Mongolia is a vast, sparsely populated country with a tradition of nomadism. It has a population of under 3 million and is emerging as a key center for mining investment due to its large reserves of minerals. While traditionally dependent on herding and agriculture, mining and extracting minerals now accounts for 30% of GDP. Mongolia has among the largest copper and coal reserves in the world and major mining projects are expected to significantly increase its mineral production and exports in the coming years.
The document discusses the rise of Baloch nationalist movement in Pakistan's Balochistan province. It summarizes that Balochistan has seen periods of political uprisings since Pakistan's independence in 1947 as the Baloch people opposed being ruled by the central Pakistani state. The current rebellion began in 2004. It analyzes factors contributing to Baloch nationalism through the lens of various theories, finding that the internal colonialism framework best explains how the Baloch became a marginalized peripheral community and how economic and political suppression fostered nationalist sentiment. Tribal social structures and the role of elite sardars in leading the movement are also examined.
Case study on myanmar: Rabindra Bharati UniversityShrabantiGoswami
This document provides demographic information about Myanmar (Burma) including population statistics, religious breakdown, languages spoken, and ethnic groups. It discusses Myanmar's history from the founding of the first Burmese kingdom in the 11th century through British colonial rule and independence. It notes ongoing conflicts between the central government and some ethnic minority groups and over 300,000 refugees fleeing to neighboring countries.
The document provides information about Balochistan province of Pakistan. It discusses Balochistan's geography, demography, and ethnic groups. It outlines the province's history of conflicts with Pakistan, including uprisings in 1948, 1958-1959, 1963-1969, 1973, 2003 and the ongoing Zarb-e-Azb operation. The document attributes the conflicts to lack of political representation, human rights issues, and foreign support for separatists. It also describes Balochistan's natural resources like natural gas and various metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Central Afghanisan Rangelands- A history of tribal rule, grazing, war and reb...Daniel J Miller
Central Afghanistan has a long history of tribal rule and grazing on rangelands that comprise 60-75% of the country's land area. The rangelands provide critical resources but have been degraded by decades of war, drought, and population growth. After the Soviets withdrew in 1989, the country descended into civil war until 2001 when the US-led coalition overthrew the Taliban. Rebuilding efforts now aim to restore Afghanistan's economy, governance, and natural resources.
ETHNIC GROUPS IN CHINA
1. Zhuang - The Largest Ethnic Group
2.Mongolians - The Most Famous Ethnic Minority
3.The Hui(回族) - Chinese Muslims, the Most Widespread Minority
4. Han(汉族)
5. Miao - Distinctive Culture and Architecture
6.Uygur - The Largest Ethnic Group in Xinjiang
7.Manchu - The Creators of the Qing Empire
8.Tibetans - Descendants of a Powerful Empire
9.Yao - Famed for Their Rice Terraces
10. Naxi - Noted for the Unique Culture and Waterworks
The Baloch people have faced oppression from the Pakistani state since Balochistan was forcibly incorporated into Pakistan in 1948. This has led to several independence movements over the decades fighting against human rights abuses, lack of autonomy, and exploitation of Balochistan's resources by the central government. The latest conflict began in 2004 in response to the killing of Baloch leader Akbar Bugti, and since then over 20,000 Baloch activists and civilians have been abducted or killed by Pakistani security forces, fueling a violent insurgency for an independent Balochistan that continues today.
The document discusses the rise of the Mongolian Empire under Genghis Khan in the 13th century. It describes how Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian tribes and established a new government. Through skilled military tactics and leadership, the Mongols then conquered large parts of Asia and Eastern Europe, creating an empire much larger than the Greek Empire at its height. However, two invasions of Japan led by later Mongol rulers met with defeat due to shipwrecks and hurricanes. While the Mongol Empire declined after the 13th century, their initial success was due to a hands-off approach to governing conquered lands and policies of religious and social tolerance.
Cambodia is located in Southeast Asia, bordering Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. Its capital and largest city is Phnom Penh. Cambodia has a long history, with the Khmer Empire dominating the region from the 9th to 15th centuries and building famous sites like Angkor Wat. In the 1970s, Cambodia suffered under the brutal Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot, which caused the deaths of an estimated 1-3 million people. Today, Cambodia is rebuilding and its culture includes classical dance, martial arts like pradal serey kickboxing, and cuisine featuring dishes like amok and samlor kako soup.
The document discusses the rise of Baloch nationalist movement in Pakistan's Balochistan province. It summarizes that Balochistan has seen periods of political uprisings since Pakistan's independence in 1947 as the Baloch people opposed being ruled by the central Pakistani state. The current rebellion began in 2004. It analyzes factors contributing to Baloch nationalism through the lens of various theories, finding that the internal colonialism framework best explains how the Baloch became a marginalized peripheral community and how economic and political suppression fostered nationalist sentiment. Tribal social structures and the role of elite sardars in leading the movement are also examined.
Case study on myanmar: Rabindra Bharati UniversityShrabantiGoswami
This document provides demographic information about Myanmar (Burma) including population statistics, religious breakdown, languages spoken, and ethnic groups. It discusses Myanmar's history from the founding of the first Burmese kingdom in the 11th century through British colonial rule and independence. It notes ongoing conflicts between the central government and some ethnic minority groups and over 300,000 refugees fleeing to neighboring countries.
