The document provides an overview of the history and demographics of Russia, including details on its transition from the Soviet Union to present day. It discusses Russia's population trends, ethnic composition, religions, and compares key economic and demographic statistics of Russia to India. The document also briefly outlines Russia's political system and constitution.
Understanding Russia and Its Relationship with the Westtnwac
In 1994 at the dawn of the post-Cold War era Marieta Velikova left Surgut, Western Siberia in the Russian Federation bound for Weippe, Idaho as a high school exchange student. She returned to Russia with her first glimpses of life in America that would be followed by graduate and doctoral studies at Mississippi State University starting in 2002. She has lived in the United States ever since and is a proud Nashvillian who travels to Siberia twice a year to visit family.
Professor Velikova has a special perspective on US-Russian relations that she will share at this Global Dialogue session including discussion of President Vladimir Putin — how is he viewed among Russians and why does that differ from the view of the West; the situations in Chechnya, Georgia, Crimea and Ukraine; and the issue of US elections.
Understanding Russia and Its Relationship with the Westtnwac
In 1994 at the dawn of the post-Cold War era Marieta Velikova left Surgut, Western Siberia in the Russian Federation bound for Weippe, Idaho as a high school exchange student. She returned to Russia with her first glimpses of life in America that would be followed by graduate and doctoral studies at Mississippi State University starting in 2002. She has lived in the United States ever since and is a proud Nashvillian who travels to Siberia twice a year to visit family.
Professor Velikova has a special perspective on US-Russian relations that she will share at this Global Dialogue session including discussion of President Vladimir Putin — how is he viewed among Russians and why does that differ from the view of the West; the situations in Chechnya, Georgia, Crimea and Ukraine; and the issue of US elections.
This is Sabina Ashurova's International Recruitment Project for the completion of the Business Achievement Awards. The country she chose was Russia. This document includes information on Russia's history, geography and wildlife, culture, politics, economy, business customs, etc.
End of the Independent Muslim World?
One subject, four articles (1974, 1980, 1988, 2013) and the conclusion of the analysis of different interconnected perspectives in just one sentence…
As a student of international relations I want to share three published and one unpublished articles, two in Urdu and two in English languages, with my friends and connections.
The first article in Urdu was published in Daily the Mashriq on August 1974 in which I had discussed the possibility of an attempt by former Soviet Union for the redrawing of boundaries between Pakistan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmania with reference to a book on international politics, Balshaya Sovietskaya Entsaklopedia and Russian geo-politician Mystilawski.
In my second article in Urdu published in Pakistan’s largest circulated weekly magazine Akhbar-e-Jehan in 1980 I had discussed in detail the historical background of former Soviet Union’s attack on Afghanistan, the possibility of attack on post-revolution Iran, the visible geographic hurdles in the way for doing so and the possible consequences of such an act.
In 1988 my article in English published in Daily the Muslim discussed the reasons for former Soviet Union’s retreat from Afghanistan and the possibility of an unending civil war as a consequence of the political vacuum that was clearly anticipated after the withdrawal of the Soviet troops from Afghanistan.
The fourth article in English, available at my different blogs, was posted on 17th February 2013 discussing the background of the political landscape in the Muslim world and reasons for social and economic unrest and uncertainty which, in present global scenario, apparently do not appear to be unusual to people in general and media in particular.
If I am asked to sum up the ultimate conclusion of these four articles in one sentence, the sentence will be:
“End of Independent Muslim World Will Be Prevented Only By an Unthinkable, Unimaginable and Unbelievable Miracle”
Authors’ note:
A lot is happening parallel since Russia started its invasion of Ukraine on the 24th February 2022. In my bulletin I aim to conclude and share the information what I have gathered either through the support of the European Cyber Community or through my discussions with current and former members of armed forces in Europe. As my main profession – raising cyber resilience for organizations and nations to resist large scale cyber and hybrid incidents – requires me to holistically analyze the impact of multiple events happening parallel, I will not only focus on the cyber space aspect, but on all aspects that I find important to analyze and gain situational awareness with. For the strictly military movement timeline and events or ongoing fights there are many trustworthy resources out there, hence I will not put focus on that, same with each individual topics. This is not a study, I will not provide links and references. Many of the information you can simply search for, some are relying on personal discussions with subject matter experts.
"One Belt, One Road" Policy & the International Trade Supermicro
For thousands of years, the Silk Road was the way of trade and cultural exchanges between the Asian and European civilizations and has played an important role in promoting the progress of human civilization and promoting the prosperity and development of all countries along the route. In 2013, for the ancient Silk Road had a new goal - promote world peace and development, and provide regional economic and trade cooperation, strengthen exchanges between different civilizations, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed to build a Silk Road Economic Belt "in twenty-first Century and "Maritime Silk Road" (referred to as "One Belt, One Road"), therefore the main initiatives, attracted the international attention. The thesis starts from the countries along the Silk Road in Ukraine, by introducing the overview of Ukraine, and the political and economic relations between Chinese and Ukraine in the eyes of the "Chinese Belt and Road Initiative" strategy, to analyze the "China Belt and Road Initiative" strategy implemented in Ukraine's advantages and risks, and reveal Ukraine in the area the way strategy is an important strategic geopolitical position.
