, cerbral cortex.pptDrratnakumari
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the cerebral cortex. It begins by outlining the evolution of the brain from reptilian to paleomammalian to neomammalian. It then describes the major divisions and structures of the brain including the brainstem, cerebellum, limbic system, and cerebral cortex. The remainder of the document focuses on the anatomy and functions of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal - and their respective cortical regions.
The document provides an overview of the structure and function of the human brain. It describes the four major lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. Each lobe is associated with different functions. The document also identifies and describes various cortical regions within each lobe and their roles in sensory processing, motor control, language, and other cognitive functions. It discusses the case of Phineas Gage to illustrate how damage to the frontal lobe can impact personality and behavior.
The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebrum and cerebral hemispheres. It describes the cerebrum as the largest part of the brain, located in the anterior and middle cranial fossa. It notes that the cerebral hemispheres are separated by a longitudinal cerebral fissure and connected by the corpus callosum. It then outlines the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and some of the main sulci and gyri on the surface of each lobe.
19-Functions of Cerebral Hemisphere.pdfRachelGrace20
The doctors would be stimulating the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in planning complex patterns of movement, abstract thought, goal setting/attainment, and personality/behavior. Damage to this region can impair reasoning/judgment and cause changes in personality/impulse control.
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the human brain. It describes key regions like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. It discusses the structure of gray and white matter, as well as specialized areas within the cerebral cortex involved in motor control, sensory processing, language, and more. Injury mechanisms to different brain lobes are also outlined.
The cerebral cortex is a thin sheet of neural tissue that surrounds the cerebrum. It plays a key role in functions like memory, awareness, language, and consciousness. It is divided into two hemispheres and four lobes. It has six layers and is made up of grey matter on the inside and white matter on the outside. The cortex contains several functional areas including sensory, motor, and associated areas. The sensory areas process somatosensation, vision, hearing, smell, and taste. The motor areas control voluntary movement. The associated areas integrate information for functions like cognition and language.
The brain is a complex organ made up of neurons and glia. It is divided into four lobes - the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. Each lobe is associated with different functions. The frontal lobe plays roles in memory, attention, and motivation. The parietal lobe is located at the back of the skull and deals with touch. The occipital lobe handles vision and is located at the back of the brain. The temporal lobe is located behind the temples and includes structures like Wernicke's area and Broca's area. All areas of the brain interact to allow for thoughts and behaviors.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the major parts of the human brain. It describes how the brain is divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. It then discusses the four major lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal - and describes some of their key functions and cortical regions, such as Broca's and Wernicke's areas. The document provides an overview of the gross anatomy and organization of the human brain.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the major parts of the human brain. It describes how the brain is divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. It then discusses the four main lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal - and describes some of their key functions and cortical regions, such as Broca's and Wernicke's areas. The document provides an overview of the gross anatomy and organization of the human brain.
The document provides an overview of the major structures and functions of the human brain. It discusses the evolution of the brain from the reptilian to paleomammalian to neomammalian stages. It then describes the major parts of the cerebrum including the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, ventricles, and meninges. Finally, it outlines several key functional areas of the cerebrum such as the motor, sensory, and language centers.
The document discusses the cerebrum, which is the largest portion of the human brain. It consists of two cerebral hemispheres linked by the corpus callosum. Each hemisphere has an outer layer of gray matter (the cerebral cortex) and inner layer of white matter, and is divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. The cerebrum integrates functions like memory, learning, emotions. Each lobe is associated with different functions like reasoning, vision, hearing, and movement. The document describes the various surfaces, sulci, gyri, and structures of the cerebrum.
Similar to The human brain by Tasvir A R Chowdhury (20)
This document provides 30 tips over 30 days to help the reader have a guilt-free and productive Ramadan. It begins with an introduction explaining the common experience of feeling guilty after an unproductive Ramadan and sets out to provide tips to avoid this. The tips cover areas like intention, time management, spiritual focus, community and more. It also explains the website ProductiveRamadan.com which provides further resources to help maximize Ramadan.
The applicant is applying for a top level managerial position with the Head of Human Resources at Gulshan, Dhaka 1212. Over the years, the applicant has successfully organized and managed many organizational events and responsibilities in different situations and large corporations. The applicant's outstanding communication and leadership skills would make them a strong candidate. Currently, the applicant works as the General Manager at Accord Associates Limited, a global trading house, where they have been successful in enhancing sales volume and revenue. The applicant holds an MBA in Marketing and a BBA in Marketing and MIS from North South University.
