Kazakhstan has a long history of relationships with Russia dating back to the 18th century. As Kazakh tribes sought protection from invaders, they asked Russia for patronage, beginning a process of colonization that sparked rebellions from Kazakh leaders. Throughout the 20th century, Kazakhstan endured severe repression under Soviet rule, including forced collectivization, famine, nuclear testing, and population resettlement that dramatically changed the country's demographics. However, Kazakhstan also saw cultural and intellectual renaissance. In the late 20th century, under President Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan gained independence and has since pursued a multi-vectored foreign policy of close ties with Russia through organizations like the Eurasian Economic Union while also expanding global partnerships.
- Kazakhstan is a Central Asian country and former Soviet republic located between Europe and Asia. It has a population of 18 million people and its capital and largest city is Nur-Sultan.
- Kazakhstan has a long history of nomadic tribes and was part of the Mongol Empire before becoming part of the Russian Empire in the 19th century. It declared independence in 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
- The country has significant oil and gas resources and its economy relies heavily on its large energy sector. Culturally, Kazakhstan has a mix of European and Asian influences and the majority of its population is Kazakh.
Kazakhstan has a population of around 16 million people who primarily speak Kazakh and Russian. Islam is the predominant religion. The country has significant oil and mineral resources. Kazakhstan has a diverse landscape that ranges from steppes to mountains and is home to various animal species like the brown bear, cheetah, and snow leopard.
Kazakhstan has a population of over 18 million people, with Kazakhs and Russians being the largest ethnic groups. Islam and Christianity are the main religions. The capital is Astana. The national flag features a golden sun with 32 rays above a steppe eagle. The national emblem depicts a yurt roof against a blue background with mythical horse wings and supports. Kazakhstan has over 15 ethnic groups and a diverse landscape, from forests to mountains to steppes. It has many rare plant and animal species.
1. Kazakhstan is a large country in Central Asia with a population of 15.3 million. It has significant oil, gas, and mineral resources.
2. Kazakhstan has a long history as part of various empires and gained independence in 1991 after being part of the Soviet Union. It has a diverse ethnic makeup and was significantly affected by Soviet policies.
3. The presentation covered various topics about Kazakhstan including its political system, economy centered around oil and gas exports, traditional cuisine and outfits, and musical instruments.
Presentation that I have made on Kazakhstan for PAAC (Pacific and Asian Affairs Council) while having my internship with them in Honolulu, Hawaii. Some of the photos do not belong to me.
Turkmenistan is located in Central Asia and is bordered by Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, and Iran. The Turkmenistan flag features five carpets representing the main tribes and green fields. Turkmenistan was once part of the ancient Persian Empire and has artifacts dating back 8,000 years. The culture is unique from other Asian countries and features traditional attire like sheepskin hats. The population is over 5 million people with the capital Ashgabat and main languages being Turkmen and Russian. The climate is continental with warm summers and mild winters.
Kazakhstan has a diverse landscape and population. The flag features a blue background with a sun and golden eagle, representing freedom and the future. Kazakh and Russian are the official languages, with Kazakhs comprising the largest ethnic group. Kazakhstan has a developing market economy based around oil and mineral extraction. It gained independence in 1991 and maintains close economic and political ties with Russia.
- Kazakhstan is a Central Asian country and former Soviet republic located between Europe and Asia. It has a population of 18 million people and its capital and largest city is Nur-Sultan.
- Kazakhstan has a long history of nomadic tribes and was part of the Mongol Empire before becoming part of the Russian Empire in the 19th century. It declared independence in 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
- The country has significant oil and gas resources and its economy relies heavily on its large energy sector. Culturally, Kazakhstan has a mix of European and Asian influences and the majority of its population is Kazakh.
Kazakhstan has a population of around 16 million people who primarily speak Kazakh and Russian. Islam is the predominant religion. The country has significant oil and mineral resources. Kazakhstan has a diverse landscape that ranges from steppes to mountains and is home to various animal species like the brown bear, cheetah, and snow leopard.
Kazakhstan has a population of over 18 million people, with Kazakhs and Russians being the largest ethnic groups. Islam and Christianity are the main religions. The capital is Astana. The national flag features a golden sun with 32 rays above a steppe eagle. The national emblem depicts a yurt roof against a blue background with mythical horse wings and supports. Kazakhstan has over 15 ethnic groups and a diverse landscape, from forests to mountains to steppes. It has many rare plant and animal species.