Gustavo De Arístegui: "Putin Has Lost Touch with Reality, He Considers That W...Lina Maya
The diplomat Gustavo de Arístegui was interviewed on Onda Madrid's 'De cara al mundo' programme and analyzed the difficult situation that the war in Ukraine is causing. The international affairs expert criticized the aggressive stance taken by the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, and assessed the significance it could have.
Authors’ note:
A lot has happened in the last 5 days since Russia started its invasion of Ukraine on the 24th February 2022. In my bulletin I aim to conclude and share the information what I have gathered either through the support of the European Cyber Community or through my discussions with current and former members of armed forces in Europe. As my main profession – raising cyber resilience for organizations and nations to resist large scale cyber and hybrid incidents – requires me to holistically analyze the impact of multiple events happening parallel, I will not only focus on the cyber space aspect, but overall. For the strictly military movement timeline and events or ongoing fights there are many trustworthy resources out there, hence I will not put focus on that. This is not a study, I will not provide links and references. Many of the information you can simply search for, some or relying on personal discussions with subject matter experts.
Finally, everything written here is reflecting my own personal view.
The major events of the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, a series of two revolutions in RUSSIA in 1917. The first revolution in March (O.S. February) deposed TSAR NICHOLAS II. The second revolution in November (O.S. October) toppled the Provisional Government and handed power to the Bolsheviks, giving way to the rise of the SOVIET UNION (U.S.S.R.), the world's first communist state.
Journalists and media in Ukraine - Reporters Without Borders - 2016DonbassFullAccess
The Ukrainians’ trust in the media increased slightly in 2015 compared to 2014. A survey carried out by the Institute of Sociology at the National Academy of Sciences in 2015 showed that 32.3 percent of Ukrainians trusted the media while 38.9 percent didn’t. The survey from the previous year showed that only 25.2 percent trusted the media while 45.4 percent said they didn’t.
During the research for this report most of the people Reporters Without Borders (RSF) talked to expressed concern that faced with the triple challenge of the war in the east of the country, the economic crisis and the digitization of mass media.
This report is based on approximately 30 interviews conducted by RSF Germany board member Gemma Pörzgen in January/February 2016 with journalists, media experts and observers in Kiev, Lviv and Odessa. It deals with the situation of journalists and the media in those areas of Ukraine over which the Ukrainian government has sovereignty. The situation in Crimea, annexed by Russia in March 2014, and in the separatist-controlled areas of Eastern Ukraine is not dealt with here. It deserves its own separate report, particularly since access to these areas is extremely difficult for foreign observers at present.
This report describes war crimes in the meaning of international law committed in eastern and
southern Ukraine by soldiers and officials of the Russian Federation and by the pro-Russian
separatist fighters.
Why Ukraine and Russia are fighting?
Some people in western countries may not know why Ukraine and Russia are fighting and have a conflict. How Ukrainian and Russian people view it.
End of the cold war in the perspective of Russia and AfghanAlmualim
Some of the causes of the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Afghanistan leading to the Afghanistan regime's eventual defeat include
The Soviet Army of 1980 was trained and equipped for large scale, conventional warfare in Central Europe against a similar opponent, i.e. it used armored and motor-rifle formations.
The large Red Army formations weren't mobile enough to engage small groups of Muj fighters that easily merged back into the terrain.
The biggest shortcoming here was the fact that once the Russians did engage the enemy in force, they failed to hold the ground by withdrawing once their operation was completed.
The killing of civilians further alienated the population from the Soviets, with bad long-term effects.
The Soviets didn't have enough men to fight a counter-insurgency war (COIN), and their troops were not motivated. The peak number of Soviet troops during the war was 115,000.
Intelligence gathering, essential for successful COIN, was inadequate. The Soviets over-relied on less-than-accurate aerial recon and radio intercepts rather than their recon infantry and special forces. Although their special forces and recon infantry units performed very well in combat against the Mujahideen.
The final and complete withdrawal of Soviet combatant forces from Afghanistan began on 15 May 1988 and ended on 15 February 1989 under the leadership of Colonel-General Boris Gromov.
Under the leadership of Gorbachev, the Soviet Union attempted to consolidate the PDPA's hold over power in the country, first in a genuine effort to stabilize the country, and then as a measure to save face while withdrawing troops.
The diplomatic relationship between the USSR and the United States improved at the same time as it became clear to the Soviet Union that this policy of consolidating power around Najibullah's government in Kabul would not produce sufficient results to maintain the power of the PDPA in the long run.
The Geneva Accords, signed by representatives of the USSR, the US, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of Afghanistan (thus renamed in 1987) on 14 April 1988, provided a framework for the departure of Soviet forces, and established a multilateral understanding between the signatories regarding the future of international involvement in Afghanistan.
The military withdrawal commenced soon after, with all Soviet forces leaving Afghanistan by 15 February 1989
Crisis in the Socialist bloc
The fall of Berlin Wall
Economic and political reforms in USSR
Opposition against the coup
Power shift from Soviet center to republics
1CHAPTER 5 RUSSIARussiaBook ReferenceTerrill, R. J.EttaBenton28
1
CHAPTER 5: RUSSIA
Russia
Book Reference
Terrill, R. J. (2016). World criminal justice systems: A comparative survey. Routledge.