Tasvir A R Chowdhury is seeking a managerial position. He has over 15 years of experience in marketing, management, and customer service roles in various industries. He held positions such as Senior Manager of Planning and Development at Magnum Steel Industries, General Manager at Accord Associates, and Zonal Customer Care Manager at Banglalink. He has strong leadership, marketing, communications, and problem-solving skills. He is proficient in English, Bangla, Hindi, and German.
BYLC's 2009 annual report summarizes the organization's progress in its founding year. BYLC established itself as a legal non-profit and implemented two iterations of its signature leadership training program, BBLT, bringing together over 100 students from diverse educational backgrounds. Trainees completed over 2100 hours of community service on projects benefiting slum communities. BYLC also engaged youth through university workshops and community initiatives launched by graduates, showing early impact. The report expresses hope to expand programs and engage more promising youth leaders in 2010.
A day in the life of the player - Tasvir A R Chowdhurytasvir a r chowdhuryTasvir A R Chowdhury
The document describes a situation where the narrator, known as The Player, wakes up early feeling that the day will go wrong. He receives a call from his girlfriend Mary who wants to see him that night. That evening, Mary tells him she wants a break from their relationship because things are not exciting enough. The Player is angry but remains calm. He tells Mary they should make the break permanent, surprising her. Mary cries and says she does not want to lose him. The Player is then presented with three options for how to respond to this situation and asks readers to choose one. The last lines discuss the importance of being a good person.
- Beximco Pharmaceuticals is the largest exporter of medicines in Bangladesh and has world-class facilities. It has grown from a small startup in 1980 focused on developing core competencies and delivering high quality products.
- Key competitive advantages include research and development capabilities, sales and marketing expertise in brand building, experience exporting to foreign markets, and potential for future growth in domestic, existing export, and new export markets through generic drugs and contract manufacturing.
- Financial data shows consistent sales growth and increasing profits over time, with projections showing continued growth potential in coming years.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
3. Objectives:
• Students will be able to describe the general structure
of the Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex.
• Students will be able to identify the Cerebrum, the
Lobes of the Brain, the Cerebral Cortex, and its major
regions/divisions.
• Students will be able to describe the primary functions
of the Lobes and the Cortical Regions of the Brain.
4. Cerebrum -The largest division of the brain. It
is divided into two hemispheres, each of which is
divided into four lobes.
Cerebrum
Cerebru
m
Cerebellum
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
5. Cerebral Cortex - The outermost layer of
gray matter making up the superficial
aspect of the cerebrum.
Cerebral
Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-6.tif.jpg
6. Cerebral Features:
• Gyri – Elevated ridges “winding” around the brain.
• Sulci – Small grooves dividing the gyri
– Central Sulcus – Divides the Frontal Lobe from the Parietal
Lobe
• Fissures – Deep grooves, generally dividing large
regions/lobes of the brain
– Longitudinal Fissure – Divides the two Cerebral Hemispheres
– Transverse Fissure – Separates the Cerebrum from the
Cerebellum
– Sylvian/Lateral Fissure – Divides the Temporal Lobe from the
Frontal and Parietal Lobes
8. Specific
Sulci/Fissures:
Central Sulcus
Longitudinal
Fissure
Sylvian/Latera
l Fissure
Transverse
Fissure
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg http://www.dalbsoutss.eq.edu.au/Sheepbrains_Me/human_brain
9. Lobes of the Brain (4)
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-
8.tif.jpg
* Note: Occasionally, the Insula is considered the fifth lobe. It is
located deep to the Temporal Lobe.
10. Lobes of the Brain - Frontal
• The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the
Frontal Bone of the skull.
• It plays an integral role in the following
functions/actions:
- Memory Formation
- Emotions
- Decision
Making/Reasoning
- Personality
Investigation (Phineas Gage)
(Investigation: Phineas Gage)
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-
11. Frontal Lobe - Cortical Regions
• Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus) – Cortical site
involved with controlling movements of the body.
• Broca’s Area – Controls facial neurons, speech, and
language comprehension. Located on Left Frontal Lobe.
– Broca’s Aphasia – Results in the ability to comprehend
speech, but the decreased motor ability (or inability) to speak
and form words.
• Orbitofrontal Cortex – Site of Frontal Lobotomies
* Desired Effects: * Possible Side Effects:
- Diminished Rage - Epilepsy
- Decreased - Poor Emotional Responses
Aggression - Perseveration (Uncontrolled,
- Poor Emotional repetitive actions, gestures, or
Responses words)
• Olfactory Bulb - Cranial Nerve I, Responsible for sensation of
Smell
12. Investigation (Phineas Gage)
Primary Motor
Cortex/ Precentral
Gyrus
Broca’s Area
Orbitofrontal
Cortex
Olfactory
Bulb
Regions
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
13. Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe
• The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to
the Parietal Bone of the skull.