1. Kazakhstan is a large country in Central Asia with a population of 15.3 million. It has significant oil, gas, and mineral resources.
2. Kazakhstan has a long history as part of various empires and gained independence in 1991 after being part of the Soviet Union. It has a diverse ethnic makeup and was significantly affected by Soviet policies.
3. The presentation covered various topics about Kazakhstan including its political system, economy centered around oil and gas exports, traditional cuisine and outfits, and musical instruments.
Presentation that I have made on Kazakhstan for PAAC (Pacific and Asian Affairs Council) while having my internship with them in Honolulu, Hawaii. Some of the photos do not belong to me.
Turkmenistan is located in Central Asia and is bordered by Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, and Iran. The Turkmenistan flag features five carpets representing the main tribes and green fields. Turkmenistan was once part of the ancient Persian Empire and has artifacts dating back 8,000 years. The culture is unique from other Asian countries and features traditional attire like sheepskin hats. The population is over 5 million people with the capital Ashgabat and main languages being Turkmen and Russian. The climate is continental with warm summers and mild winters.
Kazakhstan has a diverse landscape and population. The flag features a blue background with a sun and golden eagle, representing freedom and the future. Kazakh and Russian are the official languages, with Kazakhs comprising the largest ethnic group. Kazakhstan has a developing market economy based around oil and mineral extraction. It gained independence in 1991 and maintains close economic and political ties with Russia.
Kazakhstan is a large, landlocked country located in Central Asia. It has borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. Kazakhstan has a population of around 17 million people and was the last former Soviet republic to declare independence in 1991. The capital of Kazakhstan is Astana.
Presentation by Rose Valley Elementary School, Kelowna, BC.
(Mr Bradshaw's 6th Grade Class)
Inspired by The Ambeciles route for the 2010 Mongol Rally.
http://www.theambeciles.com/
Introduction to Central Asia and Russian Relations. Focus on 5 nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), former Soviet Union. GDP, literacy rate, mortality and demographics comparison of two countries.
Central Asian States and pakistan relationsTallat Satti
Central Asian republics attained independence from the Soviet Union in the early 1990s(1991), Central Asian States have assumed great significance in Pakistan’s foreign policy considerations.
Central Asia comprises five independent republics, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan
This ppt brought up to you by Oyat from Garm city. Hope you are gonna have savor-able time looking in. Dont hesitate from downloading and spreading it.
Tajikistan is a landlocked mountainous country in Central Asia bordered by Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and China. The majority of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Tajik ethnic group who speak Tajik, a dialect of Persian. Tajikistan has been inhabited for over 4,000 years and has been ruled by various empires throughout history, most notably the Persian Empire. It emerged as an independent country in 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union but endured a civil war in the 1990s before achieving peace in 1997. Tajikistan remains the poorest country in Central Asia with a developing economy dependent on agriculture, hydropower, and remittances from citizens working abroad
The document summarizes the political history of Pakistan from 1969 to 2012. It describes the events surrounding the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, including elections that led to a power crisis and military action against East Pakistan. It then outlines the periods of martial law under Yahya Khan and Zia-ul-Haq, and the multiple terms of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif, which were marked by conflict between prime ministers and presidents that led to dissolved assemblies. It notes key events like nuclear tests and the Kargil War before concluding with the return of democracy and elections in 2008.
The document summarizes Pakistan's relations with the United States from 1947 to 2020 over 11 sections. Some key points:
- Pakistan initially allied with the US during the Cold War in the 1950s-60s, receiving military and economic aid. However, tensions emerged as Pakistan strengthened ties with China and the US aid to Pakistan diminished.
- The 1971 war with India and creation of Bangladesh strained US-Pakistan relations as the US supported Pakistan's military government.
- In the 1970s, Pakistan pursued a policy of bilateralism, strengthening relations with both the US and China while remaining non-aligned. However, tensions grew over Pakistan's nuclear weapons program.
- US-Pakistan relations have oscill
Turkmenistan is a country located in Central Asia with a population that is predominantly Muslim. It has an authoritarian political system dominated by its president and the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, the country's ruling party. Opposition parties are banned, and Turkmenistan has a single-party system dominated by the president and Democratic Party. The president has authority over both the executive and legislative branches of government following changes to the country's constitution.