Concepts to Know
· Marxism–Leninism
· Mikhail Gorbachev
· Democratization
· Constitution of the Russian Federation
· President of the Russian Federation
· Federal Security Service (FSB)
· Propiska
· Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
· Judicial Department
· Procuracy
· Defense Counsel
· Justices of the Peace
· Jury
· Material Definition of Crime
· Measures of Restraint
· Plea Bargaining
· Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD)
· Commission on Juvenile Affairs
Introduction
THE LONGEST-RUNNING social science experiment of the twentieth century officially ended on December 25, 1991, with the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev as president of the Soviet Union. From the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 until Gorbachev’s resignation, the rulers of the Soviet Union had attempted to create a communist society that would be the envy of the world. Support for this goal was continual for more than 70 years, but the sense of purpose and direction began to unravel during the late 1980s. The principal cause for this shift in opinion was Gorbachev’s alternative rationale for achieving socialism. Although his ideas were a radical departure from some of the basic tenets of Leninism, Gorbachev generally favored implementing them incrementally. Nevertheless, disaffection with these ideas became quite pronounced among devoted communists, which led to the attempted coup of August 1991. This was followed by Gorbachev’s resignation and the formal dissolution of the country by year’s end.
The Soviet Union had been composed of 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelorussia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Russia was not only the largest republic in terms of territory and population, but it also dominated the policies of the Soviet Union—so much so that the words Russian and Soviet were often used interchangeably when referring to the foreign and domestic policies of the Soviet Union. Today, Russia is the largest country in the world, almost twice the size of the United States. It encompasses more than 6.5 million square miles that stretch from Eastern Europe through the northern half of Asia. The population of about 139 million has become more urban over the past 50 years. In fact, it has reached about 80 percent of the population— almost an exact reversal of the urban and rural ratio at the time of the 1917 Revolution (see Figure 5.1).
Russia is a federation consisting of six categories of administrative units. These include 21 republics, nine territories, 46 provinces, two federal cities, one autonomous republic, and four autonomous regions. Among these administrative units, the republics have the greatest claim to self-government. Although Russians comprise more than 80 percent of the country’s population, there are some 126 national ...
This is Sabina Ashurova's International Recruitment Project for the completion of the Business Achievement Awards. The country she chose was Russia. This document includes information on Russia's history, geography and wildlife, culture, politics, economy, business customs, etc.
End of the Independent Muslim World?
One subject, four articles (1974, 1980, 1988, 2013) and the conclusion of the analysis of different interconnected perspectives in just one sentence…
As a student of international relations I want to share three published and one unpublished articles, two in Urdu and two in English languages, with my friends and connections.
The first article in Urdu was published in Daily the Mashriq on August 1974 in which I had discussed the possibility of an attempt by former Soviet Union for the redrawing of boundaries between Pakistan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmania with reference to a book on international politics, Balshaya Sovietskaya Entsaklopedia and Russian geo-politician Mystilawski.
In my second article in Urdu published in Pakistan’s largest circulated weekly magazine Akhbar-e-Jehan in 1980 I had discussed in detail the historical background of former Soviet Union’s attack on Afghanistan, the possibility of attack on post-revolution Iran, the visible geographic hurdles in the way for doing so and the possible consequences of such an act.
In 1988 my article in English published in Daily the Muslim discussed the reasons for former Soviet Union’s retreat from Afghanistan and the possibility of an unending civil war as a consequence of the political vacuum that was clearly anticipated after the withdrawal of the Soviet troops from Afghanistan.
The fourth article in English, available at my different blogs, was posted on 17th February 2013 discussing the background of the political landscape in the Muslim world and reasons for social and economic unrest and uncertainty which, in present global scenario, apparently do not appear to be unusual to people in general and media in particular.
If I am asked to sum up the ultimate conclusion of these four articles in one sentence, the sentence will be:
“End of Independent Muslim World Will Be Prevented Only By an Unthinkable, Unimaginable and Unbelievable Miracle”
Authors’ note:
A lot is happening parallel since Russia started its invasion of Ukraine on the 24th February 2022. In my bulletin I aim to conclude and share the information what I have gathered either through the support of the European Cyber Community or through my discussions with current and former members of armed forces in Europe. As my main profession – raising cyber resilience for organizations and nations to resist large scale cyber and hybrid incidents – requires me to holistically analyze the impact of multiple events happening parallel, I will not only focus on the cyber space aspect, but on all aspects that I find important to analyze and gain situational awareness with. For the strictly military movement timeline and events or ongoing fights there are many trustworthy resources out there, hence I will not put focus on that, same with each individual topics. This is not a study, I will not provide links and references. Many of the information you can simply search for, some are relying on personal discussions with subject matter experts.
"One Belt, One Road" Policy & the International Trade Supermicro
For thousands of years, the Silk Road was the way of trade and cultural exchanges between the Asian and European civilizations and has played an important role in promoting the progress of human civilization and promoting the prosperity and development of all countries along the route. In 2013, for the ancient Silk Road had a new goal - promote world peace and development, and provide regional economic and trade cooperation, strengthen exchanges between different civilizations, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed to build a Silk Road Economic Belt "in twenty-first Century and "Maritime Silk Road" (referred to as "One Belt, One Road"), therefore the main initiatives, attracted the international attention. The thesis starts from the countries along the Silk Road in Ukraine, by introducing the overview of Ukraine, and the political and economic relations between Chinese and Ukraine in the eyes of the "Chinese Belt and Road Initiative" strategy, to analyze the "China Belt and Road Initiative" strategy implemented in Ukraine's advantages and risks, and reveal Ukraine in the area the way strategy is an important strategic geopolitical position.