The document provides information about Balochistan province of Pakistan. It discusses Balochistan's geography, demography, and ethnic groups. It outlines the province's history of conflicts with Pakistan, including uprisings in 1948, 1958-1959, 1963-1969, 1973, 2003 and the ongoing Zarb-e-Azb operation. The document attributes the conflicts to lack of political representation, human rights issues, and foreign support for separatists. It also describes Balochistan's natural resources like natural gas and various metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Central Afghanisan Rangelands- A history of tribal rule, grazing, war and reb...Daniel J Miller
Central Afghanistan has a long history of tribal rule and grazing on rangelands that comprise 60-75% of the country's land area. The rangelands provide critical resources but have been degraded by decades of war, drought, and population growth. After the Soviets withdrew in 1989, the country descended into civil war until 2001 when the US-led coalition overthrew the Taliban. Rebuilding efforts now aim to restore Afghanistan's economy, governance, and natural resources.
ETHNIC GROUPS IN CHINA
1. Zhuang - The Largest Ethnic Group
2.Mongolians - The Most Famous Ethnic Minority
3.The Hui(回族) - Chinese Muslims, the Most Widespread Minority
4. Han(汉族)
5. Miao - Distinctive Culture and Architecture
6.Uygur - The Largest Ethnic Group in Xinjiang
7.Manchu - The Creators of the Qing Empire
8.Tibetans - Descendants of a Powerful Empire
9.Yao - Famed for Their Rice Terraces
10. Naxi - Noted for the Unique Culture and Waterworks
The Baloch people have faced oppression from the Pakistani state since Balochistan was forcibly incorporated into Pakistan in 1948. This has led to several independence movements over the decades fighting against human rights abuses, lack of autonomy, and exploitation of Balochistan's resources by the central government. The latest conflict began in 2004 in response to the killing of Baloch leader Akbar Bugti, and since then over 20,000 Baloch activists and civilians have been abducted or killed by Pakistani security forces, fueling a violent insurgency for an independent Balochistan that continues today.
The document discusses the rise of the Mongolian Empire under Genghis Khan in the 13th century. It describes how Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian tribes and established a new government. Through skilled military tactics and leadership, the Mongols then conquered large parts of Asia and Eastern Europe, creating an empire much larger than the Greek Empire at its height. However, two invasions of Japan led by later Mongol rulers met with defeat due to shipwrecks and hurricanes. While the Mongol Empire declined after the 13th century, their initial success was due to a hands-off approach to governing conquered lands and policies of religious and social tolerance.
Cambodia is located in Southeast Asia, bordering Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. Its capital and largest city is Phnom Penh. Cambodia has a long history, with the Khmer Empire dominating the region from the 9th to 15th centuries and building famous sites like Angkor Wat. In the 1970s, Cambodia suffered under the brutal Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot, which caused the deaths of an estimated 1-3 million people. Today, Cambodia is rebuilding and its culture includes classical dance, martial arts like pradal serey kickboxing, and cuisine featuring dishes like amok and samlor kako soup.
Mongolia is located between Russia and China. It has a continental climate with very cold winters between -26°C and -40°C and short summers between +17°C and +28°C, giving it the coldest capital in the world. Mongolia was originally comprised of separate tribes and clans until 1206 when it was united by Genghis Khan, and it gained independence in 1921. The country is home to wild animals like horses, camels, and bears and over 2000 lakes with diverse bird life.
This document estimates the costs of Mongolia's inefficient trade regulation based on its poor performance in the World Bank's Trading Across Borders indicator. It finds that unnecessary documentation requirements for imports and exports cost businesses nearly $20 million annually. They also reduce GDP by $1.77 billion due to lost trade volumes and delays. Simplifying documentation could save over $79 million per year in opportunity costs by reducing delays, and increase the number of trades businesses complete annually.
Mongolia was once home to the vast Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan in the 13th century. It broke up in the 1300s and was controlled by China until regaining independence in 1911. Mongolia adopted aspects of Chinese culture but still engages in nomadic herding. Taiwan has strong cultural and historical ties to China but gained independence in the 20th century. It developed a highly successful economy based on manufacturing and trade despite lacking natural resources. Western influences like baseball also became popular in Taiwan.
Mongolia and Taiwan are located in East Asia. Mongolia is a landlocked country located between China and Russia, with rugged mountains and plateaus covering most of its land. The Gobi Desert spans central and southern Mongolia. Mongolia's economy relies mainly on livestock, and its population of 2.8 million people are mostly nomadic herders or live in the capital of Ulaanbaatar. Taiwan is an island located about 100 miles off the coast of China, with a humid subtropical climate and economy now focused on high-technology industries. In 1949, Chiang Kai-shek and the nationalist government fled to Taiwan after being defeated by Mao Zedong and the communists in China.
The document discusses Korean culture and traditions, focusing on marriage customs, holidays, and traditional clothing. It describes how marriage was traditionally an agreement between families, with the groom's family paying most wedding expenses. It also outlines several major Korean holidays, including Lunar New Year, Army Day, and Naadam Festival, noting traditions like cleaning homes before New Year and competitive games during Naadam. The document concludes by explaining that the traditional hanbok clothing is still commonly worn in rural areas but has modern variations in cities.
This document provides information on the various ethnic groups found in Mongolia. It discusses the Barga and Darkhad peoples who settle in eastern and northern Mongolia respectively. It also describes the traditional costumes, accessories, and footwear of ethnic groups like the Buryat, Bayad, Dorbet, Dariganga, Khalkha, Kazakh, Hoton, Myangad, Oold, Torgut, Uriankhai, Zakhchin, and Uzemchin. The capital of Mongolia is Ulaanbaatar and the predominant language is Khalkha Mongolian. The country has diverse landscapes including Gobi desert, steppe, timber forest, and mountains.
Ulaanbaatar is the capital city of Mongolia, located in the Tuul River valley and surrounded by mountains. It has a population of over 1.4 million, accounting for about 50% of Mongolia's total population. Ulaanbaatar is the cultural, political, and financial center of the country. Mongolia has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers. The population speaks mostly Mongolian and practices Tibetan Buddhism, though some follow other religions. Mongolia has a rich history and was once home to a large Mongol Empire that stretched from Asia to Europe. Nomadism and Buddhism are the two most influential aspects of Mongolian culture.