Tajikistan has a presidential republic political system dominated by President Emomalii Rahmon and his party, the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan. Rahmon has been president since 1994 and wields significant power, having eliminated political opponents. Legislative power is shared between the executive branch and the Supreme Assembly, which is also dominated by Rahmon's party. Local government has representative and executive branches. While elections occur, they are not considered free and fair by observers due to state interference.
This document summarizes the culture and society of Pakistan. It discusses the major ethnic groups and provinces of Pakistan, including the Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Pashtun, and Gilgit Baltistan cultures. For each group or region, it outlines aspects of their culture such as traditional clothing, food, languages spoken, festivals and holidays celebrated, and other cultural practices. The document aims to provide an overview of the diversity of Pakistani culture and society across its different ethnic and regional populations.
Pakistan And Its Relations With Central AsiaMadeeha Saeed
Since the Central Asian Republics attained independence from the Soviet Union in the early 1990’s (1991) ,Central Asian states have assumed great significance in Pakistan foreign policy considerations.
Central Asia comprises five independent republics; Kazakhstan,Krgyzstan,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan and Tajikistan.
This is the vital assignment for IPE239 Comparative Political Systems, IPED Prpgram, Rangsit University. The course part aims at providing an introduction to the field of comparative politics. Various theoretical perspectives and basic concepts within the field are taken up. The political systems of a number of countries - in relation to formal political institutions and informal aspects of the political order - are presented, discussed and compared. Issues of identity as well as the position of nation states in a global context are also dealt with. The course part includes an introduction to comparative method and sources of knowledge about political systems.
Pakistan is Naturally beautiful. I am uploading a few pictures of some astonishingly beautiful lakes in the northern areas of Pakistan. Enjoy the beautiful naure.
This document provides an overview of strategic competition in Central Asia and India's stakes in the region. It discusses how India's historical and cultural links to Central Asia have been disrupted. It outlines how major powers like Russia, China, and the US are vying for political influence and economic opportunities in Central Asia. China in particular has invested heavily in infrastructure and pursued closer economic and security ties. The document also notes political uncertainty in Central Asia as aging leaders look to maintain their hold on power without clear succession plans. It argues that India needs a more cogent policy to reengage with the region and benefit from opportunities there.
This document provides information about the cultures of two Central Asian countries - Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. It discusses their currencies, populations, cuisines, music, national dresses, applied arts, and hospitality traditions. For Kazakhstan, it highlights its large oil and mineral resources and describes its major crops. It also discusses Uzbekistan's reliance on agriculture and cotton as well as its gold mining industry.
Tajikistan is a mountainous country located in Central Asia. It has a population of over 7 million people and its capital and largest city is Dushanbe. The majority ethnicity is Tajik and the main religion is Sunni Islam. The country has a developing economy based around agriculture, aluminum production, and hydropower. It celebrates cultural traditions like Navruz, the Persian New Year, and has a predominantly Persian cultural influence seen in its music, dance, art, and national clothes.
Pakistan has played a key role in supporting the US war on terror by providing military bases and supply routes for over 75% of US and NATO supplies. However, the war has come at a huge cost to Pakistan with over 80,000 civilians and 4,795 soldiers killed and $68 billion in economic losses. In response, Pakistan has undertaken military operations like Zarb-e-Azb in North Waziristan and Karachi operations to crackdown on terrorist groups and over 20,000 terrorists have been killed. Pakistan's future strategy includes strengthening security forces and establishing domestic defense production to better combat terrorism within its borders.
The official name of the country is the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. The word Bangladesh signifies “Nation of Bengal” in Bengali. The majority of the population in Bangladesh is Bengali. Bangla, frequently known as Bengali, is the official language. English is likewise spoken broadly as well. The population density of Bangladesh is 1106 people per square kilometer... https://populationof2019.com/population-of-bangladesh-2019.html
20131125 Taller h2020 El reto social en el Horizonte 2020: "Food security, su...FIAB
El documento describe las actividades de la Oficina de Proyectos Europeos de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM) para apoyar a investigadores en la participación en proyectos europeos. La oficina asesora en todas las etapas del proceso, desde la búsqueda de socios y preparación de propuestas hasta la gestión de proyectos concedidos. También se resumen los contenidos y convocatorias esperadas del Reto 2 de Horizonte 2020 sobre seguridad alimentaria, agricultura sostenible y bioeconomía marina.
