I talk about Kazakhstan's system of government from the presidential system of government, the legislative government, and the current state of democracy.
This document provides background information on the disintegration of Pakistan and creation of Bangladesh. It discusses the post-partition difficulties Pakistan faced, the political situation in 1947, and the various constitutional drafts proposed between 1950-1956 that created tensions between East and West Pakistan over representation. It also outlines Mujibur Rahman's six points, the role of the Awami League, events during the eras of Ayub Khan and Yahya Khan, Operation Searchlight in 1971, the Bangladesh Liberation War, and the key causes of the separation including language controversies, economic disparity, the dominance of the West Pakistani ruling elite, and Indian support for Bangladeshi independence.
causes of delay of constitution of pakistanFaiza Afzal
- The document summarizes the constitutional development of Pakistan after independence, including the passage of the Objective Resolution in 1949 which established Pakistan as an Islamic democratic republic.
- It discusses the reports of the Basic Principles Committee in 1950 and 1952, which outlined proposals for the federal structure and division of powers between central and provincial governments.
- The reports faced criticism for not sufficiently establishing Pakistan as an Islamic state or protecting the rights of minorities and the disadvantaged. This led to revisions in the second report of 1952 to better incorporate Islamic principles.
Constitutional devolopment in pakistan 1947 to 18th Amenment.Dr Tahir Jamil
The document summarizes the constitutional development in Pakistan from 1947 to 1973. It discusses the various constitutions and interim arrangements during this period, including the Objectives Resolution of 1949, the constitutions of 1956 and 1962, the martial law periods, and the process that led to the 1973 constitution. It provides details on the key committees and proposals involved in the constitution-making process and the criticisms of the different documents.
Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman, the founder of Bangladesh, presented a six-point formula in 1966 as the leader of the Awami League in East Pakistan that demanded greater autonomy for East Pakistan. The six points called for a federal parliamentary system based on population representation, devolving most powers to the provinces except foreign affairs and defense, separate currencies or banking systems for the two wings, tax collection authority for the provinces, separate foreign exchange accounts, and a provincial militia for East Pakistan. The central government rejected the formula and it became a major point of conflict, ultimately leading to the Awami League declaring independence for Bangladesh after winning elections in 1970.
The Republic of China has a representative democratic republic system with a president as head of state and premier as head of government. The dominant political party is the Kuomintang which supports closer ties to mainland China. The ROC governs Taiwan and surrounding islands and is divided into municipalities, cities, and counties. Major current leaders include President Ma Ying-jeou, Premier Jiang Yi-huah, and Legislative Yuan President Wang Jin-pyng of the ruling Kuomintang party.
The document discusses the causes of the separation of East Pakistan from West Pakistan in 1971. It identifies several key factors:
1. Political and economic dominance of West Pakistan over East Pakistan led to resentment among the Bengali population of East Pakistan.
2. Failure of the Muslim League leadership to adequately address the needs and concerns of East Pakistan contributed to growing discontent.
3. Delays in establishing a constitution and political system that fairly represented the much larger population of East Pakistan further exacerbated tensions.
4. The war of power between Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman over governing East Pakistan after 1970 elections also played a role in the ultimate separation of the
This document provides background information on the disintegration of Pakistan and creation of Bangladesh. It discusses the post-partition difficulties Pakistan faced, the political situation in 1947, and the various constitutional drafts proposed between 1950-1956 that created tensions between East and West Pakistan over representation. It also outlines Mujibur Rahman's six points, the role of the Awami League, events during the eras of Ayub Khan and Yahya Khan, Operation Searchlight in 1971, the Bangladesh Liberation War, and the key causes of the separation including language controversies, economic disparity, the dominance of the West Pakistani ruling elite, and Indian support for Bangladeshi independence.
causes of delay of constitution of pakistanFaiza Afzal
- The document summarizes the constitutional development of Pakistan after independence, including the passage of the Objective Resolution in 1949 which established Pakistan as an Islamic democratic republic.
- It discusses the reports of the Basic Principles Committee in 1950 and 1952, which outlined proposals for the federal structure and division of powers between central and provincial governments.
- The reports faced criticism for not sufficiently establishing Pakistan as an Islamic state or protecting the rights of minorities and the disadvantaged. This led to revisions in the second report of 1952 to better incorporate Islamic principles.
Constitutional devolopment in pakistan 1947 to 18th Amenment.Dr Tahir Jamil
The document summarizes the constitutional development in Pakistan from 1947 to 1973. It discusses the various constitutions and interim arrangements during this period, including the Objectives Resolution of 1949, the constitutions of 1956 and 1962, the martial law periods, and the process that led to the 1973 constitution. It provides details on the key committees and proposals involved in the constitution-making process and the criticisms of the different documents.
Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman, the founder of Bangladesh, presented a six-point formula in 1966 as the leader of the Awami League in East Pakistan that demanded greater autonomy for East Pakistan. The six points called for a federal parliamentary system based on population representation, devolving most powers to the provinces except foreign affairs and defense, separate currencies or banking systems for the two wings, tax collection authority for the provinces, separate foreign exchange accounts, and a provincial militia for East Pakistan. The central government rejected the formula and it became a major point of conflict, ultimately leading to the Awami League declaring independence for Bangladesh after winning elections in 1970.
The Republic of China has a representative democratic republic system with a president as head of state and premier as head of government. The dominant political party is the Kuomintang which supports closer ties to mainland China. The ROC governs Taiwan and surrounding islands and is divided into municipalities, cities, and counties. Major current leaders include President Ma Ying-jeou, Premier Jiang Yi-huah, and Legislative Yuan President Wang Jin-pyng of the ruling Kuomintang party.
The document discusses the causes of the separation of East Pakistan from West Pakistan in 1971. It identifies several key factors:
1. Political and economic dominance of West Pakistan over East Pakistan led to resentment among the Bengali population of East Pakistan.
2. Failure of the Muslim League leadership to adequately address the needs and concerns of East Pakistan contributed to growing discontent.
3. Delays in establishing a constitution and political system that fairly represented the much larger population of East Pakistan further exacerbated tensions.
4. The war of power between Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman over governing East Pakistan after 1970 elections also played a role in the ultimate separation of the
East Pakistan Separation- History of SubContinentAqib Syed
East Pakistan Separation- History of SubContinent
Political system in Pakistan broke down in 1971 because of output failure arising out of conflict among East and West Pakistan.
Though separation of East Pakistan occurred in 1971, the separation’s elements had begun to work with the emergence of Pakistan in 1947. Following were the main causes of the separation of East Pakistan.
The document summarizes the key political factors that led to East Pakistan's separation from West Pakistan in 1971, resulting in the formation of Bangladesh. It discusses how the failure of Pakistan's political leadership and institutions to properly manage regional political parties weakened national unity. Specifically, it notes that the Muslim League declined as a national party, allowing regional parties like the Awami League in East Pakistan to gain strength. It also examines issues like the language dispute, economic disparities, the impact of martial laws, and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's six point demands, all of which increased Bengali nationalist sentiment. Ultimately, the political leadership was unable to address these centrifugal forces, leading to East Pakistan declaring independence.
