Afghanistan is located between Central Asia, Iran, and the Indian subcontinent. Its geography and history have made it a crossroads for cultural influences. It has been ruled by various empires and groups over centuries and adopted Islam in the 8th century. It established independence in the early 20th century but its borders and ethnic groups span multiple countries. It has faced internal conflicts and foreign intervention throughout its modern history.

4. What's unique geographical position of Afghanistan, located between the Indian peninsula , the
Iranian plateau and Central Asia , its history, its art and archeology have always been sensitive to
the influence of neighboring regions. From the Upper Paleolithic , Neolithic and Bronze Age ,
Afghanistan has always been a corridor for trade between the Caspian culture, Bactrian and
Indian . Between 1600 and 1000 BC, the country was inhabited by people of Indo-European origin.
The main economic activities were, until the twentieth century , grazing and cultivation of opium.
Afghanistan's history really begins in the sixth century BC with the Achaemenid conquest. In the
fourth century , the country enters a new phase with the expedition of Alexander the Great . The
foundation of the " Alejandrías " Alejandro name given by a large number of cities in its path, six of
which still exist in modern Afghanistan , as well as the presence of Greek and Macedonian
colonists , led to the creation of the kingdom Greco- Bactrian towards 250 BC. This kingdom was
destroyed in the second century BC Scythian origin by invaders from the north .
Thus, in the course of its history , Afghanistan passed through the hands of Greeks, Turks
Sassanids , Arabs, Mongols, Persians, and others; Arab colonization brought there Islam is now
the religion of 90 % of the population.
Other people also settled in Afghanistan , seeking grazing lands : North Uzbeks and Tajiks ,
Pushtuns , and numerically smaller groups like Hazaras and Ishmaelites . Independent kingdom
since the eighteenth century , came to dominate militarily for some time to Iran and India and
could withstand two wars against the British Empire in the late nineteenth century, thanks to its
difficult terrain and warrior tradition of its inhabitants.

5. Become " buffer state " between two empires , with artificially drawn borders that divide them
and people who do not recognize (crossing to either side of them in search of pasture for their
flocks ), the country only got rid of " protectorate " English in 1919 , after the third Anglo -
Afghan war , which this time lasted four months.
The independence leader was Amanullah Khan, grandson of the emir imposed by the British.
Since the government has proposed to modernize the country and theirs was the first in the
world to establish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. He was overthrown in 1929 by the
family of the Mohammedzai (descendants of the dynasty dethroned in 1879 ) that crowned
Mohamed Nadir Shah. The Constitution of 1931 recognized the power of local chieftains and
created a system that was not contested until 1953.
Despite the military victories over the British, the economic pressure of the world market forced
to make concessions to Afghanistan and begin a process of " Westernization " , creating an
army inspired by European models, founded the first secular schools and adopting a political
regime parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Afghanistan's relations with the market were
more or less the same for any budding Status: exporting raw materials (wool , cotton, mining
operations such as lead , copper and chromium ) and imported manufactured goods.
During and after World War II as a result of the complete overturning of the western economies
to the defense industry , many backward countries diversify their economic activity , generating
a relatively small light industry , production of consumer goods (food, textiles, etc.) . This is
also true in Afghanistan.
In 1973 , popular (especially industrial and mining ) sectors overthrow the king and take over
the power in a front with the Stalinist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ) .
Former President Mohammad Daud takes charge of the government, with nearly half of the
PDPA ministers , but keeping the old nationalist line dispute with Pakistan, and the republic
was proclaimed.
Daud aspired to receive the funds as the Soviet Union (USSR ) provided him for strategic
reasons, but adjust its policy to the dictates of the Kremlin and forever keeping a "third position

6. • CAPITAL: KABUL
• OFFICIAL LANGUAGES : PASHTO AND DARI
(PERSIAN)
• POPULATION: 31 108 0772
LIMITS:
• SOUTHEAST AND SOUTH : PAKISTAN
• WEST: IRAN
• NORTH: TAJIKISTAN, TURKMENISTAN AND
UZBEKISTAN.
• EAST: CHINA