Gustavo De Arístegui: "Putin Has Lost Touch with Reality, He Considers That W...Lina Maya
The diplomat Gustavo de Arístegui was interviewed on Onda Madrid's 'De cara al mundo' programme and analyzed the difficult situation that the war in Ukraine is causing. The international affairs expert criticized the aggressive stance taken by the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, and assessed the significance it could have.
Authors’ note:
A lot has happened in the last 5 days since Russia started its invasion of Ukraine on the 24th February 2022. In my bulletin I aim to conclude and share the information what I have gathered either through the support of the European Cyber Community or through my discussions with current and former members of armed forces in Europe. As my main profession – raising cyber resilience for organizations and nations to resist large scale cyber and hybrid incidents – requires me to holistically analyze the impact of multiple events happening parallel, I will not only focus on the cyber space aspect, but overall. For the strictly military movement timeline and events or ongoing fights there are many trustworthy resources out there, hence I will not put focus on that. This is not a study, I will not provide links and references. Many of the information you can simply search for, some or relying on personal discussions with subject matter experts.
Finally, everything written here is reflecting my own personal view.
The major events of the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, a series of two revolutions in RUSSIA in 1917. The first revolution in March (O.S. February) deposed TSAR NICHOLAS II. The second revolution in November (O.S. October) toppled the Provisional Government and handed power to the Bolsheviks, giving way to the rise of the SOVIET UNION (U.S.S.R.), the world's first communist state.
Journalists and media in Ukraine - Reporters Without Borders - 2016DonbassFullAccess
The Ukrainians’ trust in the media increased slightly in 2015 compared to 2014. A survey carried out by the Institute of Sociology at the National Academy of Sciences in 2015 showed that 32.3 percent of Ukrainians trusted the media while 38.9 percent didn’t. The survey from the previous year showed that only 25.2 percent trusted the media while 45.4 percent said they didn’t.
During the research for this report most of the people Reporters Without Borders (RSF) talked to expressed concern that faced with the triple challenge of the war in the east of the country, the economic crisis and the digitization of mass media.
This report is based on approximately 30 interviews conducted by RSF Germany board member Gemma Pörzgen in January/February 2016 with journalists, media experts and observers in Kiev, Lviv and Odessa. It deals with the situation of journalists and the media in those areas of Ukraine over which the Ukrainian government has sovereignty. The situation in Crimea, annexed by Russia in March 2014, and in the separatist-controlled areas of Eastern Ukraine is not dealt with here. It deserves its own separate report, particularly since access to these areas is extremely difficult for foreign observers at present.
This report describes war crimes in the meaning of international law committed in eastern and
southern Ukraine by soldiers and officials of the Russian Federation and by the pro-Russian
separatist fighters.
Why Ukraine and Russia are fighting?
Some people in western countries may not know why Ukraine and Russia are fighting and have a conflict. How Ukrainian and Russian people view it.
End of the cold war in the perspective of Russia and AfghanAlmualim
Some of the causes of the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Afghanistan leading to the Afghanistan regime's eventual defeat include
The Soviet Army of 1980 was trained and equipped for large scale, conventional warfare in Central Europe against a similar opponent, i.e. it used armored and motor-rifle formations.
The large Red Army formations weren't mobile enough to engage small groups of Muj fighters that easily merged back into the terrain.
The biggest shortcoming here was the fact that once the Russians did engage the enemy in force, they failed to hold the ground by withdrawing once their operation was completed.
The killing of civilians further alienated the population from the Soviets, with bad long-term effects.
The Soviets didn't have enough men to fight a counter-insurgency war (COIN), and their troops were not motivated. The peak number of Soviet troops during the war was 115,000.
Intelligence gathering, essential for successful COIN, was inadequate. The Soviets over-relied on less-than-accurate aerial recon and radio intercepts rather than their recon infantry and special forces. Although their special forces and recon infantry units performed very well in combat against the Mujahideen.
The final and complete withdrawal of Soviet combatant forces from Afghanistan began on 15 May 1988 and ended on 15 February 1989 under the leadership of Colonel-General Boris Gromov.
Under the leadership of Gorbachev, the Soviet Union attempted to consolidate the PDPA's hold over power in the country, first in a genuine effort to stabilize the country, and then as a measure to save face while withdrawing troops.
The diplomatic relationship between the USSR and the United States improved at the same time as it became clear to the Soviet Union that this policy of consolidating power around Najibullah's government in Kabul would not produce sufficient results to maintain the power of the PDPA in the long run.
The Geneva Accords, signed by representatives of the USSR, the US, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of Afghanistan (thus renamed in 1987) on 14 April 1988, provided a framework for the departure of Soviet forces, and established a multilateral understanding between the signatories regarding the future of international involvement in Afghanistan.
The military withdrawal commenced soon after, with all Soviet forces leaving Afghanistan by 15 February 1989
Crisis in the Socialist bloc
The fall of Berlin Wall
Economic and political reforms in USSR
Opposition against the coup
Power shift from Soviet center to republics
1CHAPTER 5 RUSSIARussiaBook ReferenceTerrill, R. J.EttaBenton28
1
CHAPTER 5: RUSSIA
Russia
Book Reference
Terrill, R. J. (2016). World criminal justice systems: A comparative survey. Routledge.