Fedearlism and provincial autonomy jami chandiorizsoomro
Part I provides historical context on the issues of federalism in Pakistan since its inception, noting that repeated centralization of power has deprived smaller provinces of the autonomy they demanded when joining Pakistan. Part II details current issues including the domination of Punjab, unequal distribution of resources and opportunities, and inter-provincial tensions. Part III recommends constitutional and political reforms to restore a balanced federation through greater provincial autonomy, fair resource sharing, and limits on the central government's authority.
The document summarizes the key political events and causes of tensions that led to the separation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) from Pakistan in 1971. It discusses:
1) Growing ethnic and economic tensions between East and West Pakistan since Pakistan's independence in 1947, with West Pakistan dominating political and economic power despite East Pakistan having a larger population.
2) The Awami League's electoral victory in 1970 based on its platform of greater autonomy for East Pakistan, and the military's refusal to convene the national assembly.
3) The breakdown of political negotiations in early 1971 and imposition of martial law in East Pakistan, leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War and its independence in December 1971.
This document provides an overview of politics in the US, India, and Pakistan. It discusses the branches of government in the US including the executive, legislative, and judicial branches at the federal and state levels. It also outlines the two main political parties in the US. For India, it summarizes the country's federal system and parliamentary political system, including the roles of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha legislative bodies. For Pakistan, it describes the role of the president and National Assembly, the influence of Islam in government, the military's involvement in politics, and Pakistan's international relations.
Pakistan adopted the Government of India Act of 1935 as an interim constitution after independence in 1947. Quaid-e-Azam sought to frame a comprehensive constitution but faced difficulties due to other pressing issues. The first constituent assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in 1949, outlining Pakistan as a democratic Islamic republic. After several amendments and martial laws, the Constitution of 1973 was approved, establishing a parliamentary system. It has since faced multiple amendments that have altered the balance of power between civilian and military institutions.
The document provides an overview of the politics of Pakistan. It discusses the country's federal parliamentary republic system of government and lists the current major leaders. It also outlines the structure of the Senate and National Assembly, lists political parties, and describes the 2013 and 2008 general elections. Key figures like the President, Prime Minister, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the National Assembly are also summarized.
Political and Socio-economic Exploitation of East Pakistan by West Pakistan.Shanawaz Ahamed
Political and socio-economic exploitation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) by West Pakistan is outlined. Key points of exploitation included:
- West Pakistan dominated political power despite East Pakistan having a larger population
- Bengali language and culture were suppressed in favor of Urdu from West Pakistan
- Vastly disproportionate amounts of government funds and infrastructure development were directed to West Pakistan, stunting East Pakistan's economic growth
- Disparities in education funding and opportunities further marginalized East Pakistan
The document discusses issues of federalism in Pakistan and makes recommendations. It summarizes that over-centralization of state authorities has led to conflicts between the center and provinces. It recommends constitutional reforms to establish true federalism, including provincial autonomy, fair fiscal distribution, and representation of all nationalities and communities. A renewed constitution based on the 1940 Lahore Resolution and protected by a Constitutional Court could help resolve intra-state conflicts through democratic means.
1) General Ayub Khan imposed martial law in 1958 and framed a new constitution in 1962 that established a presidential system with a powerful president.
2) The constitution was in effect from 1962 to 1969. Growing opposition from Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and others led to Ayub Khan's resignation in 1969.
3) General Yahya Khan took over and abrogated the 1962 constitution. Elections were held but resulted in political instability, contributing to the events leading to the 1971 war and the independence of Bangladesh.
Proospects for governance and peace in ethnic statesYMCA Mandalay
Two months after a new government took over the reins of power in Burma, it is too early to make any definitive assessment of the prospects for improved governance and peace in ethnic areas. Initial signs give some reason for optimism, but the difficulty of overcoming sixty years of conflict and strongly-felt grievances and deep suspicions should not be underestimated. The economic and geostrategic realities are changing fast, and they will have a fundamental impact – positive and negative – on Burma’s borderlands. But unless ethnic communities are able to have much greater say in the governance of their affairs, and begin to see tangible benefits from the massive development projects in their areas, peace and broadbased development will remain elusive. The new decentralized governance structures have the potential to make a positive contribution in this regard, but it is unclear if they can evolve into sufficiently powerful and genuinely representative bodies quickly enough to satisfy ethnic. There has been renewed fighting in Shan State, and there are warning signs that more ethnic ceasefires could break down. Negotiations with armed groups and an improved future for long-marginalized ethnic populations is the only way that peace can be achieved.
The document provides an overview of the political system and constitutions of Turkey from 1876 to the present. It discusses Turkey's first constitution in 1876 under the Ottoman Empire as well as subsequent constitutions adopted in 1921, 1924, 1961, and 1982, which is the current constitution. It summarizes the key events and changes made under each constitution, including Turkey becoming a republic in 1923 and a shift to a secular government in 1937. The document also discusses the current debate around potentially replacing the 1982 constitution with a new constitution that would implement an executive presidential system.
The document summarizes the political system and leadership of China. It describes China as a one-party socialist republic governed by the Communist Party of China (CPC). The CPC dominates government and selects candidates for all levels of government. While the President is nominal head of state, ultimate power lies with the CPC's General Secretary. The document profiles the current major leaders, including General Secretary Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang. It also outlines the structure of government and describes the roles of key bodies like the National People's Congress.
The document provides an overview of Pakistan's constitutional history from 1909 to 1973. It discusses several key acts and constitutions:
- The Minto-Marley Reforms of 1909 expanded legislative councils and gave Muslims separate representation.
- The Government of India Act of 1935 established a federal structure and provincial autonomy.
- The 1956 constitution established Pakistan as an Islamic republic with fundamental rights and a parliamentary system.
- The 1962 constitution established a powerful presidential system but centralized power in the presidency.
- The 1973 constitution returned to a parliamentary system with a ceremonial president, bicameral parliament, and protection of fundamental rights and Islamic provisions.
The document summarizes the process of developing constitutions in Pakistan after its independence in 1947. It describes the formation of committees to draft constitutions, their reports, criticisms of the reports, and revised proposals. Key events included the Objectives Resolution of 1949, two reports by the Basic Principles Committee in 1950 and 1952, the Muhammad Ali Bogra formula of 1953, dissolution of the Constituent Assembly in 1954, formation of a second Constituent Assembly in 1955, and the One Unit scheme that united western provinces, helping constitution drafting be completed and approved in 1956, establishing Pakistan as an Islamic Republic.
Kuwait has a constitutional monarchy government with an elected parliament. Important figures include Emir Sabah al-Sabah as head of state, Crown Prince Nawaf al-Sabah, and Prime Minister Jaber Al-Hamad al-Sabah. The constitution balances presidential and parliamentary powers, and grants the emir and parliament authority to nominate and remove the prime minister. Citizens over 21 can vote for the 50-member National Assembly. While political parties are constitutionally permitted, they remain de facto forbidden.