Ind Agriculture es una de las empresas más importantes en la industria de la agricultura, fundada en 2006 por Daniel Pérez y José Ángel López como un pequeño proyecto pero que se ha convertido en la empresa más internacional del sector; ofrece herramientas de alta calidad a buen precio que han hecho que los clientes confíen en la empresa; y sus máquinas incorporan la última tecnología agrícola para facilitar y reducir el trabajo de los clientes.
Kazakhstan is a large, landlocked country located in Central Asia. It has borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. Kazakhstan has a population of around 17 million people and was the last former Soviet republic to declare independence in 1991. The capital of Kazakhstan is Astana.
Presentation by Rose Valley Elementary School, Kelowna, BC.
(Mr Bradshaw's 6th Grade Class)
Inspired by The Ambeciles route for the 2010 Mongol Rally.
http://www.theambeciles.com/
Introduction to Central Asia and Russian Relations. Focus on 5 nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), former Soviet Union. GDP, literacy rate, mortality and demographics comparison of two countries.
Central Asian States and pakistan relationsTallat Satti
Central Asian republics attained independence from the Soviet Union in the early 1990s(1991), Central Asian States have assumed great significance in Pakistan’s foreign policy considerations.
Central Asia comprises five independent republics, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan
This ppt brought up to you by Oyat from Garm city. Hope you are gonna have savor-able time looking in. Dont hesitate from downloading and spreading it.
Tajikistan is a landlocked mountainous country in Central Asia bordered by Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and China. The majority of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Tajik ethnic group who speak Tajik, a dialect of Persian. Tajikistan has been inhabited for over 4,000 years and has been ruled by various empires throughout history, most notably the Persian Empire. It emerged as an independent country in 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union but endured a civil war in the 1990s before achieving peace in 1997. Tajikistan remains the poorest country in Central Asia with a developing economy dependent on agriculture, hydropower, and remittances from citizens working abroad
The document summarizes the political history of Pakistan from 1969 to 2012. It describes the events surrounding the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, including elections that led to a power crisis and military action against East Pakistan. It then outlines the periods of martial law under Yahya Khan and Zia-ul-Haq, and the multiple terms of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif, which were marked by conflict between prime ministers and presidents that led to dissolved assemblies. It notes key events like nuclear tests and the Kargil War before concluding with the return of democracy and elections in 2008.
The document summarizes Pakistan's relations with the United States from 1947 to 2020 over 11 sections. Some key points:
- Pakistan initially allied with the US during the Cold War in the 1950s-60s, receiving military and economic aid. However, tensions emerged as Pakistan strengthened ties with China and the US aid to Pakistan diminished.
- The 1971 war with India and creation of Bangladesh strained US-Pakistan relations as the US supported Pakistan's military government.
- In the 1970s, Pakistan pursued a policy of bilateralism, strengthening relations with both the US and China while remaining non-aligned. However, tensions grew over Pakistan's nuclear weapons program.
- US-Pakistan relations have oscill
Turkmenistan is a country located in Central Asia with a population that is predominantly Muslim. It has an authoritarian political system dominated by its president and the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, the country's ruling party. Opposition parties are banned, and Turkmenistan has a single-party system dominated by the president and Democratic Party. The president has authority over both the executive and legislative branches of government following changes to the country's constitution.
Tajikistan has a presidential republic political system dominated by President Emomalii Rahmon and his party, the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan. Rahmon has been president since 1994 and wields significant power, having eliminated political opponents. Legislative power is shared between the executive branch and the Supreme Assembly, which is also dominated by Rahmon's party. Local government has representative and executive branches. While elections occur, they are not considered free and fair by observers due to state interference.
This document summarizes the culture and society of Pakistan. It discusses the major ethnic groups and provinces of Pakistan, including the Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Pashtun, and Gilgit Baltistan cultures. For each group or region, it outlines aspects of their culture such as traditional clothing, food, languages spoken, festivals and holidays celebrated, and other cultural practices. The document aims to provide an overview of the diversity of Pakistani culture and society across its different ethnic and regional populations.
Pakistan And Its Relations With Central AsiaMadeeha Saeed
Since the Central Asian Republics attained independence from the Soviet Union in the early 1990’s (1991) ,Central Asian states have assumed great significance in Pakistan foreign policy considerations.
Central Asia comprises five independent republics; Kazakhstan,Krgyzstan,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan and Tajikistan.