• It plays a major role in the following
functions/actions:
- Senses and integrates sensation(s)
- Spatial awareness and perception
(Proprioception - Awareness of
body/ body parts in space and
in relation to each other)
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
14. Parietal Lobe - Cortical Regions
• Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral
Gyrus) – Site involved with processing of tactile
and proprioceptive information.
• Somatosensory Association Cortex - Assists
with the integration and interpretation of
sensations relative to body position and orientation
in space. May assist with visuo-motor coordination.
• Primary Gustatory Cortex – Primary site
involved with the interpretation of the sensation of
Taste.
16. Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe
• The Occipital Lobe of the
Brain is located deep to the
Occipital Bone of the Skull.
• Its primary function is the
processing, integration,
interpretation, etc. of VISION
and visual stimuli.
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-
8.tif.jpg
17. Occipital Lobe – Cortical
Regions
• Primary Visual Cortex – This is the
primary area of the brain responsible for
sight -recognition of size, color, light,
motion, dimensions, etc.
• Visual Association Area – Interprets
information acquired through the primary
visual cortex.
19. Lobes of the Brain – Temporal
Lobe
• The Temporal Lobes are located on the sides
of the brain, deep to the Temporal Bones of
the skull.
• They play an integral
role in the following
functions:
- Hearing
-
Organization/Comprehensio
n of language
- Information
Retrieval (Memory and
Memory Formation)
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-
8.tif.jpg
20. Temporal Lobe – Cortical
• Regions
Primary Auditory Cortex – Responsible for
hearing
• Primary Olfactory Cortex – Interprets the
sense of smell once it reaches the cortex via the
olfactory bulbs. (Not visible on the superficial cortex)
• Wernicke’s Area – Language comprehension.
Located on the Left Temporal Lobe.
- Wernicke’s Aphasia – Language
comprehension is inhibited. Words and sentences are
not clearly understood, and sentence formation may
be inhibited or non-sensical.
22. • Arcuate Fasciculus - A white matter tract that connects Broca’s
Area and Wernicke’s Area through the Temporal, Parietal and Frontal
Lobes. Allows for coordinated, comprehensible speech. Damage
may result in:
- Conduction Aphasia - Where auditory comprehension and speech
articulation are preserved, but people find it difficult to repeat heard
speech.
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-
8.tif.jpg
23. Click the Region to see its
Name
Korbinian Broadmann - Learn about the man who divided the Cerebral Cortex into 52 distinct regions:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-
24. Lobes and Structures of the
A.
Brain G.
B.
F.
C.
E.
D.
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
25. Lobes and Structures of the
Brain
A. Central Sulcus
B. Frontal Lobe
C. Sylvian/Lateral
Fissure A. (groove) G.
D. Temporal Lobe B.
E. Transverse F.
Fissure
F. Occipital Lobe
G. Parietal Lobe C. (groove)
D. E.
(groove)
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
26. A. K.
Cortical J.
Regions
B. I.
H.
G.
C.
D.
E. F.
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
27. A. Primary Motor Cortex/ Precentral Gyrus
B. Broca’s Area
C. Orbitofrontal Cortex
Cortical
D. Primary Olfactory Cortex (Deep)
Regions
E. Primary Auditory Cortex K.
A. J.
F. Wernike’s Area
G. Primary Visual Cortex I.
H. Visual B.
H.
Association Area
I. Primary Gustatory Cortex G.
J. Somatosensory C.
Association Cortex
K. Primary D.
Somatosensory Cortex/ E. F.
Postcentral Gyrus http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
28. Copyright: Gary Larson
Q: Assuming this comical situation was factually
accurate, what Cortical Region of the brain would
these doctors be stimulating?
29. A: Primary Motor Cortex
* This graphic representation of the regions of the Primary Motor Cortex
and Primary Sensory Cortex is one example of a HOMUNCULUS:
Homunculus
30. * Note: Homunculus literally means “little person,” and may refer to one whose body shape
is governed by the cortical area devoted to that body region.
Q: What do you notice about the proportions
depicted in the aforementioned
A: They are not depicted in the same scale
homunculus?
representative of the human body.
Q: What is meant by depicting these body
parts in such outrageous proportions?