The document provides an overview of the East Pakistan crisis leading up to the 1971 Indo-Pakistan war. It discusses the geographic challenges of East Pakistan, the political and cultural alienation of Bengalis, the Awami League's six point plan, the 1970 election results giving Awami League a majority, the postponement of the inaugural National Assembly session, the formation of Mukti Bahini supported by India, Operation Searchlight launched by Pakistan to curb Bengali nationalism, the casualties of the civil war, India's plan to support East Pakistan's secession, and the military imbalance between India and Pakistan forces in the 1971 war.
The document compares the types of governments in China, South Korea, North Korea, and the United States. It states that China has a communist democracy with the communist party controlling the main branches of government. South Korea's government is separated into three branches like the US and has a constitution from 1948. North Korea is described as having a lot of power concentrated in the government.
Kazakhstan has pursued an active multi-vector foreign policy since gaining independence in 1991. It has built strong economic and diplomatic relationships with Russia, China, and Western countries. Kazakhstan has also positioned itself as a mediator in international conflicts. To strengthen its international engagement, Kazakhstan has hosted major international events and promoted education programs to develop a new generation fluent in multiple languages.
Kazakhstan diplomacy and role in international area after 24 years of indepen...Ainur Imangali
Kazakhstan has a long history of relationships with Russia dating back to the 18th century. As Kazakh tribes sought protection from invaders, they asked Russia for patronage, beginning a process of colonization that sparked rebellions from Kazakh leaders. Throughout the 20th century, Kazakhstan endured severe repression under Soviet rule, including forced collectivization, famine, nuclear testing, and population resettlement that dramatically changed the country's demographics. However, Kazakhstan also saw cultural and intellectual renaissance. In the late 20th century, under President Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan gained independence and has since pursued a multi-vectored foreign policy of close ties with Russia through organizations like the Eurasian Economic Union while also expanding global partnerships.
East Pakistan Separation- History of SubContinentAqib Syed
East Pakistan Separation- History of SubContinent
Political system in Pakistan broke down in 1971 because of output failure arising out of conflict among East and West Pakistan.
Though separation of East Pakistan occurred in 1971, the separation’s elements had begun to work with the emergence of Pakistan in 1947. Following were the main causes of the separation of East Pakistan.
The document summarizes the key political factors that led to East Pakistan's separation from West Pakistan in 1971, resulting in the formation of Bangladesh. It discusses how the failure of Pakistan's political leadership and institutions to properly manage regional political parties weakened national unity. Specifically, it notes that the Muslim League declined as a national party, allowing regional parties like the Awami League in East Pakistan to gain strength. It also examines issues like the language dispute, economic disparities, the impact of martial laws, and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's six point demands, all of which increased Bengali nationalist sentiment. Ultimately, the political leadership was unable to address these centrifugal forces, leading to East Pakistan declaring independence.
Fedearlism and provincial autonomy jami chandiorizsoomro
Part I provides historical context on the issues of federalism in Pakistan since its inception, noting that repeated centralization of power has deprived smaller provinces of the autonomy they demanded when joining Pakistan. Part II details current issues including the domination of Punjab, unequal distribution of resources and opportunities, and inter-provincial tensions. Part III recommends constitutional and political reforms to restore a balanced federation through greater provincial autonomy, fair resource sharing, and limits on the central government's authority.
The document summarizes the key political events and causes of tensions that led to the separation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) from Pakistan in 1971. It discusses:
1) Growing ethnic and economic tensions between East and West Pakistan since Pakistan's independence in 1947, with West Pakistan dominating political and economic power despite East Pakistan having a larger population.
2) The Awami League's electoral victory in 1970 based on its platform of greater autonomy for East Pakistan, and the military's refusal to convene the national assembly.
3) The breakdown of political negotiations in early 1971 and imposition of martial law in East Pakistan, leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War and its independence in December 1971.
This document provides an overview of politics in the US, India, and Pakistan. It discusses the branches of government in the US including the executive, legislative, and judicial branches at the federal and state levels. It also outlines the two main political parties in the US. For India, it summarizes the country's federal system and parliamentary political system, including the roles of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha legislative bodies. For Pakistan, it describes the role of the president and National Assembly, the influence of Islam in government, the military's involvement in politics, and Pakistan's international relations.
Pakistan adopted the Government of India Act of 1935 as an interim constitution after independence in 1947. Quaid-e-Azam sought to frame a comprehensive constitution but faced difficulties due to other pressing issues. The first constituent assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in 1949, outlining Pakistan as a democratic Islamic republic. After several amendments and martial laws, the Constitution of 1973 was approved, establishing a parliamentary system. It has since faced multiple amendments that have altered the balance of power between civilian and military institutions.
The document provides an overview of the politics of Pakistan. It discusses the country's federal parliamentary republic system of government and lists the current major leaders. It also outlines the structure of the Senate and National Assembly, lists political parties, and describes the 2013 and 2008 general elections. Key figures like the President, Prime Minister, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the National Assembly are also summarized.
Political and Socio-economic Exploitation of East Pakistan by West Pakistan.Shanawaz Ahamed
Political and socio-economic exploitation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) by West Pakistan is outlined. Key points of exploitation included:
- West Pakistan dominated political power despite East Pakistan having a larger population
- Bengali language and culture were suppressed in favor of Urdu from West Pakistan
- Vastly disproportionate amounts of government funds and infrastructure development were directed to West Pakistan, stunting East Pakistan's economic growth
- Disparities in education funding and opportunities further marginalized East Pakistan
The document discusses issues of federalism in Pakistan and makes recommendations. It summarizes that over-centralization of state authorities has led to conflicts between the center and provinces. It recommends constitutional reforms to establish true federalism, including provincial autonomy, fair fiscal distribution, and representation of all nationalities and communities. A renewed constitution based on the 1940 Lahore Resolution and protected by a Constitutional Court could help resolve intra-state conflicts through democratic means.
1) General Ayub Khan imposed martial law in 1958 and framed a new constitution in 1962 that established a presidential system with a powerful president.
2) The constitution was in effect from 1962 to 1969. Growing opposition from Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and others led to Ayub Khan's resignation in 1969.
3) General Yahya Khan took over and abrogated the 1962 constitution. Elections were held but resulted in political instability, contributing to the events leading to the 1971 war and the independence of Bangladesh.
Proospects for governance and peace in ethnic statesYMCA Mandalay
Two months after a new government took over the reins of power in Burma, it is too early to make any definitive assessment of the prospects for improved governance and peace in ethnic areas. Initial signs give some reason for optimism, but the difficulty of overcoming sixty years of conflict and strongly-felt grievances and deep suspicions should not be underestimated. The economic and geostrategic realities are changing fast, and they will have a fundamental impact – positive and negative – on Burma’s borderlands. But unless ethnic communities are able to have much greater say in the governance of their affairs, and begin to see tangible benefits from the massive development projects in their areas, peace and broadbased development will remain elusive. The new decentralized governance structures have the potential to make a positive contribution in this regard, but it is unclear if they can evolve into sufficiently powerful and genuinely representative bodies quickly enough to satisfy ethnic. There has been renewed fighting in Shan State, and there are warning signs that more ethnic ceasefires could break down. Negotiations with armed groups and an improved future for long-marginalized ethnic populations is the only way that peace can be achieved.
