Armenian Turkish Relations
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This document discusses Armenian-Turkish relations between 1895-1908 and the rise of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) movement in the Ottoman Empire. It questions whether the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) was to blame for souring relations and explores the non-separatist goals of Armenian revolutionary parties. Key figures and groups discussed include the Young Turks, Damad Mahmut Pasha, Prince Sabahattin, Behaeddin Shakir, and the ARF's alliance with the CUP in 1907 which paved the way for the 1908 coup.
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Similar to Armenian Turkish Relations
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State-Building Nationalism, secularism, and great power .docx
State-Building
Nationalism, secularism, and great power politics at the turn of the 20th century
Some questions to consider:
Islamists are in power in both Iran and Turkey. Why is Turkey so different from Iran?
Why is the government in Egypt so different from the government in Saudi Arabia?
Why has the military played an important role in the politics of Turkey?
1914
Two (major) political entities in the region:
The Ottoman Empire (Egypt, Tunisia)Iran
Ten years later…
Turkey Egypt IraqTransjordan (later Jordan)SyriaLebanonSaudi ArabiaIran
The Ottoman Empire:
the balance among linguistic, regional, and religious groupings was disturbed by European interventions and the internal political changes.
The Ottoman decline:
By the turn of the 20th century the Ottoman state became unstable.
Keep in mind:
The religious foundations of Ottoman rule.
Legitimacy of the Ottoman Empire
As long as loyalty to the empire appeared consistent with loyalty to the best interests of Islam (the ties of the ummah were paramount) most Arab Muslims accepted the legitimacy of the Ottoman rule.
Modernism, Humanism, political liberalism, and the Enlightenment.
A transition from communities of faith to national communities;Secular (universal) citizenship;Loyalty to the state and its institutions rather than to communal (mostly tribal) identities. Constitutional government;Anti-monarchismReligious pluralism, freedom, individualism; Unified legal, judicial, educational system;The expansion of the state instituions (bureaucracy, surveillance).
The Ottoman swings in opposite direction:
Constitutionalism;
Religious restoration.
Young Ottomans (bureaucracy):
Secularization (legal, judicial, educational systems);Universal citizenship;The 1876 Constitution.
Religious restoration
(sultan Abdul Hamid II)
Technological and administrative modernization, railways, post offices, warships but:
Refurbished the long neglected title of caliph,Broadcasting pan-Islamic appeals, and Topped up the ranks of his administration with Arabs.
Religious restoration and identity
Pan-Islamisms
Rather than:
Ottomanism
1908
Widespread opposition to the sultan’s tyranny.
A military rising in Monastir and Salonika (Rumelia); The sultan forced to call elections;The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) won a majority across the empire.
The 1908 Young Turk “revolution”
Officers demand that Abdul Hamid II restore the constitution.
On July 24, 1908, the constitution was declared once again in effect.
The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) government
Overriding aim was the preservation of the empire, at whatever cost.
They weren’t liberals but nor were they purely anti-colonial.
The threats to the Ottoman Empire
came from European powers or their regional allies,
but the Young Turks did not reject the West culturally or politically.
The 1909 counterrevolution
Led by common soldiers and t.
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After World War 1, nationalism grew across Asia and the Middle East as people sought independence from European colonial rule. However, the mandate system gave European powers continued control over former Ottoman lands. Arab groups who aided Allies believed they would gain independence but Britain and France secretly planned to divide the region. Turkish nationalism led to conflict with other ethnic groups and the Armenian genocide. China underwent political turmoil until nationalist and communist groups united but later split. Japanese imperialism and ultranationalism grew through the 1930s.
Ottoman Empire Influence
The Ottoman Empire had a significant influence on world history as the largest and most powerful of the Muslim empires. It lasted over 600 years due to its strong military, tolerant religious policies, and organized political system. The empire connected Europe, Asia, and Africa through its vast geographic reach, promoting an exchange of ideas and trade. It fell after joining World War I on the losing side of the Central Powers alliance.
Ap ch 25
1) The document discusses the decline and reforms of several major land empires in the 1800-1870 period: the Ottoman Empire, Egyptian Empire under Muhammad Ali, Russian Empire, and Qing Empire of China.
2) Key events included Napoleon's invasion of Egypt, the Greek war of independence from the Ottomans, and the Taiping Rebellion in China which resulted in 20-30 million deaths.
3) Reforms in these empires met with mixed success and resistance, and by the late 1800s the empires had decentralized significantly or lost control of territory.