This is the vital assignment for IPE239 Comparative Political Systems, IPED Prpgram, Rangsit University. The course part aims at providing an introduction to the field of comparative politics. Various theoretical perspectives and basic concepts within the field are taken up. The political systems of a number of countries - in relation to formal political institutions and informal aspects of the political order - are presented, discussed and compared. Issues of identity as well as the position of nation states in a global context are also dealt with. The course part includes an introduction to comparative method and sources of knowledge about political systems.
Pakistan is Naturally beautiful. I am uploading a few pictures of some astonishingly beautiful lakes in the northern areas of Pakistan. Enjoy the beautiful naure.
This document provides an overview of strategic competition in Central Asia and India's stakes in the region. It discusses how India's historical and cultural links to Central Asia have been disrupted. It outlines how major powers like Russia, China, and the US are vying for political influence and economic opportunities in Central Asia. China in particular has invested heavily in infrastructure and pursued closer economic and security ties. The document also notes political uncertainty in Central Asia as aging leaders look to maintain their hold on power without clear succession plans. It argues that India needs a more cogent policy to reengage with the region and benefit from opportunities there.
This document provides information about the cultures of two Central Asian countries - Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. It discusses their currencies, populations, cuisines, music, national dresses, applied arts, and hospitality traditions. For Kazakhstan, it highlights its large oil and mineral resources and describes its major crops. It also discusses Uzbekistan's reliance on agriculture and cotton as well as its gold mining industry.
Tajikistan is a mountainous country located in Central Asia. It has a population of over 7 million people and its capital and largest city is Dushanbe. The majority ethnicity is Tajik and the main religion is Sunni Islam. The country has a developing economy based around agriculture, aluminum production, and hydropower. It celebrates cultural traditions like Navruz, the Persian New Year, and has a predominantly Persian cultural influence seen in its music, dance, art, and national clothes.
Pakistan has played a key role in supporting the US war on terror by providing military bases and supply routes for over 75% of US and NATO supplies. However, the war has come at a huge cost to Pakistan with over 80,000 civilians and 4,795 soldiers killed and $68 billion in economic losses. In response, Pakistan has undertaken military operations like Zarb-e-Azb in North Waziristan and Karachi operations to crackdown on terrorist groups and over 20,000 terrorists have been killed. Pakistan's future strategy includes strengthening security forces and establishing domestic defense production to better combat terrorism within its borders.
The official name of the country is the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. The word Bangladesh signifies “Nation of Bengal” in Bengali. The majority of the population in Bangladesh is Bengali. Bangla, frequently known as Bengali, is the official language. English is likewise spoken broadly as well. The population density of Bangladesh is 1106 people per square kilometer... https://populationof2019.com/population-of-bangladesh-2019.html
20131125 Taller h2020 El reto social en el Horizonte 2020: "Food security, su...FIAB
El documento describe las actividades de la Oficina de Proyectos Europeos de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM) para apoyar a investigadores en la participación en proyectos europeos. La oficina asesora en todas las etapas del proceso, desde la búsqueda de socios y preparación de propuestas hasta la gestión de proyectos concedidos. También se resumen los contenidos y convocatorias esperadas del Reto 2 de Horizonte 2020 sobre seguridad alimentaria, agricultura sostenible y bioeconomía marina.
Ind Agriculture es una de las empresas más importantes en la industria de la agricultura, fundada en 2006 por Daniel Pérez y José Ángel López como un pequeño proyecto pero que se ha convertido en la empresa más internacional del sector; ofrece herramientas de alta calidad a buen precio que han hecho que los clientes confíen en la empresa; y sus máquinas incorporan la última tecnología agrícola para facilitar y reducir el trabajo de los clientes.
El documento resume las operaciones económicas y contables de una sociedad durante un período. Los socios aportaron 4,000, se compró una máquina por 3,000 pagando 2,500 al contado y dejando 500 pendientes, y se compraron materias primas por 800 pagando 450 al contado y dejando 350 pendientes. Se vendieron productos terminados por 2,000 cobrando 1,500 al contado y dejando 500 pendientes. Tras otros gastos, el resultado del ejercicio fue una pérdida de 150.