The document provides an overview of the political system and constitutions of Turkey from 1876 to the present. It discusses Turkey's first constitution in 1876 under the Ottoman Empire as well as subsequent constitutions adopted in 1921, 1924, 1961, and 1982, which is the current constitution. It summarizes the key events and changes made under each constitution, including Turkey becoming a republic in 1923 and a shift to a secular government in 1937. The document also discusses the current debate around potentially replacing the 1982 constitution with a new constitution that would implement an executive presidential system.
The document summarizes the political system and leadership of China. It describes China as a one-party socialist republic governed by the Communist Party of China (CPC). The CPC dominates government and selects candidates for all levels of government. While the President is nominal head of state, ultimate power lies with the CPC's General Secretary. The document profiles the current major leaders, including General Secretary Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang. It also outlines the structure of government and describes the roles of key bodies like the National People's Congress.
The document provides an overview of Pakistan's constitutional history from 1909 to 1973. It discusses several key acts and constitutions:
- The Minto-Marley Reforms of 1909 expanded legislative councils and gave Muslims separate representation.
- The Government of India Act of 1935 established a federal structure and provincial autonomy.
- The 1956 constitution established Pakistan as an Islamic republic with fundamental rights and a parliamentary system.
- The 1962 constitution established a powerful presidential system but centralized power in the presidency.
- The 1973 constitution returned to a parliamentary system with a ceremonial president, bicameral parliament, and protection of fundamental rights and Islamic provisions.
The document summarizes the process of developing constitutions in Pakistan after its independence in 1947. It describes the formation of committees to draft constitutions, their reports, criticisms of the reports, and revised proposals. Key events included the Objectives Resolution of 1949, two reports by the Basic Principles Committee in 1950 and 1952, the Muhammad Ali Bogra formula of 1953, dissolution of the Constituent Assembly in 1954, formation of a second Constituent Assembly in 1955, and the One Unit scheme that united western provinces, helping constitution drafting be completed and approved in 1956, establishing Pakistan as an Islamic Republic.
Kuwait has a constitutional monarchy government with an elected parliament. Important figures include Emir Sabah al-Sabah as head of state, Crown Prince Nawaf al-Sabah, and Prime Minister Jaber Al-Hamad al-Sabah. The constitution balances presidential and parliamentary powers, and grants the emir and parliament authority to nominate and remove the prime minister. Citizens over 21 can vote for the 50-member National Assembly. While political parties are constitutionally permitted, they remain de facto forbidden.
The document provides an overview of the East Pakistan crisis leading up to the 1971 Indo-Pakistan war. It discusses the geographic challenges of East Pakistan, the political and cultural alienation of Bengalis, the Awami League's six point plan, the 1970 election results giving Awami League a majority, the postponement of the inaugural National Assembly session, the formation of Mukti Bahini supported by India, Operation Searchlight launched by Pakistan to curb Bengali nationalism, the casualties of the civil war, India's plan to support East Pakistan's secession, and the military imbalance between India and Pakistan forces in the 1971 war.
The document compares the types of governments in China, South Korea, North Korea, and the United States. It states that China has a communist democracy with the communist party controlling the main branches of government. South Korea's government is separated into three branches like the US and has a constitution from 1948. North Korea is described as having a lot of power concentrated in the government.
Kazakhstan has pursued an active multi-vector foreign policy since gaining independence in 1991. It has built strong economic and diplomatic relationships with Russia, China, and Western countries. Kazakhstan has also positioned itself as a mediator in international conflicts. To strengthen its international engagement, Kazakhstan has hosted major international events and promoted education programs to develop a new generation fluent in multiple languages.
Kazakhstan diplomacy and role in international area after 24 years of indepen...Ainur Imangali
Kazakhstan has a long history of relationships with Russia dating back to the 18th century. As Kazakh tribes sought protection from invaders, they asked Russia for patronage, beginning a process of colonization that sparked rebellions from Kazakh leaders. Throughout the 20th century, Kazakhstan endured severe repression under Soviet rule, including forced collectivization, famine, nuclear testing, and population resettlement that dramatically changed the country's demographics. However, Kazakhstan also saw cultural and intellectual renaissance. In the late 20th century, under President Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan gained independence and has since pursued a multi-vectored foreign policy of close ties with Russia through organizations like the Eurasian Economic Union while also expanding global partnerships.
Office of the general governor of Turkestan and its activity in historiographySubmissionResearchpa
This article describes the period of the invasion of the Russian Empire, one of the darkest and most dangerous periods in the history of Turkestan, and the historiography of its governing regimes, methods of administration and state institutions and their activities. By the nineteenth century, the khanates, weakened by civil war, could not withstand the onslaught of the Russian Empire. This was because they were hostile to each other. After the Russian Empire conquered Turkestan, it established its own colonial order. The goal was to keep Turkestan under its chains for a long time and to suppress the feelings of national liberation. To this end, he introduced his own administrative style, including the governor's office, which was the main governing body. This small research paper describes the policy of the Russian Empire towards these goals and its coverage in historiography. by Hujayorova Sadokat 2020. Office of the general governor of Turkestan and its activity in historiography. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 9 (Sep. 2020), 155-157. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i9.610. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/610/583 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/610
The document provides an overview of the history and demographics of Russia, including details on its transition from the Soviet Union to present day. It discusses Russia's population trends, ethnic composition, religions, and compares key economic and demographic statistics of Russia to India. The document also briefly outlines Russia's political system and constitution.
presentation about alash orda with 11 slaids, with lots of pictures and dates, each of slaid has important informations about this topic, made with needed dates, the best presintation that you can find about that topic!
Tajikistan is a landlocked mountainous country in Central Asia bordered by Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and China. Most of the population belongs to the Tajik ethnic group who speak Persian and have historically been part of Persian empires. After being part of the Russian Empire and then the Soviet Union, Tajikistan declared independence in 1991 but descended into a civil war. It now has a president and parliament but elections are considered unfair. The economy remains poor relying on cotton and aluminum exports.
Pakistan's Relations with Central Asian Countries.docxlodhisaajjda
After the dissolution of Soviet Union in 1991, Central Asian Muslim countries Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan came in to being.
Pakistan established relations with these countries and expanded its external relations. These relations further improved with the establishment of Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO). Pakistan's relations with these countries are not only based on religion, but also on mutual interests. In the present-day world, it is beneficial for these countries to cooperate with each other. These countries do not have access to sea as they are land locked. Access to sea is very important to carry international trade. Pakistan has been providing these countries access to sea. These states are rich in oil and mineral wealth which are requirements of Pakistan. Coal, Oil and natural gas are extracted from many countries of the region. Major portion of the population of the region is engaged in the agriculture sector. Therefore, they live in valleys and oasis. Agriculture is source of provision of food, it provides raw material to the garments and leather industries. International fame is linked with the colorful carpets and rugs of the region.