AP WH Chapter 28 PowerPoint
The document summarizes major events from 1900-1929, including the decline of the Ottoman Empire, rise of nationalism in Europe leading to WWI, the war's impact on colonies in Africa and the Middle East, the Russian and German revolutions, and the peace settlements after WWI which left tensions in Europe. The postwar decade saw attempts at recovery, instability in Russia and Germany, and contrasting fortunes in China and Japan.
How Successful Was The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire rose to power in the late 13th century and went on to become one of the largest and most powerful empires in the world over the next 600 years. It controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa at its peak. The empire was successful due to strong military leadership, a powerful army including elite forces like the Janissaries, a strong economy, and a unified government and identity provided by Islam. However, by the early 20th century the empire was in decline due to conflicts, economic troubles, and challenges from European powers.
The Roles of Realism and Constructivism in the 1915 Armenian Genocide
This paper primarily focuses on why the 1915 Armenian Genocide occurred in the last days of the Ottoman Empire. This question will mainly be investigated by looking at the roles of national interests via realism and moral norms via constructivism. The goal will be to distinguish which of the two theories played a major role in this crime against humanity.
History of turkey
The document provides a history of Turkey from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses the various empires and groups that ruled Anatolia, including the Hittites, Greeks, Persians, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuks, and Ottomans. It then focuses on the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who introduced sweeping political, social, economic, and cultural reforms to modernize the new nation.
Ottoman empire
The document discusses the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question. It provides background on the founding and expansion of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century until its peak in the late 16th/early 17th century. It then discusses the Eastern Question, referring to the European powers vying for influence and territory as the Ottoman Empire declined. Key events discussed include the Serbian revolution, Greek revolt for independence, and conflict between the Ottoman Sultan and Muhammad Ali of Egypt in the 1830s-40s.
C H A P T E RT H R E EEmpires, States, and the New Worl.docx
C H A P T E R T H R E E
Empires, States, and the New World, 1500–1775
In the period from 1500 to 1775, many of the ways in which the world was or- ganized began to change. First and foremost, most parts of the world were drawn into regular, ongoing contact in ways that had never happened in the past. Where previously there had been several “worlds” in the world—the Chinese world, the Indian Ocean world, the Mediterranean world, and the Americas, as yet unknown to Europeans, Asians, or Africans—after 1500 two new links drew the entire globe into a single world for the first time. The voy- age of Christopher Columbus in 1492 opened up the New World and estab- lished new relations among the Americas, Europe, and Africa. But there was also a less well-known Pacific route linking the New World to China after the Spanish established a colony in the Philippines in 1571. These new linkages led to the exchange around the world of commodities, ideas, germs, foods, and people, in the process creating a dynamic but also very peculiar kind of New World, quite different from the Old (that is, Afro-Eurasia). We can eas- ily think of these sixteenth-century developments as the “first globalization.” A second large process was the continued growth and vitality of empires throughout Eurasia. In the sixteenth century, empires remained the most com- mon political form for bringing large parts of the earth under human control. Of all the various kinds of political and economic systems that humans have devised to draw sustenance from the land and to increase our numbers, by far the most successful was an empire. Why we are not now living in empires in- stead of nation–states is worth pondering. We aren’t because a new kind of state system developed in western Europe. To be sure, Spanish control of much of the New World initially gave them the resources to attempt to establish an
empire, but that attempt also elicited fierce resistance among other European states, both killing the prospects for an empire in Europe and launching a new kind of international political order.
The third major process concerns the growth of a system of sovereign states in Europe and the linkage between that process and war. In comparison with Asian empires, the European states appear to be small and rather fragile constructs that could not possibly compete with the larger empires. Their rulers were so poor that they constantly had to seek loans to maintain their militaries. They were so small that they did not have within their borders all the resources necessary for their own defense, and, had the Spanish succeeded in establishing an empire in Europe and eliminating interstate war, indepen- dent European states might not have developed at all. As it was, the system of European interstate war favored a particular kind of state that developed in England and France in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, leading to conflict between those two for much of the eighteenth century.
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State-Building Nationalism, secularism, and great power .docx
State-Building Nationalism, secularism, and great power .docx
The Roles of Realism and Constructivism in the 1915 Armenian Genocide
The Roles of Realism and Constructivism in the 1915 Armenian Genocide
C H A P T E RT H R E EEmpires, States, and the New Worl.docx
C H A P T E RT H R E EEmpires, States, and the New Worl.docx
Armenian Turkish Relations
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