El documento describe cómo los escenarios socioeconómicos pueden usarse para apoyar la formulación de políticas relacionadas con la agricultura, seguridad alimentaria y cambio climático. El programa de escenarios del CCAFS desarrolla escenarios cualitativos y cuantitativos para seis regiones del mundo. Estos escenarios se utilizan en talleres participativos para analizar y mejorar las estrategias y políticas agrícolas nacionales, como en el caso de Honduras y su estrategia de adaptación al cambio climático 2014-20
Aral sea was on of the 4th largest lake. but due to mismanagement of the water resource, it became dry and is one of the the worst environmental disasters.
Kazakhstan inherited a large nuclear arsenal from the Soviet Union in 1991 after gaining independence. President Nazarbayev renounced nuclear weapons and eliminated Kazakhstan's entire nuclear stockpile in fewer than four years, making Kazakhstan nuclear-free. Kazakhstan has since worked to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons through international agreements and initiatives, hosting nuclear talks and establishing monitoring equipment at its borders. Kazakhstan's actions demonstrate how gaining security and promoting non-proliferation can be achieved by eliminating nuclear weapons programs.
Este documento presenta un solucionario para una práctica dirigida de la asignatura Introducción a la Teoría Económica. Contiene 11 preguntas con respuestas sobre conceptos básicos de economía como escasez, elección, factores de producción, y falacias del razonamiento económico. El documento provee una guía de estudio para los estudiantes de la asignatura.
The Food Crisis, 2008, By Lic. Salvador Alfaro Gomez.LEWI
THE MAIN GOAL OF THIS SHOW IS GETTING TO GIVE THE MAIN CAUSES, EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF THIS FOOD CRISIS OF WHICH ARE THE MAIN AFFECTED PEOPLE OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AS: Nicaragua, Bolivia, Haiti, Honduras ETC. Whose economies are more vulnerable and sensitive INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT ARE, IN ADDITION TO THE PROFITS OF CRISIS IS OBTAINED THE MAJOR COMPANIES IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, MAINLY IN THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA, present options for a solution. REASON IS THE PRESIDENT OF VENEZUELA COMMANDER Hugo Chávez, EXPRESS WHEN: WHAT IS ONE OF GENOCIDE TO HUMANITY IN THE WORLD THAT POOR DEMAND FOR STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF TRADING TO IMMEDIATELY.
presentation about alash orda with 11 slaids, with lots of pictures and dates, each of slaid has important informations about this topic, made with needed dates, the best presintation that you can find about that topic!
I talk about Kazakhstan's system of government from the presidential system of government, the legislative government, and the current state of democracy.
Russia began as a small territory that expanded under strong rulers to become the world's largest country. While its government underwent many changes, Russian culture and traditions remained strong. The Soviet Union was formed after the Russian Revolution but collapsed in 1991, leading Russia to attempt building a democracy and market economy. Russian culture is influenced by its vast area and cold climate, and includes traditions like Maslenitsa celebrating the end of winter.
The problem of Turkestan colonialism in Soviet historiographySubmissionResearchpa
The role and opportunities of historiography in educating the future generation of independent Uzbekistan, in forming in their minds the idea of national independence and patriotism are limitless. Without a historical past, no nation has a present and no future. The science of historiography makes people think, distinguishing historical events helps to analyze and draw practical and vital conclusions from them by Axmedov Gulmamat Nurmamatovich 2020. The problem of Turkestan colonialism in Soviet historiography. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 10 (Oct. 2020), 222-224. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.732 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/732/704 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/732
The document provides an overview of Russian culture through examining its religion, art, and history. It discusses how Christianity played a major role in shaping Russian culture and inspired beautiful icons and art. The document also notes that Russia covers a large geographic area and has a long history that shaped its people's values of community, family, and sacrifice due to invasions. Russian culture is rooted in Orthodox Christianity and a oneness with nature that fostered strong bonds between people.
The document summarizes the role of early periodicals in Kazakh language in the formation of national identity of the Kazakh people. It discusses newspapers like "Kazakh", "Vakyt", "Shuro", "Akmulla" and the magazine "Aikap" published between 1870-1918 which helped spread ideas and mobilize public opinion. It also highlights the work of important figures like Mukhamedzhan Seralin, Spiandiyar Kubeiv, and Sultanmukhmud Toraigyrov who contributed to the development of Kazakh written literature and national identity through these early publications.