Ulaanbaatar is the capital city of Mongolia, located in the Tuul River valley and home to about 50% of Mongolia's population. It has been the cultural, political, and economic center of the country since the 18th century. Ulaanbaatar is divided into 9 districts and has numerous museums and cultural sites, including Chinggis Khaan Square in the center of the city. Over recent decades, the city has modernized and developed many new tall buildings.
Ulaanbaatar is the capital and largest city of Mongolia, located in the Tuul River valley and surrounded by mountains. The population of Ulaanbaatar is over 1.4 million, accounting for about 50% of Mongolia's total population. It has historically moved locations along Mongolian rivers but was permanently settled at its current location in 1778. Ulaanbaatar is the cultural, political, and financial center of Mongolia and has developed into a modern city with numerous tall buildings in recent decades.
An empire arose in Mongolia in the 13th century under Chingis Khan that conquered a vast territory through military might. The Mongols generally allowed conquered peoples to maintain their cultures and religions while adopting Chinese political structures to administer the large empire. Though the empire fell, the Mongols had a lasting impact by unifying regions that remain united today and opening intercontinental trade, while descendants of the Mongols assimilated into local populations and adopted local religions.
Originally part of Mongolia, Inner Mongolia was settled by Mongolian tribes and later annexed by the Manchu Empire in the 16th century. After the 1911 revolution, Chinese settlers moved into the sparsely populated region, pushing Mongol tribes into the steppe and desert. Inner Mongolia became part of China. It was invaded by Japan during the Sino-Japanese war and became a Japanese-controlled state before being restored to China in 1945. Chairman Mao made Inner Mongolia China's first autonomous region in 1947. The region encompasses vast steppes and parts of the Gobi Desert with scanty rainfall converted to farmland along rivers. The nomadic lifestyle declined as the Mongolian diet incorporated some
Mongolia is a large, landlocked country located between China and Siberia. It has a population of around 3 million people spread across its territory, which is slightly larger than Alaska. Mongolia has a largely nomadic culture, with many people still living a traditional lifestyle of herding livestock across the grasslands. The country has a long history dating back over 500,000 years and was once home to the vast Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan, though it is now a parliamentary republic transitioning from communism.
This document provides an overview of China's geography, demography, history, and cultural traditions. It discusses China's diverse climate and topography, with the Yangtze River dividing north and south China. It notes China's large Han population as well as 55 minority groups, and describes Mandarin Chinese as the official language. The document summarizes key events in China's dynastic history from the Shang Dynasty to the present day Communist government. It also outlines cultural symbols like the dragon and flag, and discusses regional identities among the Han majority and ethnic minorities.
Mongolia has a population of over 2.8 million people, with about 1 million living in rural areas. The country has a unique nomadic culture and economy based on agriculture and livestock. Mongolia is located between Russia and China, with about 40% of residents living in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar located in north central Mongolia. The country offers scenic landscapes and attractions like waterfalls, lakes, and national parks for tourism alongside a culture shaped by nomadic herders and influenced by Tibetan Buddhism and former rulers.
Tajikistan is a landlocked mountainous country in Central Asia bordered by Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and China. Most of the population belongs to the Tajik ethnic group who speak Persian and have historically been part of Persian empires. After being part of the Russian Empire and then the Soviet Union, Tajikistan declared independence in 1991 but descended into a civil war. It now has a president and parliament but elections are considered unfair. The economy remains poor relying on cotton and aluminum exports.
Chapter 11 Mongol Monument Empire - Ways of the World AP World History BookS Sandoval
Summary of Chapter 11 from AP World History book, Ways of the World by Robert W. Strayer. Chapter 11 Pastoral peoples on the global stage: Mongol Monument 1200-1500
The document summarizes the Mongol empire, which originated from nomadic tribes in East Asia and became the largest land empire in history under the leadership of Genghis Khan in the 13th-14th centuries. The Mongols conquered much of Asia and Eastern Europe through skilled horse riding and warfare. At its peak, the Mongol empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan, covering around 16% of Earth's land. The empire later fractured into khanates ruled by Genghis Khan's descendants in regions like Russia, India, and China, leaving a cultural legacy but also causing immense destruction and spreading pandemics during its rapid rise and expansion.
Mongolia has a long history dating back nearly 500,000 years. In the 13th century, Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and established the largest contiguous land empire in world history stretching from Eastern Europe to Korea. Today, Mongolia is a parliamentary republic located in East Asia between Russia and China. It has a population of around 3 million people and a predominantly nomadic culture with traditions like wrestling, horse racing and archery at the annual Naadam festival.
I talk about Kazakhstan's system of government from the presidential system of government, the legislative government, and the current state of democracy.
Mongol conquest of Asia and Eastern Europe by Genghis and Khan Kublai Khan. Also additional information on Mongolia, Russia, the Yuan & Ming Empire, Vietnam, Korea and Japan.
Mongolia is located between Russia and China. It has a continental climate with very cold winters between -26°C and -40°C and short summers between +17°C and +28°C, giving it the coldest capital in the world. Mongolia was originally comprised of separate tribes and clans until 1206 when it was united by Genghis Khan, and it gained independence in 1921. The country is home to wild animals like horses, camels, and bears and over 2000 lakes with diverse bird life.
This document estimates the costs of Mongolia's inefficient trade regulation based on its poor performance in the World Bank's Trading Across Borders indicator. It finds that unnecessary documentation requirements for imports and exports cost businesses nearly $20 million annually. They also reduce GDP by $1.77 billion due to lost trade volumes and delays. Simplifying documentation could save over $79 million per year in opportunity costs by reducing delays, and increase the number of trades businesses complete annually.