وسطی ایشیائی ممالک کے ساتھ پاکستان کے تعلقات
1991میں سوویت یونین کی تحلیل کے بعد وسطی ایشیائی مسلم ممالک قازقستان، کرغزستان، تاجکستان، ترکمانستان اور ازبکستان وجود میں آئے۔ پاکستان نے ان ممالک کے ساتھ تعلقات قائم کیے اور اپنے بیرونی تعلقات کو وسعت دی۔ اقتصادی تعاون تنظیم (ECO) کے قیام سے یہ تعلقات مزید بہتر ہوئے۔ ان ممالک کے ساتھ پاکستان کے تعلقات نہ صرف مذہب کی بنیاد پر ہیں بلکہ باہمی مفادات پر بھی ہیں۔ موجودہ دور میں ان ممالک کا ایک دوسرے کے ساتھ تعاون کرنا فائدہ مند ہے۔ ان ممالک کی سمندر تک رسائی نہیں ہے کیونکہ یہ زمینی بند ہیں۔ بین الاقوامی تجارت کے لیے سمندر تک رسائی بہت ضروری ہے۔ پاکستان ان ممالک کو سمندر تک رسائی فراہم کرتا رہا ہے۔ یہ ریاستیں تیل اور معدنی دولت سے مالا مال ہیں جو پاکستان کی ضروریات ہیں۔ کوئلہ، تیل اور قدرتی گیس خطے کے کئی ممالک سے حاصل کی جاتی ہے۔ علاقے کی آبادی کا بڑا حصہ زراعت کے شعبے سے وابستہ ہے۔ اس لیے وہ وادیوں اور نخلستانوں میں رہتے ہیں۔ زراعت خوراک کی فراہمی کا ذریعہ ہے، یہ گارمنٹس اور چمڑے کی صنعتوں کو خام مال فراہم کرتی ہے۔ بین الاقوامی شہرت خطے کے رنگ برنگے قالینوں اور قالینوں سے جڑی ہوئی ہے۔
Which country ruled over the countries of Central Asia till 1991?
From 1860 until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Central Asia was under Russian rule for little more than a century.
What are the 5 Stan countries?
It includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian suffix "-stan" (meaning "land of") in both respective native languages and most other languages.
What was the religion in Central Asia before Islam?
This vast, land-locked region, with its extreme continental climate, was a center of civilization with great metropolises.
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Mongolia is a vast, sparsely populated country with a tradition of nomadism. It has a population of under 3 million and is emerging as a key center for mining investment due to its large reserves of minerals. While traditionally dependent on herding and agriculture, mining and extracting minerals now accounts for 30% of GDP. Mongolia has among the largest copper and coal reserves in the world and major mining projects are expected to significantly increase its mineral production and exports in the coming years.
Determinants of Ukraine Foreign Policy by Chris Dunnett Chris Helweg
This document provides background on the determinants of Ukrainian foreign policy since independence in 1991. It discusses how Ukrainian elites emerged from the Soviet system and had to build a state from scratch while asserting sovereignty. Ukrainian foreign policy has focused on maintaining relations with Russia while also developing economic and political ties with Western states. The document outlines the history of Ukrainian nationalism and identity. It will explore how Ukrainian foreign policy has shifted over time due to changes in domestic politics and relations between Eastern and Western institutions.
This document discusses Armenian-Turkish relations between 1895-1908 and the rise of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) movement in the Ottoman Empire. It questions whether the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) was to blame for souring relations and explores the non-separatist goals of Armenian revolutionary parties. Key figures and groups discussed include the Young Turks, Damad Mahmut Pasha, Prince Sabahattin, Behaeddin Shakir, and the ARF's alliance with the CUP in 1907 which paved the way for the 1908 coup.
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This document provides an overview of Ukraine, including its history, demographics, economy, and relations with India. It begins with a brief introduction and table of contents. Some key points:
- Ukraine has had a complex history as it has been invaded and ruled by various powers over the centuries, and only gained independence in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
- It has a population of over 43 million people and its capital and largest city is Kiev. The majority of people are ethnically Ukrainian and follow Christianity.
- Compared to India, Ukraine has a higher GDP per capita but lower overall GDP. Its main industries and exports include military equipment, metals, and petroleum products.
Russia is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It has a population of over 144 million and its capital and largest city is Moscow. Russia spans over 17 million square kilometers and has a diverse landscape that ranges from tundra and forests in the north to grasslands and deserts in the south. Throughout its history, Russia has been led by influential rulers like Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great, and Catherine the Great, who expanded the territory of the state and transformed Russia into a major European power.
The partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after World War 1 by European powers with little regard for ethnic and religious groups led to ongoing conflict in the region. Newly established countries contained diverse populations without shared national identities, causing problems. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire also gave rise to Turkish nationalism under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who modernized Turkey as a secular republic.
Tajikistan is a landlocked mountainous country in Central Asia bordered by Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and China. The majority of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Tajik ethnic group who speak Tajik, a dialect of Persian. Tajikistan has been inhabited for over 4,000 years and has been ruled by various empires throughout history, most notably the Persian Empire. It emerged as an independent country in 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union but endured a civil war in the 1990s before achieving peace in 1997. Tajikistan remains the poorest country in Central Asia with a developing economy dependent on agriculture, hydropower, and remittances from citizens working abroad
The Constitution of May 3, 1791 was the second modern codified national constitution in the world. It was designed to reform the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's political system and reduce the power of the nobility. Key reforms included establishing political equality, protecting peasant rights, and replacing the liberum veto with a constitutional monarchy. However, neighboring powers opposed these reforms and the constitution lasted only one year before being overturned by a Russian-backed confederation in the War in Defense of the Constitution. May 3rd became an important Polish national holiday commemorating the pro-democratic constitution.
Afghanistan is located between Central Asia, Iran, and the Indian subcontinent. Its geography and history have made it a crossroads for cultural influences. It has been ruled by various empires and groups over centuries and adopted Islam in the 8th century. It established independence in the early 20th century but its borders and ethnic groups span multiple countries. It has faced internal conflicts and foreign intervention throughout its modern history.
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The document summarizes Montenegro's complex governmental system and history. Montenegro is a semi-presidential parliamentary republic with a directly elected president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The country has experienced various rulers throughout its history, including being part of the Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Montenegro declared independence in 2006 and now has a multi-party parliamentary system within a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic.
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
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𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
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Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
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Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
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1. 1/14
Post author By Charlie April 29, 2021
The Government System of Kazakhstan
theweeklyrambler.com/the-government-system-of-kazakhstan/
Kazakhstan is a large country largely located in Central Asia, although is considered
transcontinental and also partly in Europe, the country is bordered with Russia, China,
Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. Kazakhstan also has a coast along the
landlocked Caspian Sea, which gives direct access to Azerbaijan and Iran. The country’s
capital city is Nur-Sultan which is located in the north-east of the country, the city was
formerly called Astana but was changed to Nur-Sultan in 2019 in honour of Kazakhstan’s
first President Nursultan Nazarbayev, who is as of today Chairman of the country’s
Security Council.
The area today known as Kazakhstan has been inhabited since at least the Paleolithic
era, with pastoralism developing during the Neolithic period. The area included a key
trading route during the time called the Steppe Route, precursor of the famous Silk Road.
It is also believed that humans first domesticated the horse in the region. The region was
made up of a number of nomadic groups in the earliest of times such as Indo-Iranian
cultures and the Scythians, as well as nomadic Turkic tribes. The Persian Achaemenid
Empire was also located in the South of the territory.