Concepts to Know
· Marxism–Leninism
· Mikhail Gorbachev
· Democratization
· Constitution of the Russian Federation
· President of the Russian Federation
· Federal Security Service (FSB)
· Propiska
· Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
· Judicial Department
· Procuracy
· Defense Counsel
· Justices of the Peace
· Jury
· Material Definition of Crime
· Measures of Restraint
· Plea Bargaining
· Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD)
· Commission on Juvenile Affairs
Introduction
THE LONGEST-RUNNING social science experiment of the twentieth century officially ended on December 25, 1991, with the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev as president of the Soviet Union. From the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 until Gorbachev’s resignation, the rulers of the Soviet Union had attempted to create a communist society that would be the envy of the world. Support for this goal was continual for more than 70 years, but the sense of purpose and direction began to unravel during the late 1980s. The principal cause for this shift in opinion was Gorbachev’s alternative rationale for achieving socialism. Although his ideas were a radical departure from some of the basic tenets of Leninism, Gorbachev generally favored implementing them incrementally. Nevertheless, disaffection with these ideas became quite pronounced among devoted communists, which led to the attempted coup of August 1991. This was followed by Gorbachev’s resignation and the formal dissolution of the country by year’s end.
The Soviet Union had been composed of 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelorussia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Russia was not only the largest republic in terms of territory and population, but it also dominated the policies of the Soviet Union—so much so that the words Russian and Soviet were often used interchangeably when referring to the foreign and domestic policies of the Soviet Union. Today, Russia is the largest country in the world, almost twice the size of the United States. It encompasses more than 6.5 million square miles that stretch from Eastern Europe through the northern half of Asia. The population of about 139 million has become more urban over the past 50 years. In fact, it has reached about 80 percent of the population— almost an exact reversal of the urban and rural ratio at the time of the 1917 Revolution (see Figure 5.1).
Russia is a federation consisting of six categories of administrative units. These include 21 republics, nine territories, 46 provinces, two federal cities, one autonomous republic, and four autonomous regions. Among these administrative units, the republics have the greatest claim to self-government. Although Russians comprise more than 80 percent of the country’s population, there are some 126 national ...
This is the vital assignment for IPE239 Comparative Political Systems, IPED Prpgram, Rangsit University. The course part aims at providing an introduction to the field of comparative politics. Various theoretical perspectives and basic concepts within the field are taken up. The political systems of a number of countries - in relation to formal political institutions and informal aspects of the political order - are presented, discussed and compared. Issues of identity as well as the position of nation states in a global context are also dealt with. The course part includes an introduction to comparative method and sources of knowledge about political systems.
Market positioning of coffee chains in indiaSindoor Naik
Positioning of Coffee Chains in India with details about number of stores and approx cost for two. The positioning is based on Number of stores i.e penetration and cost variables.
Enhanced Enterprise Intelligence with your personal AI Data Copilot.pdfGetInData
Recently we have observed the rise of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) that are community-driven or developed by the AI market leaders, such as Meta (Llama3), Databricks (DBRX) and Snowflake (Arctic). On the other hand, there is a growth in interest in specialized, carefully fine-tuned yet relatively small models that can efficiently assist programmers in day-to-day tasks. Finally, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architectures have gained a lot of traction as the preferred approach for LLMs context and prompt augmentation for building conversational SQL data copilots, code copilots and chatbots.
In this presentation, we will show how we built upon these three concepts a robust Data Copilot that can help to democratize access to company data assets and boost performance of everyone working with data platforms.
Why do we need yet another (open-source ) Copilot?
How can we build one?
Architecture and evaluation
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
Techniques to optimize the pagerank algorithm usually fall in two categories. One is to try reducing the work per iteration, and the other is to try reducing the number of iterations. These goals are often at odds with one another. Skipping computation on vertices which have already converged has the potential to save iteration time. Skipping in-identical vertices, with the same in-links, helps reduce duplicate computations and thus could help reduce iteration time. Road networks often have chains which can be short-circuited before pagerank computation to improve performance. Final ranks of chain nodes can be easily calculated. This could reduce both the iteration time, and the number of iterations. If a graph has no dangling nodes, pagerank of each strongly connected component can be computed in topological order. This could help reduce the iteration time, no. of iterations, and also enable multi-iteration concurrency in pagerank computation. The combination of all of the above methods is the STICD algorithm. [sticd] For dynamic graphs, unchanged components whose ranks are unaffected can be skipped altogether.
Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
Key Highlights:
Foundations of SQL: Understand the basics of SQL, including data retrieval, filtering, and aggregation.
Advanced Queries: Learn to craft complex queries to uncover deep insights from your data.
Data Trends and Patterns: Discover how to identify and interpret trends and patterns in your datasets.
Practical Examples: Follow step-by-step examples to apply SQL techniques in real-world scenarios.
Actionable Insights: Gain the skills to derive actionable insights that drive informed decision-making.
Join us on this journey to enhance your data analysis capabilities and unlock the full potential of SQL. Perfect for data enthusiasts, analysts, and anyone eager to harness the power of data!
#DataAnalysis #SQL #LearningSQL #DataInsights #DataScience #Analytics
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Round table discussion of vector databases, unstructured data, ai, big data, real-time, robots and Milvus.