Mongolia was once home to the vast Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan in the 13th century. It broke up in the 1300s and was controlled by China until regaining independence in 1911. Mongolia adopted aspects of Chinese culture but still engages in nomadic herding. Taiwan has strong cultural and historical ties to China but gained independence in the 20th century. It developed a highly successful economy based on manufacturing and trade despite lacking natural resources. Western influences like baseball also became popular in Taiwan.
Mongolia and Taiwan are located in East Asia. Mongolia is a landlocked country located between China and Russia, with rugged mountains and plateaus covering most of its land. The Gobi Desert spans central and southern Mongolia. Mongolia's economy relies mainly on livestock, and its population of 2.8 million people are mostly nomadic herders or live in the capital of Ulaanbaatar. Taiwan is an island located about 100 miles off the coast of China, with a humid subtropical climate and economy now focused on high-technology industries. In 1949, Chiang Kai-shek and the nationalist government fled to Taiwan after being defeated by Mao Zedong and the communists in China.
The document discusses Korean culture and traditions, focusing on marriage customs, holidays, and traditional clothing. It describes how marriage was traditionally an agreement between families, with the groom's family paying most wedding expenses. It also outlines several major Korean holidays, including Lunar New Year, Army Day, and Naadam Festival, noting traditions like cleaning homes before New Year and competitive games during Naadam. The document concludes by explaining that the traditional hanbok clothing is still commonly worn in rural areas but has modern variations in cities.
This document provides information on the various ethnic groups found in Mongolia. It discusses the Barga and Darkhad peoples who settle in eastern and northern Mongolia respectively. It also describes the traditional costumes, accessories, and footwear of ethnic groups like the Buryat, Bayad, Dorbet, Dariganga, Khalkha, Kazakh, Hoton, Myangad, Oold, Torgut, Uriankhai, Zakhchin, and Uzemchin. The capital of Mongolia is Ulaanbaatar and the predominant language is Khalkha Mongolian. The country has diverse landscapes including Gobi desert, steppe, timber forest, and mountains.
Ulaanbaatar is the capital city of Mongolia, located in the Tuul River valley and surrounded by mountains. It has a population of over 1.4 million, accounting for about 50% of Mongolia's total population. Ulaanbaatar is the cultural, political, and financial center of the country. Mongolia has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers. The population speaks mostly Mongolian and practices Tibetan Buddhism, though some follow other religions. Mongolia has a rich history and was once home to a large Mongol Empire that stretched from Asia to Europe. Nomadism and Buddhism are the two most influential aspects of Mongolian culture.
Ulaanbaatar is the capital city of Mongolia, located in the Tuul River valley and home to about 50% of Mongolia's population. It has been the cultural, political, and economic center of the country since the 18th century. Ulaanbaatar is divided into 9 districts and has numerous museums and cultural sites, including Chinggis Khaan Square in the center of the city. Over recent decades, the city has modernized and developed many new tall buildings.
Ulaanbaatar is the capital and largest city of Mongolia, located in the Tuul River valley and surrounded by mountains. The population of Ulaanbaatar is over 1.4 million, accounting for about 50% of Mongolia's total population. It has historically moved locations along Mongolian rivers but was permanently settled at its current location in 1778. Ulaanbaatar is the cultural, political, and financial center of Mongolia and has developed into a modern city with numerous tall buildings in recent decades.
An empire arose in Mongolia in the 13th century under Chingis Khan that conquered a vast territory through military might. The Mongols generally allowed conquered peoples to maintain their cultures and religions while adopting Chinese political structures to administer the large empire. Though the empire fell, the Mongols had a lasting impact by unifying regions that remain united today and opening intercontinental trade, while descendants of the Mongols assimilated into local populations and adopted local religions.
Originally part of Mongolia, Inner Mongolia was settled by Mongolian tribes and later annexed by the Manchu Empire in the 16th century. After the 1911 revolution, Chinese settlers moved into the sparsely populated region, pushing Mongol tribes into the steppe and desert. Inner Mongolia became part of China. It was invaded by Japan during the Sino-Japanese war and became a Japanese-controlled state before being restored to China in 1945. Chairman Mao made Inner Mongolia China's first autonomous region in 1947. The region encompasses vast steppes and parts of the Gobi Desert with scanty rainfall converted to farmland along rivers. The nomadic lifestyle declined as the Mongolian diet incorporated some
Mongolia is a large, landlocked country located between China and Siberia. It has a population of around 3 million people spread across its territory, which is slightly larger than Alaska. Mongolia has a largely nomadic culture, with many people still living a traditional lifestyle of herding livestock across the grasslands. The country has a long history dating back over 500,000 years and was once home to the vast Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan, though it is now a parliamentary republic transitioning from communism.
This document provides an overview of China's geography, demography, history, and cultural traditions. It discusses China's diverse climate and topography, with the Yangtze River dividing north and south China. It notes China's large Han population as well as 55 minority groups, and describes Mandarin Chinese as the official language. The document summarizes key events in China's dynastic history from the Shang Dynasty to the present day Communist government. It also outlines cultural symbols like the dragon and flag, and discusses regional identities among the Han majority and ethnic minorities.
Mongolia has a population of over 2.8 million people, with about 1 million living in rural areas. The country has a unique nomadic culture and economy based on agriculture and livestock. Mongolia is located between Russia and China, with about 40% of residents living in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar located in north central Mongolia. The country offers scenic landscapes and attractions like waterfalls, lakes, and national parks for tourism alongside a culture shaped by nomadic herders and influenced by Tibetan Buddhism and former rulers.