Around the early 11 Century, the Cuman, a Turkic nomadic people, entered the area and
later joined with the Kipchak, also Turkic, to create the vast Cuman-Kipchak
Confederation, but true political consolidation did not begin until the Mongols arrived in
the early 13 Century, bringing the area under the rule of the Mongol Empire, who would
establish administrative districts for the first time. As the Mongol Empire dissolved into
smaller factions, the Kazakh Khanate would eventually emerge and rule the area.
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During this time nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based economy were continuing to be
dominant and during the 15 Century a Kazakh identity would emerge from among the
Turkic tribes, leading up to the Kazakh War of Independence where the Kazakh Khanate
gained sovereignty from the Turko-Mongol Shaybanid dynasty. By the mid-16 Century, a
Kazakh language, culture, and economy would appear.
By the mid-17 Century tribal rivalries would begin weakening the Kazakh Khanate, with
the population dividing into three distinct tribal groupings, known as Great, Middle,
and Little hordes, diminishing importance of trade routes in the area also played a factor.
The Khiva Khanate would exploit this by annexing the large Mangyshlak Peninsula in the
West. The tribes and Kazakh Khanate also fought against Mongol tribes in the 17 and
early 18 centuries, specifically a grouping known as the Oirats, with the main threat
being from the Dzungar tribe, and they also suffered significant raids from the Kalmyk,
although these were repelled, they still greatly weakened the Kazakh Khanate, leading to
further rival exploitation, such as the Kokand Khanate conquering the southeast of the
region, and the Emirate of Bukhara taking rule of Shymkent.
The Kazakhs would also perform raids into Russian territory, leading to the Russians
constructing dozens of forts and redoubts to defend against such raids. During the
19 Century, in a period known as the Great Game, basically rivalry between large
Empires of the time, the Russian Empire begun expanding its influence into Central Asia,
which would lead to the Tsars of Russia having effective control of Kazakhstan, and they
would begin Russification of the Kazakhs. Resentment of this from the Kazakh people
would grow into resistance by the 1860s in an attempt to protect their culture and way of
life.
Competition over land and water would begin between Kazakhs and settlers, leading to
revolts, with one of the most serious being the 1916 Central Asian Revolt or Basmachi
Movement, massacres were committed by both sides, and both sides would also attempt
to resist Communist government after the fall of the Russian Empire and rise of the Soviet
Union.
The Kazakhs saw a brief period of autonomy following the collapse of the Russian Empire
in 1917 and a short-lived Kazakh state called the Alash Autonomy was established, but in
1920 the area would be brought under the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
as the Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (Kirghiz ASSR) which was later
renamed to the Kazakh ASSR.
Soviet forced elitist repression and forced collectivization led to famine and high fatalities
in the Kazakh ASSR and as a result unrest. The Kazakh ASSR would be detached from
the Russian SFSR in 1936 and become the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (Kazakh
SSR) making it a full union republic of the USSR. During the 1930s and 1940s the
Kazakh SSR became a destination for exiled and convicted prisoners, mass
resettlements, and deportations directed by the Central USSR authorities.
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Even through the USSR industrialization during World War II, the Kazakh SSR remained
and was kept largely a major agriculturally-based economy. The Kazakh SSR became the
place where the Soviets tested their first nuclear atomic bomb in 1949, with hundreds
more conducted up until 1989, causing ecological and biological consequences. By 1959
the Kazakhs became a minority in their own lands with ethnic Russians becoming the
majority, due to privation, war, and resettlement.
More unrest would begin in 1986 following replacement of Kazakhs First Secretary of the
Communist Party with a politician from the Russian SFSR, which was violently
suppressed by government troops. But discontent continued to grow as the Soviet Union
came close to collapse, especially spurred by Gorbachev’s glasnost policy.
Kazakhstan would declare its sovereignty in October 1990 and become the last Soviet
republic to leave the Soviet Union in December 1991, gaining full independence. Since
then, the country has been ruled in an authoritarian manner, with it being accused of
human rights abuses against political opponents and dissent. Kazakhstan also maintains
close ties and cooperation with Russia and other post-Soviet Republics such as via the
Eurasian Economic Union and the Collective Security Treaty Organisation.
Now a days the Kazakhs are the largest ethnic group in the country, followed by
Russians, Uzbeks and others. There is a co-official language which is Kazakh (the official
state-language) and Russian. Cyrillic and Latin are the official scripts with an aim for the
Latin script to replace Cyrillic by 2025. The largest religion is Islam and there are also a
significant number who follow Eastern Orthodoxy Christianity. The country’s currency is
the Tenge. The country’s population is over 18,961,350.
Government Type
4. 4/14
Emblem of Kazakhstan.
The country is operated as a Presidential Republic, although there is a Prime Minister as
Head of Government, the President as Head of State is not ceremonial and maintains
vast powers over the state and government. The legislative government is a bicameral
one made up of a Mazhilis as the lower chamber and a Senate as the upper chamber.
Elections in Kazakhstan have not been considered free or fair by Western standards of
Democracy and issues highlighted have included things such as censorship, harassment,
ballot tampering and other corrupt electoral practices. Multiple parties do exist and are
relegated to being represented in the lower chamber of Parliament, with the Upper
Chamber being non-partisan. The same party has ruled the country since 1999.
The Executive Government
5. 5/14
Ak Orda Presidential Palace. Photo by Nikolay Olkhovoy from Panoramio. CC BY 3.0.
Source.
The President of the Republic is the Head of State. The President determines the main
directions of domestic and foreign policy of the State and represents the country internally
and externally. It is the job of the President to guarantee freedoms and rights and the
Constitution as a whole. The President sees to concerted functioning of all branches of
state power and responsibility of institutions.
Presidential Duties
To give annual address to the people on state of the country and main directions of the
state’s domestic and foreign policies.
Appoint the regular and extraordinary elections to the country’s Parliament. The President
must convene the first session of the Parliament following elections and accept the oaths
of deputies. The President calls the extraordinary sessions of Parliament on matters of
great importance, at least one-third of deputies may also do this. Promulgates or returns
laws passed by the Parliament within one months, laws returned are to be reconsidered if
there is a disagreement made by the President.
The President chooses the Prime Minister from the lower chamber of Parliament following
its elections and after consulting with factions of political parties, the President will appoint
the chosen Prime Minister if given consent by the lower chamber to do so.
The President may remove the Prime Minister from office under certain circumstances,
such as if there is a loss of confidence in the lower chamber.
6. 6/14
The President defines the structure of the Government as requested by the Prime
Minister. Also appoints members of Government as proposed by the Prime Minister after
consulting with the lower chamber of Parliament.
The President independently appoints the ministers of foreign affairs and defense, and
internal affairs.
The President may dismiss members of the Government.
If necessary, the President can preside over crucial meetings of Government.
The President can annul or suspend entirely or in parts acts of akims of oblasts, cities of
national significance, and the capital.
The President appoints, along with consent from the Senate (upper chamber of
Parliament), the Chairperson of the National Bank; the Procurator-General; and the
Chairperson of Committee of National Security of the Republic of Kazakhstan. President
also releases these from office.
The President can form, abolish, and reorganize state bodies directly subordinated
and accountable to the President, and appoint or release their heads from office.