Kazakhstan from the Göktürks (Celestial Turks) and Genghis Khan to the Jadid Intellectuals to Nursultan Nazarbayev
The Intertwined Destiny of the Russians, the Kazakhs, and the Other Turkic (Turanian) Nations
Казахстан от Гёктюрков (Небесных тюрков) и Чингисхана до джадидской интеллигенции и Нурсултана Назарбаева
Переплетающиеся судьбы русских, казахов и других тюркских (туранских) народов
First published on 30th August 2022 here:
https://megalommatis.wordpress.com/2022/07/30/kazakhstan-from-the-gokturks-celestial-turks-and-genghis-khan-to-the-jadid-intellectuals-to-nursultan-nazarbayev/
Tajikistan is a landlocked mountainous country in Central Asia bordered by Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and China. Most of the population belongs to the Tajik ethnic group who speak Persian and have historically been part of Persian empires. After being part of the Russian Empire and then the Soviet Union, Tajikistan declared independence in 1991 but descended into a civil war. It now has a president and parliament but elections are considered unfair. The economy remains poor relying on cotton and aluminum exports.
Determinants of Ukraine Foreign Policy by Chris Dunnett Chris Helweg
This document provides background on the determinants of Ukrainian foreign policy since independence in 1991. It discusses how Ukrainian elites emerged from the Soviet system and had to build a state from scratch while asserting sovereignty. Ukrainian foreign policy has focused on maintaining relations with Russia while also developing economic and political ties with Western states. The document outlines the history of Ukrainian nationalism and identity. It will explore how Ukrainian foreign policy has shifted over time due to changes in domestic politics and relations between Eastern and Western institutions.
Kazakhstan from the Göktürks (Celestial Turks) and Genghis Khan to the Jadid Intellectuals to Nursultan Nazarbayev
The Intertwined Destiny of the Russians, the Kazakhs, and the Other Turkic (Turanian) Nations
(Illustrated edition: Album of Kazakh History with 555 pictures & legends)
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Казахстан от Гёктюрков (Небесных тюрков) и Чингисхана до джадидской интеллигенции и Нурсултана Назарбаева
Переплетающиеся судьбы русских, казахов и других тюркских (туранских) народов
(Иллюстрированное издание: Альбом истории Казахстана с 555 картинками и легендами)
THE FIRST HALF OF XIX CENTURY ECONOMY AND CULTUREKonul Nabiyeva
- After Russian occupation in the early 19th century, serious changes occurred in the political and economic life of Azerbaijan. The higher classes included khans, bays, and aghas, while the lower classes consisted of various categories of peasants and merchants/artists.
- The main forms of feudal land ownership were tiyul lands (given for military/other services), mulk lands (heritable private property), civil khalisa lands (belonging to bays), and vagf lands (belonging to religious institutions).
- The economy was based on agriculture, including crops like wheat, rice, cotton, and livestock. Industries included carpet weaving, silk production, salt extraction, and the
The document discusses the rise of Stalin's power in the Soviet Union following Lenin's death in 1924. It notes that Stalin consolidated power by suppressing Lenin's criticisms of him and expanding the role of General Secretary, which he was appointed to in 1922. He eliminated any opposition while holding the post of General Secretary until 1952, during which time he also served as Premier from 1941 onward. The document outlines how Stalin systematically increased his control over the Communist Party and Soviet government in the years after Lenin's death.
The formation of the Kazakh intelligentsia was a complex process hampered by discriminatory tsarist policies. Socio-economic and political changes in the early 20th century contributed to the development of national identity and new ideas in Kazakh society. Representatives of the intelligentsia studied in European institutions and were influenced by both national liberation movements and Western revolutions. Over time, the intelligentsia promoted Kazakh literature, education, and independence through periodicals while opposing colonial policies and capitalist exploitation.
The Russian Revolution occurred when Russia's political and economic systems collapsed due to tensions between social classes. Vladimir Lenin supported the ideas of Karl Marx and led the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, overthrowing the provisional government and establishing Soviet rule. Joseph Stalin later consolidated power and instituted a repressive regime, implementing forced collectivization and industrialization policies that killed millions but also modernized the country.
This document provides an overview of Russian history from Catherine I to Nicholas II, including key events and figures. It discusses Karl Marx and his ideas of class struggle. It describes Nicholas I's authoritarian rule after crushing the Decembrist Revolt. It summarizes the emancipation of serfs by Alexander II in 1861 and the remaining revolutionary tensions. It also briefly mentions education and demographics in late 19th century Russia.