Tajikistan is a landlocked mountainous country in Central Asia bordered by Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and China. Most of the population belongs to the Tajik ethnic group who speak Persian and have historically been part of Persian empires. After being part of the Russian Empire and then the Soviet Union, Tajikistan declared independence in 1991 but descended into a civil war. It now has a president and parliament but elections are considered unfair. The economy remains poor relying on cotton and aluminum exports.
Chapter 11 Mongol Monument Empire - Ways of the World AP World History BookS Sandoval
Summary of Chapter 11 from AP World History book, Ways of the World by Robert W. Strayer. Chapter 11 Pastoral peoples on the global stage: Mongol Monument 1200-1500
The document summarizes the Mongol empire, which originated from nomadic tribes in East Asia and became the largest land empire in history under the leadership of Genghis Khan in the 13th-14th centuries. The Mongols conquered much of Asia and Eastern Europe through skilled horse riding and warfare. At its peak, the Mongol empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan, covering around 16% of Earth's land. The empire later fractured into khanates ruled by Genghis Khan's descendants in regions like Russia, India, and China, leaving a cultural legacy but also causing immense destruction and spreading pandemics during its rapid rise and expansion.
Mongolia has a long history dating back nearly 500,000 years. In the 13th century, Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and established the largest contiguous land empire in world history stretching from Eastern Europe to Korea. Today, Mongolia is a parliamentary republic located in East Asia between Russia and China. It has a population of around 3 million people and a predominantly nomadic culture with traditions like wrestling, horse racing and archery at the annual Naadam festival.
I talk about Kazakhstan's system of government from the presidential system of government, the legislative government, and the current state of democracy.
Mongol conquest of Asia and Eastern Europe by Genghis and Khan Kublai Khan. Also additional information on Mongolia, Russia, the Yuan & Ming Empire, Vietnam, Korea and Japan.
Kazakhstan has pursued an active multi-vector foreign policy since gaining independence in 1991. It has built strong economic and diplomatic relationships with Russia, China, and Western countries. Kazakhstan has also positioned itself as a mediator in international conflicts. To strengthen its international engagement, Kazakhstan has hosted major international events and promoted education programs to develop a new generation fluent in multiple languages.
Kazakhstan diplomacy and role in international area after 24 years of indepen...Ainur Imangali
Kazakhstan has a long history of relationships with Russia dating back to the 18th century. As Kazakh tribes sought protection from invaders, they asked Russia for patronage, beginning a process of colonization that sparked rebellions from Kazakh leaders. Throughout the 20th century, Kazakhstan endured severe repression under Soviet rule, including forced collectivization, famine, nuclear testing, and population resettlement that dramatically changed the country's demographics. However, Kazakhstan also saw cultural and intellectual renaissance. In the late 20th century, under President Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan gained independence and has since pursued a multi-vectored foreign policy of close ties with Russia through organizations like the Eurasian Economic Union while also expanding global partnerships.
Relations - Diplomat relations - MongoliaBurnee Bok
The document discusses the history, religions, ethnic groups, and international relations of Mongolia. It provides a timeline of Mongolian history from 209 BC to the present day, covering major empires and political changes. It notes that Mongolia was once the site of a vast empire and discusses the influence of Mongolian words on the Korean language. The document also outlines the religious demographics of Mongolia according to the 2010 census, highlighting Buddhism, Shamanism, Christianity, and Islam. Additionally, it profiles two of Mongolia's ethnic groups and discusses Mongolia's relationships with neighboring countries like China, North and South Korea.
The Mughal Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan from the 16th to the 18th centuries. It consolidated Islam in South Asia and spread Muslim arts and culture. The empire was founded in 1526 by Babur and reached its peak under Akbar and Aurangzeb, though it declined after Aurangzeb due to its vast size. The Mughals established a centralized government, brought religious tolerance initially, and made important cultural contributions such as the development of Mughlai cuisine, Urdu language, and architectural styles exemplified by the Taj Mahal.
The Mongols created the largest land-based empire in human history under the leadership of Chinggis Khan in the 1200s-1300s. The Mongols conquered Central Asia and Northern China initially, then expanded west into Islamic lands and Central Europe. The Mongol Empire was later divided into four khanates or kingdoms that continued expanding the empire into Western Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and all of China. While the Mongols brought death and destruction during their conquests, the resulting "Mongol peace" led to increased trade and cultural exchange along revived Silk Roads for approximately 100 years.
Similar to Oxford Business Group - Mongolia 2012 Report (20)
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins which elevate and stabilize mood.
Thailand has experienced significant political developments in recent decades. It transitioned to a constitutional monarchy in 1932 and has undergone various periods of military rule and civilian governments. The country saw a rise in populist politics in the 1990s and 2000s led by telecom magnate Thaksin Shinawatra, but he was ousted in a 2006 military coup due to allegations of corruption and abuse of power. In 2011, Thailand saw its first female prime minister, Yingluck Shinawatra, Thaksin's sister, restored through democratic elections, bringing hopes of reconciliation after years of political turmoil. The economy has grown steadily, especially in the 1990s, despite political challenges. Buddhism remains the dominant religion and strongly influences
The document provides an overview of Ras Al Khaimah emirate in the United Arab Emirates. It discusses the emirate's history dating back thousands of years, its diverse geography, and population of around 300,000 people expected to reach 750,000 by 2020. It also outlines the emirate's economy, which is driven by sectors like industry, trade, tourism and real estate. Under Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi's leadership, the government has undertaken ambitious development programs that have attracted over $3 billion in industrial investments and significantly grown the economy in recent years.
This document provides an overview of Papua New Guinea, including its economy, industries, geography, demographics, and culture. Some key points:
- PNG has a diverse population of over 6 million people comprised of over 1,000 distinct ethnic groups speaking over 800 languages.
- The country has a young population, with a median age of 22, and is rich in natural resources like minerals, oil, and gas. Agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP.