The President appoints and recalls heads of diplomatic representative offices of the
Republic. The President conducts negotiations and signs international treaties, signs
ratification instruments, receives letters of credentials and recall from diplomatic and other
representatives of foreign states accredited to him.
The President appoints the Chairperson and two members of the Central Election
Committee, and the Chairperson and two members of the Accounts Committee for control
over execution of the republican budget for a 5-year term.
The President adopts resolutions for conduction of national referendums.
It is the duty of the President to protect rights and freedoms of the people, ensure national
security, sovereignty and integrity of state, and as such has power to send a request to
the Constitutional Council to consider if an enacted law or other legal act conforms with
the constitution.
The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the country’s armed forces, appoints and
replaces the highest command of the Armed Forces. Awards state decorations,
confers honourary, highest military, and other ranks, ranked positions, diplomatic ranks,
and qualification degrees.
The President resolves issues of citizenship and political asylum.
The President exercises the power to pardon citizens.
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Under extraordinary circumstances such as major emergencies, threats, and
endangerment of national security of citizens and so on, the President will have official
consultation with the Prime Minister and Chairpersons of Parliamentary chambers and
take measures, caused by State of Emergency on entire territory or certain areas, and
give immediate notice to the Parliament of use of the country’s Armed Forces.
If there is aggression against the state or an immediate external threat to the country’s
security, then the President shall impose martial law on entire country or certain areas,
declare partial or total mobilization and give immediate notice to Parliament.
The President forms the State Security Service subordinate to him.
Appoints and releases from office the State Secretary of Kazakhstan, define the positions
powers and status.
The President forms the Security Council, the Higher Judicial Council, as well as other
consultative and advisory bodies.
The President on basis of constitution and the laws, issues decrees and resolutions which
are binding to the entire territory. Such can be on the initiative of the Government. All acts
signed by the President are also signed by the Prime Minister and both Chairpersons of
the Parliamentary chambers who bear juridical responsibility for legality of the acts.
Presidential Removal
The President can be removed from office due to continued incapacity to perform duties
due to illness. Under this case the Parliament forms a commission that consists of equal
numbers of deputies from each Chamber and specialists of respective areas of medicine,
they are observed by the Constitutional Council while they make a decision, the decision
is presented to a joint-sitting of the Parliament and adoption requires at least a three-
fourths majority.
The President outside of incapacity, may only be removed from office for high treason. An
investigation into the President on this can only be adopted by the Parliament lower
chamber via a majority, on initiative of at least one-third of total members. The
investigation if adopted is then conducted by the Senate and after its conclusion a
majority of Senators are needed to transfer the conclusion to a joint-sitting of the
Parliament where adoption of it requires a three-fourths majority, and that it had been
concluded as valid by the Supreme Court and that the Constitutional Council concludes
correct procedure was followed.
If a decision on High Treason is not made within 2-months then it shall be assumed it
were rejected. If the President is not convicted ultimately after investigation by vote of a
joint-sitting of Parliament or if the 2-months pass without a decision, then the deputies
who initiated the accusation in the first place are stripped of their powers.
If the President dies in office or is removed from office, the Chairperson of the Senate
takes over as President and finishes the remainder of the term, if they cannot it shall be
the Chairperson of the Majilis (lower chamber), and if they cannot it shall be the Prime
8. 8/14
Minister. Those individuals must vacate their original office before taking over the position
of President. Presidents who have taken over in this manner are unable to initiate
amendments or additions to the country’s constitution.
Prime Minister and Government
The Prime Minister is the Head of Government appointed by the President and confirmed
by majority of the Majilis (lower chamber) following elections. The Government
implements the executive power, heads system of executive bodies, and supervises their
activities. The Government is accountable to the President and in accountable to
the Majilis in areas stipulated by the Constitution.
The Government is formed by the President on advice of the Prime Minister. Suggestions
on structure and composition of Government are submitted to the President by the Prime
Ministers within 10-days of their appointment.
The Prime Minister organizes and supervises work of the Government, and personally
answers for its work. They sign the resolutions of Government. The Prime Minister also
reports the main directions of Government activities and all its important decisions to the
President.
The Government has numerous jobs that include…
Developing main directions of socio-economic policy, defense capability, security,
guarantee of public order and organize their realization. And with agreement of the
President approves state programs and ensures their implementation. Presents the
republican budget to the Parliament, report on its performance, and ensure
implementation of the Budget. Introduces draft laws to the Majilis and ensures
enforcement of laws that have been passed by Parliament and signed into
law. Organises management of state property. Develops measures for conduct of foreign
policy.
Manages the activities of the ministries, state committees, and other central and local
executive bodies. Has the power to annul or suspend completely or partially the effect of
acts of these ministries, state committees, and executive bodies.
Members of the Government are independent on decision-making within their
competence and bear responsbility before the Prime Minister for activity of bodies
subordinate to them.
The Legislative Government
9. 9/14
Meeting place of the country’s Parliament. Photo by Мазур Володя from Wikimedia
Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source.
The parliament of Kazakhstan is a bicameral one, made up of the lower chamber called
the Majilis and the upper chamber called the Senate. The main job of the Parliament is to
have legislation introduced, debate it, possibly amend it, and either pass or reject such
legislation. The Majilis provides oversight over the Prime Minister and their Government.
Legislative initiative belongs to the President, Government, and Deputies of the
Parliament, and legislation always first originates in the Majilis (lower chamber).
Legislation must pass both chambers before it goes to the President to be signed into
law. If legislation passed by the Majilis is rejected in the Senate then for it to pass
the Majilis again it requires a two-thirds majority, if the Senate rejects it again then that
same legislation cannot be reintroduced in the same session.
If the Senate amends or adds additions to a draft law passed by the Majlis then it is
returned to the Majilis who votes on it again, if they pass it the bill is considered fully
passed, if not then both Chambers will attempt to resolve disagreements via conciliatory
procedures.
Draft laws envisioning reduction of state revenues or increase in state expenditures may
only be submitted when supplied with positive resolution of the Government, unless the
draft law such as this was introduced by the President then it does not require positive
resolution from the Government.
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The Prime Minister may raise issue of confidence in their Government over a rejected
Government bill, if such a call for no-confidence does not receive a majority vote in either
Chamber then the draft law in question is considered adopted without a vote. This right
cannot be used more than twice per year.
The President has the right to determine priority for the consideration of draft laws.
Legislators/members can lose their seat in either chamber for reasons that include
establishing permanent residency outside of the country, entering in force of a conviction,
and loss of citizenship. Further legislators of the Majilis may lose their mandate for
leaving their party or being terminated from their party.
Legislation passed by both chambers can be returned for reconsideration by the
President, if both chambers pass the law again via at least two-thirds majority without any
changes then the President must promulgate it within one-month.
The President may after consulting with the Chamber Chairpersons, and Prime Minister,
dissolve the Parliament or the Majilis of the Parliament. The Parliament or Majilis cannot
be dissolved during state of emergency or martial law, or during the last six-months of a
President’s term, or before a year has passed since the previous dissolution.