A: These outrageous proportions depict the cortical
area devoted to each structure.
- Ex: Your hands require many intricate movements
and sensations to function properly. This requires a
great deal of cortical surface area to control these
detailed actions. Your back is quite the opposite,
requiring limited cortical area to carry out its actions Back-Hom.
31. Further
Investigation
Phineas Gage: Phineas Gage was a railroad worker in the 19th century
living in Cavendish, Vermont. One of his jobs was to set off explosive charges
in large rock in order to break them into smaller pieces. On one of these
instances, the detonation occurred prior to his expectations, resulting in a 42
inch long, 1.2 inch wide, metal rod to be blown right up through his skull and
out the top. The rod entered his skull below his left cheek bone and exited
after passing through the anterior frontal lobe of his brain.
Frontal
32. Remarkably, Gage never lost consciousness, or quickly regained it (there is
still some debate), suffered little to no pain, and was awake and alert when he
reached a doctor approximately 45 minutes later. He had a normal pulse and
normal vision, and following a short period of rest, returned to work several
days later. However, he was not unaffected by this accident.
http://www.sruweb.com/~walsh/gage5.jpg
Learn more about Phineas Gage:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage Frontal
33. Q: Recalling what you have just learned regarding the frontal lobe,
what possible problems or abnormalities may Gage have presented
with subsequent to this type of injury (remember the precise location of
the rod through his brain)?
A: Gage’s personality, reasoning, and capacity to understand and
follow social norms had been diminished or destroyed. He illustrated
little to no interest in hobbies or other involvements that at one time
he cared for greatly. ‘After the accident, Gage became a nasty, vulgar,
irresponsible vagrant. His former employer, who regarded him as "the
most efficient and capable foreman in their employ previous to his
injury," refused to rehire him because he was so different.’
Q: It is suggested that Gage’s injury inspired the development of what
at one time was a widely used medical procedure. What might this
procedure be, and how does it relate to Gage’s injury?
A: The frontal lobotomy. This has been used with the intention to
diminish aggression and rage in mental patients, but generally results
in drastic personality changes, and an inability to relate socially. This
procedure is largely frowned upon today, with the development of
neurological drugs as treatments.
Frontal
35. Suggested Supplementary Materials:
1. Skeleton Outline for note-taking.
2. Multiple Diagrams of the Human Brain.
* Students will label features/lobes
* Students will color-code cortical regions
3. Worksheets (matching, short answer, etc.), centered around the functions
of the lobes and regions of the cerebrum.
4. A more in depth article on Phineas Gage. Read and discuss as a class -
time permitting.
Suggested Assessments:
1. Class/individual questioning throughout (especially at the conclusion of)
the presentation.
2. Homework worksheets - discussed or collected in class.
3. Students will take a test on the nervous system in which they will be
responsible for the structures, lobes, regions, functions, etc.
36. Massachusetts State Biology
Standards
Broad Concept: There is a relationship between structure
and function in organ systems of humans.
4.1 Explain how major organ systems in humans
(e.g., kidney, muscle, lung) have functional units (e.g.,
nephron, sarcome, alveoli) with specific anatomy that
perform the function of that organ system.
4.2 Describe how the function of individual systems
within humans are integrated to maintain a
homeostatic balance in the body.
* Note: This PowerPoint has been developed for Juniors
and Seniors enrolled in Anatomy and Physiology Courses.
Thus, the detail of the concepts and information contained
herein is far greater than required by the state Biology
standards listed above.
37. National Standards:
THE BEHAVIOR OF ORGANISMS:
• Multicellular animals have nervous systems that generate behavior. Nervous systems
are formed from specialized cells that conduct signals rapidly through the long cell
extensions that make up nerves. The nerve cells communicate with each other by
secreting specific excitatory and inhibitory molecules. In sense organs, specialized cells
detect light, sound, and specific chemicals and enable animals to monitor what is going
on in the world around them.
• Organisms have behavioral responses to internal changes and to external stimuli.
Responses to external stimuli can result from interactions with the organism's own
species and others, as well as environmental changes; these responses either can be
innate or learned. The broad patterns of behavior exhibited by animals have evolved to
ensure reproductive success. Animals often live in unpredictable environments, and so
their behavior must be flexible enough to deal with uncertainty and change. Plants also
respond to stimuli.
• Like other aspects of an organism's biology, behaviors have evolved through natural
selection. Behaviors often have an adaptive logic when viewed in terms of evolutionary
principles.
• Behavioral biology has implications for humans, as it provides links to psychology,
sociology, and anthropology.