- PNG gained independence from Australia in 1975 and has a diverse landscape ranging from rainforests to mountains. The capital is Port Moresby.
- Tribal affiliations remain strong influences in politics due to the country's traditional, rural roots
South Africa has a diverse population with a rich mix of cultures and languages. It has abundant natural resources and a developing constitutional democracy. While the economy has grown, challenges remain around unemployment and inequality stemming from apartheid.
Turkey has experienced significant economic and demographic transformations over the past decade. Per capita GDP has tripled from $2900 in 2001 to over $10,500 in 2011, fueled by a young and growing population. Increased education and technology use has also contributed to Turkey's rising regional influence as a link between Western countries and the Middle East. However, regional political dynamics and a large trade deficit with the EU pose risks to continued economic growth.
Saudi Arabia has a young and rapidly growing population of 27.1 million people. It plays a central role in Islam as the home of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. The country possesses around one-fourth of the world's total oil reserves and is the ninth largest country by land area. Saudi Arabia strives to balance long-standing traditions with modernization under the rule of the Al Saud family since the 1700s.
Peru has a diverse landscape and population with a rich history. Metals and minerals are key exports that have supported steady economic growth over the past decade. The percentage of urban residents is growing, reflecting a trend of increased political stability and economic liberalization since 2000. Larger roles for political parties and alliances, as well as issues of social inequality, have become more prominent in Peruvian politics.
Oman has a long history as a trading nation due to its strategic location on the Arabian Peninsula. It is currently led by Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said and has diversified its economy away from oil dependence through reforms. Oman has a population focused on quality education and a culturally diverse expatriate workforce. It possesses natural resources including oil, natural gas, and minerals and has invested heavily in infrastructure like ports and airports.
Morocco has a diverse population and geography. It has both mountainous and coastal regions, and Berber languages are gaining official recognition alongside Arabic. Recent constitutional changes have given Morocco's parliament more authority. Urbanization is increasing as more people move to cities for opportunities.
Kuwait is strategically located in the Persian Gulf region. It has a population of approximately 3.5 million people, with citizens making up about 25% of the total. Education and development remain top priorities for the government. A new port facility is being built on Boubyan Island to support ongoing infrastructure development efforts.
The document provides an overview of Jordan, summarizing key points about its history, population, education system, politics, and natural resources in 3 sentences:
Jordan has a rich history that draws tourists to sites like Petra and Wadi Rum, while its political and social stability supports business growth. The country has a highly educated population that pushes economic development forward. However, Jordan faces challenges from regional instability, limited natural resources, high unemployment, and a growing refugee population that places pressure on public services.
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The document provides a country profile of Bahrain, summarizing key information about its economy, politics, geography, and population in 3 paragraphs or less:
Bahrain has a population of over 1.23 million people from diverse backgrounds. Its economy has diversified beyond oil and now includes important sectors such as finance, industry, and tourism. However, political unrest in 2011 disrupted economic growth and the tourism industry. Bahrain has pursued economic diversification for decades in order to rely less on its finite oil and gas reserves and expand other industries. It has strategically developed sectors like financial services, transport, and Islamic finance to become an important regional hub.
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The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - MessageCole Hartman
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
A Free eBook ~ Valuable LIFE Lessons to Learn ( 5 Sets of Presentations)...OH TEIK BIN
A free eBook comprising 5 sets of PowerPoint presentations of meaningful stories /Inspirational pieces that teach important Dhamma/Life lessons. For reflection and practice to develop the mind to grow in love, compassion and wisdom. The texts are in English and Chinese.
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The Enchantment and Shadows_ Unveiling the Mysteries of Magic and Black Magic...Phoenix O
This manual will guide you through basic skills and tasks to help you get started with various aspects of Magic. Each section is designed to be easy to follow, with step-by-step instructions.
The Book of Ruth is included in the third division, or the Writings, of the Hebrew Bible. In most Christian canons it is treated as one of the historical books and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel.
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A375 Example Taste the taste of the Lord, the taste of the Lord The taste of...franktsao4
It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
A375 Example Taste the taste of the Lord, the taste of the Lord The taste of...
Oxford Business Group - Mongolia 2012 Report
1.
2. 7
Country Profile
Vast, sparsely populated and steeped in tradition
Nomadism continues to influence national culture
Embracing modernity while linked to the past
Mining and agriculture underpin the economy
3. 8 COUNTRY PROFILE
The capital, Ulaanbaatar, is run as an independent municipality
Eastern promises
Old traditions join modern life in this resource-rich country
Bounded by Russia to the north and China to the gols burst onto the global stage, however, with the
south, Mongolia is a vast country and sparsely popu- Eurasian empire established by Chinggis (Genghis)
lated – larger than Western Europe, but with a popu- Khan in the 13th century. At its height, Chinggis’ empire
lation of under 3m people. The country of wind-swept stretched from Poland to Vietnam and held over 100m
steppes, plains and deserts is famous for its nomadic people. Upon his death, however, Chinggis’ territory
tradition, still influential despite rapid development. was divided into four khanates (a political entity ruled
However, stable and democratically-ruled Mongolia is by a khan), which gradually crumbled, although one
also emerging as a key centre for mining investment, achieved fame as the Yuan Dynasty of Kublai Khan. The
with important mineral reserves and a number of Mongols eventually retrenched to their original home-
major projects due to enter production soon. lands, and by the late 17th century submitted to the
GEOGRAPHY: Mongolia, covering a surface area of rule of the Chinese Qing dynasty.