Majilis – Lower Chamber
The Majilis, lower chamber of Parliament, has a fixed 107 members who are elected by
the people. Its composition following elections determines the Prime Minister and
therefore who shall be forming a Government. This chamber also oversees such
Government on its actions and activities and may withdraw confidence from the
Government, which may lead to a new Government or fresh elections.
The lower chamber can also cause an investigation into the President for possible high
treason or pursue removal due to incapacity to perform duties.
Matters and issues usually begin in the lower chamber and then move on to the upper
chamber. Such includes confirming the republican budget and making changes and
additions to it; establish and cancel state taxes and tax collections; establishing
procedure to resolve issues of administrative-territorial division of Kazakhstan; establish
state awards, honourary, military and other titles, ranked positions, diplomatic ranks, and
define state symbols; decide issues of state loans and rendering of economic and other
assistance; decide issues of amnesty to citizens; ratify and denounce international
treaties, discuss reports on execution of republican budget.
The Majilis also has exclusive authority/jobs over areas that include…
Accepting for consideration of drafts of constitutional laws and laws brought in Parliament
and consideration of these drafts.
Gives majority consent to the Prime Minister appointed by the President.
Announces the regular elections for President.
11. 11/14
Introduce initiative on no-confidence in Government supported by at least one-five of total
number of deputies and backed by at least an absolute majority in a vote.
Senate – Upper Chamber
The Senate has 49 members, some who are elected and some who are appointed, each
oblast, major city, and the country’s capital have two representatives on the Senate. All
members are non-partisan.
The Senate conducts any investigations into the President possibly committing high
treason if the lower chamber voted for such.
The Senate has some exclusive jobs allocated to it, these include…
Electing and discharging from office, Chairperson of the Supreme Court and its judges on
proposal of the President of the Republic.
Elects and dismisses the Commissioner for Human Rights pursuant to proposal of the
President.
Approve appointment of Chairman of the National Bank, Procurator-General, and
Chairperson of the Committee of National Security by the President.
Can deprive Procurator-General, Chairperson, and judges of Supreme Court of
their inviolability.
Performs functions of Parliament on accepting constitutional laws and laws in time
absence of the lower house caused by prescheduled termination of powers.
Joint-Sitting
A joint-sitting of parliament is when both chambers join together for a session. This can
be for major events or extraordinary matters of great importance.
The joint-sitting can introduce changes and additions to the constitution on proposal of
the President.
Approves reports of the Government, and the Accounts Committee on the control over
execution of the republican budget, non-approval on such a matter denotes the
expression of the Parliament as a vote of no-confidence in the Government.
Decides on issues of war and peace.
Adopts decisions concerning usage of Armed Forces to fulfil international obligations that
support peace and security at the proposal of the President.
The joint-sitting hears the annual messages from the Constitutional Council on the state
of the constitutional legality of the Republic.
Can form joint-commissions of both Chambers, elect and release their Chairpersons, and
hear reports on activities of the commissions.
12. 12/14
Separate Jobs of Both Chambers
The below jobs are conducted independently by both Chambers sitting seperately.
Both chambers appoint two members of the Constitutional Council; two members to the
Central Election Commission who serve 5-year terms; and three members of the
Accounts Committee for control over execution of the republican budget.
Both chambers elect half each of the joint-commissions of the Chambers.
Both chambers may hold Parliamentary hearings on issues of their jurisdiction.
Either chamber has the right to hear reports of the members of Government concerning
their activities at initiative of no less than one-third of members. Following these hearings,
a majority of no less than two-thirds have right to accept request by the President on
dismissal of a member of Government in case of failure to comply with laws.
Both Chambers coordinate their respective working bodies.
Both Chamber adopt their own procedural orders of their activities and other decisions on
issues connected with organisation and internal routine.
Both Chambers elect a Chairperson to preside over them, represent them in an impartial
manner, and who makes sure there is order and rules are abided, they convene sessions,
nominate candidates to Deputy Chairpersons of the Chambers, general supervision,
proposing candidacies for Constitutional Council, Central Election Commission, and
Accounts Committee. The Chairperson of the lower Chamber are selected and elected by
majority of the deputies, while the candidacy of the Senate Chairperson is chosen by the
President and confirmed by majority vote of the deputies in the Senate.
Other
As well as the usual 7-members of the Constitutional Council, which include two
members and the Chairperson appointed by the President, two members appointed by
the Majilis, and two members appointed by the Senate, there may be further members as
Ex-Presidents have right to become life-long ex-officio members of this council.
Chairperson and Judges of the Supreme Court are elected by the Senate on proposal of
the President based on recommendations from the Highest Judicial Council. This same
procedure is also for Chairperson and judges of local and other courts. The Highest
Judicial Council includes a Chairperson and two members all appointed by the
President.
The Electoral System
13. 13/14
Image by Министерство иностранных дел Республики Казахстан from Wikimedia
Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source.
Presidential elections happen every 5-years and uses a two-round absolute majority
system where to win in the 1 round a candidate requires an absolute majority of the
vote, otherwise a 2 round takes place between the top two candidates which is won by
simple majority.
Candidates must be citizens of the Republic by birth, who are at least 40-years-old, have
perfect command of the state language, has lived in the country for at least 15-years, and
has a higher education. One person may not serve more than two terms in a row as
President (the 1 President was excluded from this rule, who was President from 1990
until 2019, but is meant to apply to all further Presidents).
Parliamentary elections for the lower chamber (Majilis) happen every 5-years. 97
members are elected from multi-seat constituencies via party-list proportional
representation using the largest remainder method while the remaining 9-members are
elected by the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan to represent ethnic minorities.
Candidates must be citizens of Kazakhstan, permanent resident for at least 10-years, and
be at least 25-years-old.
The Assembly of People of Kazakhstan is a body of 384 delegates of Regional
Assemblies. It is tasked with representing the country’s ethnic groups.
Elections and appointments for the Senate (upper chamber) happen every 3-years with
half of members being elected/appointed to 6-year terms. 34 members are elected via
local representative bodies of oblasts, major cities, and the capital city (two each). The
remaining 15 members are appointed by the President based on representation of
national-culture and other significant interests of society.
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14. 14/14
Candidates must be citizens of Kazakhstan, permanent resident for at least 10-years in
the country, and at least 3-years within the respective oblast, major city, or capital; be at
least 30-years-old, have a higher education, and length of service of not less than 5-
years.
Sources
The source for this post comes from Kazakhstan’s 1995 constitution with amendments
through to 2017 and so it is currently as up to date as possible but there may yet be some
possible changes in a yet to be implemented 2019 amendment of which I have been
unable to find any further details on currently (constituteproject.org). Keep in mind I may
have possibly made some mistake or missed some things and the constitution can be
amended/changed and so eventually this post may become outdated so cross-research
is encouraged for those using this seriously.
Amendments are introduced via referendum initiated by the President, recommended by
the Parliament, or the Government. The President may submit draft amendments to the
Parliament or directly to referendum. Passage of amendments by Parliament requires a
four-fifths majority by both Chambers and signature of the President. Passage by
referendum requires an absolute majority by more than one-half of the voters in at least
two-thirds of the oblasts, major cities, and the capital, and signature of the President.
Next up will be the government system of Kenya.
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