A lively discussion with NJ Gen AI Meetup Lead, Prasad and Procure.FYI's Co-Found
Machine learning and optimization techniques for electrical drives.pptx
Russian Federation e book
1. 1
1
USSIAN FEDERATION
IGPE ASSIGNMENT NO 2
Sindoor Naik MBA3
Roll No: 1365
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pg.2 RUSSIAN FEDERATION HISTORY
Pg.3
Pg.4
Pg.5 Russian Demographics and Culture
Pg.6 Comparative Analysis with India
Pg.7 Russia-India relations
2. 2
2
RUSSIAN FEDERATION HISTORY
The Ancient Russians – from 7 to 13 Century
The ancient ancestors of Russians – occu-
pied Eastern European Valley around 7th
century. Slavs were just one of several
tribes which inhabited the valley, but step
by step they became the dominant power.
Russians or Rus' were one of the smaller
Slavic tribes, but somehow this name was
applied later for a greater number of peo-
ple who settled in the area between Bal-
tic, White, Caspian and Black seas.
The Mongol Yoke – 13 to 15 Century
In 13th century Kievan Rus’ was attacked by
Mongol Empire. The separate armies of prin-
cipalities were defeated one by one. As a re-
sult most of the Russian principalities were
vassalized by Mongol Empire. This was a
seminal moment in Russian history, which
defined its future development for centu-
ries.
Republic of Novgorod was the only region
which remained independent and was not
devastated by the Mongol forces. This is
why Novgorod is often considered to be one
of the "purest" Russian towns, which still re-
tained a lot of the ancient Rus' charm.
The Expansion Period – 16 to 18 Century
The time from the 16th to 18th
century was the period of expan-
sion. Russia gained much more
territory, established a strong ar-
my, and modernized the econo-
my. Also, the Ryurik Dynasty has
given way to The House of Ro-
manov – the second and the last
family that ruled the country.
Under the famous tsar Ivan The
Terrible (Ivan Groznyy) Russia
e x p a n d e d d r a m a t i c a l l y :
it conquered Tartar states along Volga river and acquired ac-
cess to Caspian sea. The colonization of Siberia was also
started.
The 19th Century, Decembrists, End of Serfdom, Reforms
After the death of Peter the Great
and until the second half of 19th
century Russia remained ambitious
and aggressive empire. Russian
Emperors were focused on ex-
panding the territory and military
power of the state. However, it
was also the time for a serious po-
litical change, and even though a
few attempts to reform the country
failed, they paved the way for such
important events as the abolition
of serfdom, forming the first Russian parliament, and important economic reforms.
20th Century – Revolution, Communists, USSR, Stalin's Industrialization
The first half of the 20th century was a turbulent time for Russia: the
political system was drastically and violently transformed, there was an
explosion of avant-garde art, and then Stalin led the country through
the violent period of industrialization. Many believe that it was during
that time that Russia gained enough force and resources to be able to defeat the Nazis in the
WW2.
Under Stalin the Soviet Union developed heavy industry, sciences, nuclear technologies. Stalin
transformed the weak and ruined agricultural country into the powerful industrial state. The
forced industrialization claimed a high price. Most of the population lived in misery, millions of
peasants died cause state confiscated all their supplies to feed workers.Present-Day:
Capitalism,
Sovereign De-
mocracy,
Eltsin, and
Putin
Suddenly the old system was dismantled and after a series of political decisions the USSR collapsed in 1990.
The new Russia was born from the ashes, but it had a long way to go. The inflation was insane, people did not
have enough money, no one knew what was going to happen. Boris Eltsin was a very important figure back
then. He emerged from the communist party, but was brave enough to stand on a tank during the Putsch and
protect basic democratic freedoms of which nobody really knew back then anyway.
In 2000 Vladimir Putin became the 2nd elected
president in the Russian history. His approval rat-
ings were impressive and he quickly gained even
more popularity by resolving the ongoing Chechen
conflict and making several strong decisions about
the economy and public spheres.
3. 3
3
The politics of Russia (the Russian Federation) takes place in the
framework of a federal semi-presidential republic. According to
the Constitution of Russia, the President of Russia is head of state, and
of a multi-party system with executive power exercised by the govern-
ment, headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the Presi-
dent with the parliament's approval. Legislative power is vested in
the two houses of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation,
while the President and the government issue numerous legally binding by-laws.
Since gaining its independence with the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991, Russia has faced serious chal-
lenges in its efforts to forge a political system to follow nearly seventy-five years of Soviet rule. For in-
stance, leading figures in the legislative and executive branches have put forth opposing views of Russia's
political direction and the governmental instruments that should be used to follow it. That conflict
reached a climax in September and October 1993, when President Boris Yeltsin used military force to dis-
solve the parliament and called for new legislative elections .This event marked the end of Russia's first constitutional
period, which was defined by the much-amended constitution adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet
Federative Socialist Republic in 1978. A new constitution, creating a strong presidency, was approved by referendum in
December 1993.
With a new constitution and a new parliament representing diverse parties and factions, Russia's political structure
subsequently showed signs of stabilization. As the transition period extended into the mid-1990s, the power of the na-
tional government continued to wane as Russia's regions gained political and economic concessions from Moscow.
Although the struggle between executive and legislative branches was partially resolved by the new constitution, the
two branches continued to represent fundamentally opposing visions of Russia's future. Most of the time, the executive
was the center of reform, and the lower house of the parliament, State Duma, was a bastion of anti-reform communists
and nationalists..