1.56m sq km, is the 19th largest country in the world. The Bogd Khan, Mongolia’s Buddhist spiritual leader,
The country is entirely land-locked, with land borders declared the country’s independence in 1911 upon
that stretch 8220 km. Its geography is characterised the fall of the Qing dynasty. The new Chinese govern-
by plains, steppes and deserts – notably the Gobi ment, however, still considered “Outer Mongolia” as
desert in the south of the country – while parts of the part of the republic and used the Russian Revolution
north, far west and south-west are more mountain- in October 1919 as a pretext to occupy the territory.
ous. The far west hosts the country’s highest peak, the Bolshevik Russia supported the formation of a com-
4374-metre-high Huyten Orgil (Khüiten Peak), which munist Mongolian government and army, which
sits astride part of the western frontier where Mon- expelled the Chinese forces. The Mongolian People’s
golia, Russia, China and Kazakhstan come together. Government was declared in 1921, and after the Bogd
The capital, Ulaanbaatar, has a population of around Khan’s death in 1924, the full independence of the
1.1m according to the 2010 census and is located Mongolia’s People’s Republic was declared.
slightly north-east of the centre of the country. The The new republic was strongly influenced by the Sovi-
mountainous northern province of Khövsgöl, named et Union. The dictator Khorloogiin Choibalsan, who
after a lake with the same name, is known for its ruled from 1928 to 1952, collectivised livestock,
dynamic population, as well as for being a stronghold destroyed Buddhist monasteries, and purged tens of
of shamanism and related practices. thousands of citizens, mainly monks. Mongolia con-
In the south of the country, the Gobi desert, despite tinued to side with Moscow even after the Sino-Sovi-
the images of endless sand conjured by the name, is et split in the 1960s, with tens of thousands of Sovi-
known for its diverse scenery and landscapes, includ- et troops stationed in Mongolia in the 1980s.
ing glaciers, canyons and oases, as well as for host- With the advent of glasnost and perestroika in the
ing the country’s largest mineral deposits. late 1980s, however, the first cracks in Mongolian
HISTORY: Present-day Mongolia has been inhabited communism began appearing. Protests and hunger
by modern humans for approximately 40,000 years, strikes orchestrated by the Mongolian Democratic
with major political systems developing in the first Union toppled the communist government in 1990.
millennium BC. A succession of nomadic tribal con- The constitution was amended to allow opposition
federations, including the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Rouran, parties, and multi-party elections were held in the
Khitans, and Khamag Mongols, ruled over large parts same year. The former state party, the Mongolian Peo-
of the steppe between 200 BC and 1200 AD. The Mon- ple's Revolutionary Party, retained power until 1996,
www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/country/Mongolia
4. COUNTRY PROFILE 9
when it lost in elections and peacefully relinquished
control. Since then, Mongolia’s young democracy has
seen sporadic political crises, but is currently charac-
terised by relatively little violence and a healthy con-
sensus for multiparty politics.
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT: Having ended decades
of communist rule in 1990, Mongolia is governed by
a mixed presidential-parliamentary system. Candi-
dates for the presidency are nominated by the single-
chamber, 76-seat parliament, known as the State Great
Khural, and elected by popular vote for a maximum of
two four-year terms. The president acts as the head
of state and chief of the armed forces and is obliged
to appoint as prime minister the candidate present-
ed to him by the parliamentary majority.
The prime minister appoints a cabinet that must be
approved by the State Great Khural. Parliamentary
elections are also held every four years. While Mon-
golia has a long legal tradition stretching back to the
yasa (written code of law) of Chinggis Khan, the con-
The constitution promotes freedom of worship; around half of the population is Buddhist Lamaist
temporary legal system has been strongly influenced
by that of the Soviet Union. Protestant denominations. The constitution and the
LOCAL GOVERNMENT: Mongolia is administratively government both provide for freedom of worship.
divided into 21 regions, known as aimag, with the LANGUAGE: Around 90% of Mongolians speak Mon-
capital city, Ulaanbaatar, operating as an independ- gol, most of them using the Khalkha Mongol dialect,
ent municipality. Each province elects a local khural which is the official language of Mongolia and which
to parliament and is sub-divided into administrative since 1963 has been written in the Cyrillic alphabet
regions (sums) that have local representative bodies. due to the strong influence of the Soviet Union. How-
POPULATION: The current estimated size of Mongo- ever, the traditional Mongolian alphabet is gradually
lia’s population is just under 3m (growing at an annu- being reintroduced. Turkic languages – principally
al rate of 1.49%), making it the 134th-largest country Kazakh – are also spoken, mainly in the west of the
by population. Its small population, combined with country. Russian was spoken fairly widely in the past,
Mongolia’s vast geographical size, makes the country sustained by the large number of immigrants from
the least densely populated nation in the world. the Soviet Union, however, many left following its col-
The country is fairly ethnically homogenous, with lapse and the language does not have as wide an
approximately 95% of the population being of Mon- influence any longer.
gol origin, around 90% of whom hail from the Khalkha CULTURE & HERITAGE: Nomadism (and in particu-
Mongol ethnic group, who speak the Khalkha dialect lar nomadic herding of livestock) and Buddhism are
of Mongol. Other Mongol ethnic groups include the two of the most important influences on Mongolian
Buriat, Dorvof and Tuvad groups. However, the pop- culture. While most Mongolians are now settled into
ulation has a substantial Turkic ethnic minority of urban areas, a significant number of city-dwellers
around 5% of the population – most of whom are eth- nonetheless continue to live in gers, traditional round
nic Kazakhs – who make up the majority of the pop- wood and felt tents that were specifically designed
ulation of the western-most province of Bayan-Ulgii. for the nomadic lifestyle.