22. http://www.restaurantlejardin.nl/

27. WEB:
EXECUTIVE ROOM: $ 261.40
DELUXE ROOM: $305.00
STANDARD QUEEN/ SINGLE: $
174.30
ONE BEDROOM SUITE: $ 348.60
TWO BEDROOM SUITE: $ 435.80
THREE BEDROOM SIUTE: $ 522.90
http://www.safilandmarkhotelsuites.com/index.php?page=home&MasterPag
eID=4

28. http://www.serenahotels.com/serenakabul/default-en.htmlWEB:
DELUXE ROOM: $
356.00
GARDEN VIEW DELUXE
ROOM: $ 378.00
JUNIOR SUITE: $ 444.00
EXECUTIVE SUITE: $
489.00
PRESIDENTIAL SUITE:
UNAVAILABLE

29. http://kabulstarhotel.af/rooms/executive-rooms

31. ingredients:
1 pound ground beef
1 onion, finely chopped
1 green pepper, chopped fine
1 teaspoon cloves garlic, finely
chopped
1/2 teaspoon ground coriander seeds
Salt and pepper to taste
Knead together the beef, onion, pepper,
garlic and salt and pepper.
Let stand 30 minutes to blend flavors.
Fashion 16 oval balls.
Chain 4 skewers alternating with onion
quarter, green pepper
quarter and cherry tomato on each
skewer.Grill about 5 minutes until
turn golden side of the grill. Served
with rice with spices and coffee
a large piece of flat Afghan bread.

32. ingredients
1 lb (3 ½ cups) all-purpose flour
4 teaspoon salt
1 egg
2 tablespoons vegetable oil
l lb washed, finely chopped leeks or gandana
(trimmed weight)
½ teaspoon cayenne pepper
16 oz of yogurt (chaka)
3 cloves garlic, peeled and crushed
1 teaspoon vinegar
1 tablespoon ground mint
FOR THE GRAVY:
6 tablespoons vegetable oil
1-2 medium onions, finely chopped
l pound of ground beef or lamb
½ cup tomato juice or water
salt and black pepper

33. ingredients:
1 kilo of berejenas
60 ml of tomato sauce
240 ml of vegetable oil
3 tablespoons dried mint or peppermint
ground
6 cloves of garlic, crushed
1 liter of plain yogurt
2 tablespoons salt
1 tablespoon hot paprika
1 tablespoon of ground dried coriander
Cut the eggplant into slices. Sprinkle with
salt to release their water leaving 30
minutes. Remove salt and water with a
cloth. Heat oil and fry; yna Once fried put
them in a caerola.
Preheat oven to simmer-Fry onion until
golden, add the tomato sauce and cook for
3-5 minutes. Pour the sauce over the
eggplant and leave in the oven for another
15 minutes. Mix yogurt, garlic and mint
To serve: Add the eggplant over the
peppers and cilantro. Top with yogurt sauce.
serve

38. Ingredients
* 400g puff pastry.
* 200 gr ground walnuts.
Preparation
Half of the puff pastry into a rectangular pan stretches, stuffed with a mix
of nuts with a little water with sugar, cover with the other half baked and
takes 20 minutes.

39. Ingredients
* 4 ounces pitted prunes
* 4 ounces of grapes
* 8 ounces fresh or dried sliced ​​apples
* 4 ounces of dried pitted cherries
* 8 ounces dried pears
* 1 cup honey
* 2 cinnamon sticks
* 6-aromatic Studs
* 2 liters of cider
* Juice of one lemon
Preparation
Combine fruit in a pot and fill with enough cider to cover
the fruit and 1/3 more cider. Dried fruits absorb much
water. Add cloves and lemon peel.
Simmer until the fruit pieces do not break. Pick and
separate the liquid from the fruit. Put the liquid in a
saucepan and cook until reduced by 1/3. Add honey,
cinnamon, lemon juice and fruit. Reheat, stirring
constantly, taste, add more lemon juice if needed.
It should not be cloyingly sweet, fruity must master.
Serve hot. Hang in the refrigerator up to two weeks.