Presidential Copy of the Russian
Constitution
Main office holders
Office Name Party Since
President Vladimir Putin United Russia 7-May-12
Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev United Russia 8-May-12
The constitution sets few require-
ments for presidential elec-
tions, deferring in many
matters to other provisions
established by law. The
presidential term is set at
six years, and the president
may only serve two consec-
utive terms. A candidate for
president must be a citizen
of Russia, at least 35 years
of age, and a resident of the
country for at least ten
years. If a president be-
comes unable to continue in
office because of health problems, resignation, impeachment, or
death, a presidential election is to be held not more than three months
later. In such a situation, the Federation Council is empowered to set
Presidential Elections
The 616-member parliament, termed the Federal Assembly,
consists of two houses, the 450-member State Duma (the low-
er house) and the 166-member Federation Council (the upper house). Russia's legislative body
was established by the constitution approved in the December 1993 referendum. The first elec-
tions to the Federal Assembly were held at the same time—a procedure criticized by some Rus-
sians as indicative of Yeltsin's lack of respect for constitutional niceties. Under the constitution,
the deputies elected in December 1993 were termed "transitional" because they were to serve
only a two-year term.
4. 4
4
Еconomy of Russia is a mixed economy with state ownership in strategic areas of the economy. Market reforms of the 1990s
privatized much of Russian industry and agriculture, with notable exceptions in the energy and defense-related sectors.
Russia is unusual among the major economies in the way it relies on energy revenues to drive growth. The country has an
abundance of natural resources, including oil, natural gas and precious metals, which make up a major share of Russia's ex-
ports. As of 2012 oil and gas sector accounted for 16% of the GDP, 52% of federal budget revenues and over 70% of total ex-
ports.
Russia has a large and sophisticated arms industry, capable of designing and manufacturing high-tech military equipment,
including a fifth-generation fighter jet. The value of Russian arms exports totaled $15.7 billion in 2013—second only to the US.
Exports $542.5 billion (2012 est.)
Export
goods
petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas,
metals, wood and wood products, chemicals, and
a wide variety of civilian and military manufac-
Imports $358.1 billion (2012 est.)[17]
Import
goods
consumer goods, machinery, vehicles, pharma-
ceutical products, plastic, semi-finished metal
products, meat, fruits and nuts, optical and
medical instruments, iron,
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
RUSSIA HDI
HDI HDI - Health HDI - Education HDI - Income
Currency and central bank
Russian rouble is the unit of currency of the Russian
Federation. It is also accepted as legal tender
in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
Russian monetary system is managed by the Bank
of Russia. Founded on 13 July 1990 as the State
Bank of the RSFSR, Bank of Russia assumed re-
sponsibilities of the central bank following the
breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.
5. 5
5
Russian Demographics and Culture
Religion in Russia is diverse, with a 1997 law nam-
ing Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism as important in
Russian history. Orthodox Christianity (Russian: Православие
Pravoslaviye) is Russia's traditional and largest religion, deemed a
part of Russia's "historical heritage" in a law passed in 1997. Rus-
sian Orthodoxy is the dominant religion in Russia. About 95% of
the registered Orthodox parishes belong to the Russian Orthodox
Church while there are a number of smaller Orthodox Churches.
However, the vast majority of Orthodox believers do not attend
church on a regular basis
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow
Kalmyk Buddhist temple
Temple of All Religions
church in Kazan.
The ethnic approach is primarily useful when applied towards ethnic religious communities that are small and/or
compact enough to be "left out" of normal public opinion polls. It based on an assumption that 100% of population
of every ethnic minority are adherents of their group's traditional religion. A good example of such a religious
community is Assyrian Church of the East, represented in Russia by ethnic Assyrians. With the body of followers
of less than 15,000, it wouldn't show up or would fall within the margin of error on any reasonable religious self-identification poll, and its size can on-
ly be reasonably inferred from census data
using the ethnic approach.
The ethnic approach is sometimes misused
to artificially "inflate" prevalence of cer-
tain religions. For example, according to
the Russian census of 2002, at least 14 mil-
lion people in Russia belong to traditional
Islamic ethnic groups, including registered
migrants (Tatars, Bashkirs, etcetera). Con-
sequently, it is often claimed that Islam has
14 million (or even 20-25 million) adher-
ents in Russia. However it should be noted
that Russia does not have birth-right citi-
zenship, and the children born to immi-
grants are not granted Russian passports.
Also, among the traditional Islamic ethnic
groups, there are large number of people
who no longer practice Islam.
Sociological approaches
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Distribution of various religions among major ethnic groups in
the Russian Federation
Russ. Orth. Oth. Orth. Old Believer Protes- tant Cath. Pente- costal
Christ. Unff. Non- religious Atheist Muslim Unff. Sunni Musl. Shia Musl.
Pagan Tengrist Budd. Juda- ism Hindu
A piece of Russian Icon art known
as Rublev's Trinity.
Russians have distinctive traditions of folk music. Typical ethnic Russian
musical instruments are gusli, balalaika, zhaleika, balalaika contra-
bass, bayan accordion, Gypsy guitar and garmoshka. Folk music had
great influence on the Russian classical composers, and in modern times
it is a source of inspiration for a number of popular folk bands, most
prominent being Golden Ring, Ural's Nation Choir, Lyudmila Zyki-
na. Russian folk songs, as well as patriotic songs of the Soviet era, consti-
tute the bulk of repertoire of the world-renown Red Army choir and oth-
er popular Russian ensembles.