RELIGION: According to figures from 2004, approxi- The most popular traditional sport is Mongolian
mately half of the Mongolian population is Buddhist wrestling, known as bukh. Together with horseracing
Lamaist, a sect of Tibetan Buddhism. Most Buddhist and archery, this is the mainstay of the famous sum-
temples and monasteries were destroyed under the mer festival of Naadam, which is also a major tourist
communist regime, which sought to erase the influ- attraction. Epic poetry also remains a significant cul-
ence of religion on the population. However, a num- tural tradition. Wrestlers at Naadam are honoured by
ber of these structures were left standing as exam- bards, while the nation’s past is famously encapsulat-
ples of traditional Mongolian culture, including the ed in the epic poem “The Secret History of the Mon-
famous Gandantegchinlen monastery in the capital city. gols”, which describes the rise of the Mongol Empire
Roughly 40% of Mongolians do not practice any under Chinggis Khan in the 13th century.
religion, partly of the legacy of the ban on all religious Mongolian cuisine is influenced by the country’s
practice that was in place under the former commu- herding tradition, and thus based largely around meat
nist regime, which ended in 1990. There is also a Sun- and milk products. Traditional staple dishes include a
ni Muslim minority – mostly made up of the Kazakh variety of mutton dumplings such as buuz (steamed
minority – that comprises around 4% of the popula- dumplings) as well as khushuur, which are deep fried
tion. In addition, small Shamanist and Christian com- meat pies. Popular traditional drinks include milk
munities exist, with most Christians subscribing to tea and airaig, lightly alcoholic fermented mare’s milk.
THE REPORT Mongolia 2012
5. 10 COUNTRY PROFILE
world (after Chile). Canada’s Ivanhoe Mines and Rio
Tinto are developing the site in partnership with the
government, which has a 34% stake in the project. Pro-
duction at the mine, located in the South Gobi region,
is due to begin in 2013.
Tavan Tolgoi, the world’s largest untapped coal
reserve, is also a major focus. The government has
decided to divide the site in two, keeping 51% to devel-
op on its own and inviting participation from interna-
tional mining firms for the remainder. Additionally,
Mongolia is the world’s third-largest producer of
fluorspar, used in iron smelting. Its output accounts
for approximately 5.5% of global output.
Mongolian mines produced 25m tonnes of coal in
2010, of which 18m was exported. Mongolia is also
believed to have the world’s second-largest reserves
of uranium after Australia, with a major prospect set
to being production in 2012. The nation also holds sig-
nificant reserves of tin, molybdenum and tungsten.
A RISING TIDE: Mongolia’s commodities surge is
The surge in commodities growth is expected to boost other sectors such as banking and industry
expected to boost the country’s other industries, many
CLIMATE: Given the large size of the country, the of which are small now but should benefit from GDP
weather varies significantly. Generally, the climate is growth rates as high as 20% annually. The banking
an extreme continental one, thanks to its landlocked sector, for example, is as of yet too small to service
status and distance from the sea. In Ulaanbaatar – one the mining sector’s massive capital requirements, but
of the coldest capital cities in the world – the coldest an influx of mining money will provide liquidity through
month on average is January, where temperatures fluc- other channels. Anticipated growth areas include
tuate between a daily average of -32°C and -19°C. mortgages and auto loans.
Meanwhile, the temperature peaks in July, alternat- Mongolia’s industrial base is similarly modest, hav-
ing between average daily minimums and maximums ing seen Soviet-era factories close down in the early
of 11°C and 22°C. However, temperatures outside of years of democracy. Textiles, food and beverages, and
Ulaanbaatar and particularly in the southern desert basic metals from mining account for more than 80%
regions are substantially higher. of industrial output. The former two are primarily agri-
In the steppe and desert areas of the country the cultural outputs, with cashmere from goats having
temperature fluctuates between warm days and cool grown into perhaps the country’s largest industry.
nights. July is the wettest month, with precipitation Even as it turns into a mining powerhouse, Mongo-
averaging roughly 76 mm in the capital. lia is seeking to preserve its pastoral landscapes, home
NATURAL RESOURCES: Agriculture, and particular- not only to a distinctive national culture but also to
ly herding – around which many of the country’s tra- economic potential. The country is seeking to market
ditional activities and the semi-nomadic culture is cen- both its cashmere and its meat products as premium
tred – are important contributors to the economy. products grown in a sustainable, traditional manner.
However, the scale of the activities is primarily focused In terms of more advanced industry, however, Mon-
at the national level. As a result, it is the mining and golia is banking on a $10bn industrial complex in Sain-
extracting sector that is emerging as the key driver of shand that will take advantage of raw materials from
both exports and foreign investment. mining sites and still-to-be-built railway links.
Mongolia currently has very little to speak of in the Infrastructure development will in fact be key to
way of significant oil or gas reserves. However, the Mongolia’s attempt at resource-driven growth. As a
country is an important mining and minerals centre. landlocked country sandwiched between China and
Many of the country’s deposits are still untapped, and Russia, getting commodities and other exports to buy-
a number of major new projects are due to begin pro- ers is time-consuming and expensive. The country’s
duction in the near future. These are expected to sig- airport is a holdover from Soviet times, its roads are
nificantly increase Mongolia’s status as a producer of frequently unpaved, and its railroad network is a mish-
minerals. The mining sector currently accounts for mash of incompatible Chinese and Russian standards.
30% of GDP and 32% of government revenue, accord- Much of the government’s mining-related invest-
ing to research from Resource Capital. ment is being funnelled, therefore, into infrastructur-
Much of the output is exported to its rapidly expand- al improvements. Plans include upgraded roads both
ing neighbour, China. The country has among the within Ulaanbaatar and in the provinces, a new air-
largest copper reserves in the world, with the Oyu Tol- port, and more than 5000 km of new railways. Such
goi reserve thought to be the world’s largest unde- massive investment will not only make the country and
veloped copper and gold reserve. Oyu Tolgoi also gives its hinterlands more accessible but will also benefit
Mongolia the second-largest copper reserves in the local construction companies and service providers.
www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/country/Mongolia