A Balalaika
6. 6
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
2012 2011 2010
India Russia
Comparative Analysis
GDP comparison between India and Russia in trillion dollars
Rank Country HDI % Increase from
2013
57 Russia 0.778 0.001
135 India 0.586 0.003
India Russia
The demographics of India are inclusive of
the second most populous country in the world, with
over 1.21 billion people (2011 census), more than a
sixth of the world's population. Already containing
17.5% of the world's population, India is projected to
be the world's most populous country by 2025, sur-
passing China, its population reaching 1.6 billion by
2050.Its population growth rate is 1.41%, rank-
ing 102nd in the world in 2010.Indian population
reached the billion mark in 2000.
India has more than 50% of its population below the
age of 25 and more than 65% below the age of 35. It
is expected that, in 2020, the average age of an Indi-
an will be 29 years, compared to 37 for China and 48
for Japan; and, by 2030, India's dependency ra-
tio should be just over 0.4.
India has more than two thousand ethnic groups, and
every major religion is represented, as are four ma-
jor families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian,
Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman languages) as well
as two language isolates (the Nihali language spoken
in parts of Maharashtra and the Burushaski language
spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir).
Further complexity is lent by the great variation that
occurs across this population on social parameters
such as income and education. Only the continent
of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural
diversity of the nation of India
The demographics of Russia is about
the demographic features of the population of
the Russian Federation,[6]
including population
growth, population density,ethnic composition, edu-
cation level, health, economic status and other as-
pects.
According to an official estimate for 1 June 2014, the
population of Russia is 143,800,000. With the May
2014 annexation of Crimea, the population of Russia
has increased to over 146 million. New citizenship
rules allowing Russian citizenship to post Soviet peo-
ples has gained strong interest with Uzbeks.[8]
The
population could return to levels seen just before the
breakup of the Soviet Union as well as resolve prob-
lems of statelessness.
The population hit a historic peak at 148,689,000 in
1991, just before the breakup of the Soviet Union,
but then began a decade-long decline, falling at a
rate of about 0.5% per year due to declining birth
rates, rising death rates and emigration.[9]
The decline slowed considerably in the late 2000s,
and in 2009 Russia recorded population growth for
the first time in 15 years, adding 23,300 people. Key
reasons for the slow current population growth are
improving health care, changing fertility patterns
among younger women, falling emigration and steady
influx of immigrants from the ex-USSR countries. In
2012, Russia's population increased by 292,400 peo-
ple.
India vs Russia Demographics
0
0.5
1
1.5
0-14 15-24 25-54 55-64 65 years
and over
Sex Ratio comparison India vs Russia
India Russia
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
GDP(PPP) in Billion$
India Russia
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Industrial production growth rate (%)
India Russia
7. 7
7
Russia India
Indo-Russian relations refer to
the bilateral relations between
the Republic of India and
the Russian Federation. During
the Cold War, India and the Soviet Un-
ion (USSR) enjoyed a strong strategic,
military, economic and diplomatic rela-
tionship. After the collapse of the USSR,
Russia inherited the close relationship
with India, even as India improved its re-
lations with the West after the end of the
Cold War.
The powerful IRIGC is the main body that conducts affairs at the governmental
level between both countries. Both countries are members of many international
bodies where they jointly collaborate closely on matters of shared national interest.
Important examples include the UN, BRICS, G20 and SCO where India
has observer status and has been asked by Russia to become a full member. Rus-
sia has stated publicly that it supports India receiving a permanent seat on
the United Nations Security Council. In addition, Russia has expressed interest in
joining SAARC with observer
India is the second largest market for the Russian defense in-
dustry. In 2004, more than 70% of the Indian Military's hard-
ware came from Russia, making Russia the chief supplier of
defense equipment. India has an embassy in Moscow and two
consulates-general (in Saint Peter s-
burg and Vladivostok). Russia has an embassy in New
D e l h i a n d f o u r c o n s u l a t e s - g e n e r a l
India and Russia have several major joint military pro-
grammes including: BrahMos cruise missile programme,
5th generation fighter jet programme, Sukhoi Su-
30MKI programme (230+ to be built by Hindustan Aero-
nautics),Ilyushin/HAL Tactical Transport Aircraft
$0.00
$2.00
$4.00
$6.00
$8.00
$10.00
$12.00
2009 2010 2011 2012
Trade Volume (Billion $)
Indo-Russian trade (2009–12)
In February 2006, India and Russia also set up a Joint Study Group to examine ways to increase trade to
US$10 billion by 2010 and to study feasibility of a Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agree-
ment (CECA). The group finalized its report after its fourth meeting in Moscow in July 2007. It has been
agreed that a Joint Task Force would monitor the implementation of the recommendation made in the Joint
Study Group Report, including considering CECA.
On 7 November 2009, India signed a
new nuclear deal with Russia apart
from the deals that were agreed upon
by the two countries earlier.
[33] India and Russia are in discus-
sion for construction of two more nuclear power units at
Kudankulam. Two units of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power
Plant are already operational. During Russian president
Vladimir Putin's visit to India for the 13th annual sum-
mit, a co-operative civilian nuclear energy road map was
agreed to. Running until 2030, sixteen to eighteen new
reactors will be constructed, with installed capacity of
1000 MW each. A 1000 MW reactor costs around $2.5 billion
so the deal may touch $45 billion in worth.