- Russia began as a collection of states in the region between the Baltic and Black Seas, with Vikings settling near present-day Kiev on the Dnieper River until being conquered by Mongolian invaders in the 13th century.
- By the 17th century, the Russian Empire had expanded across Siberia to the Pacific Ocean, but it lagged behind Western Europe scientifically and technologically until industrializing in the late 1800s.
- In 1917, the Russian Revolution overthrew the Russian monarchy, leading to a communist government under Vladimir Lenin and the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, which Joseph Stalin later transformed into a command economy and consolidated his control over.
The Ukrainian Genocide was a deliberate act carried out by Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union against Ukrainian farmers in 1932-1933. Stalin ordered the collectivization of agriculture, which Ukrainian peasants resisted. In response, the Soviet government took the Ukrainians' homes, livestock, and crops, leaving many to starve. Estimates suggest the genocide resulted in the deaths of 5-10 million Ukrainians, around a quarter of Ukraine's total population at the time. The genocide had long-lasting impacts on Ukraine and its recovery took many years.
Vladimir Kaye-Kysilewskyj in Europe, Canada, and BritainThomas M. Prymak
This article is a brief description of the life and work of a major forerunner of Multiculturalism in Canada. Of Ukrainian background from Poland, he fought for recognition of the Ukrainian nationality in Europe and for national and ethnic tolerance in Canada. He was especially important in Canada during the Second World War, where he helped to protect vulnerable ethnic groups from the negative effects of wartime hysteria. And during the postwar period, he did much academic research about such groups, especially the Ukrainians.
100 YEARS OF STRUGGLE. THE UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION 1917-1921Юрій Марченко
The brochure tells the reader in a concise and engaging way about the events of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1921, namely state building processes, Ukrainian nation’s development, the revival of scientific, educational, cultural and spiritual life of Ukraine. Much attention is paid to the leaders of the Ukrainian Revolution, such as Mykhailo Hrushevsky, Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Symon Petliura, Pavlo Skoropadsky, Yevhen Petrushevych, Noman Chelebidzhikhan and others who developed its ideological principles, set the agenda and led the people’s crusade for freedom. It reveals the institutional development, the creation of legislative, executive and judicial branches of power, building an army, financial system and diplomacy. The photographs and testimonies of contemporaries create the atmosphere of that time, shed light on everyday life of an ordinary person in a revolutionary upheaval.
The brochure is prepared by the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance and includes materials of information and education campaign held in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1921. During that event a number of photo-documentary exhibitions, sets of postcards, informational materials, a children’s board game and a specialized web page (www.UNR.memory.gov.ua) were prepared.
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2. “From its President to its painters, poets,
economists and entrepreneurs, this is a nation
confidently on the move. We need to
understand the new national identity of this
increasingly successful player on the world
stage” – Jonathan Aitken, the author of the
book “Kazakhstan: Surprises and Stereotypes”
3. KEY FACTS ABOUT KAZAKHSTAN
- Kazakhstan is the 9th large territory in the world (2,7 millions sq.km) with 17,6 million
population
- The capital is Astana city established in 1998
- Became independent in 1991, 16th of December
- More than 150 nations and ethnics live in Kazakhstan with Kazakhs (66%), Russians (21%),
Uzbeks (3%), Ukrainians (1,7%), Uigurs (1,4%), etc.
- Kazakh is the state language, Russian has a status of official
- Contains rich oil recourses with 1.6 million barrels per day production, minerals (ferrous
and non-ferrous metals)
- GNI per capita is $11,7 millions (2014, Worldbank.org)
- GDP per capita is $12,4 millions (2014, Worldbank.org)
4. ORIGINS OF KAZAKH-RUSSIAN
RELATIONSHIPS
XVIII-XX CENTURIES
• Leaders of Kazakh tribes (Hans) asked patronage of Russian Empire to provide a
defence against jungar invaders in the south-east boarders
• Rebellion of Kazakhs protested against Russian colonisation
• Renaissance of Kazakh literature: Abai – a great philosopher of the time
• New generation of Kazakhs – the raise of communist wave in the steppe
5. Our close relationships with Russia began in 1731. It was trouble times for Kazakh Khannate as
Kazakhs tried to defend their territories from Chinese Jungar invaders. The war of protecting the
lands lasted around 100 years, the nation suffered many deprivations and that was why the leader of
Western Kazakh tribes Han Abulkhair made a decision to ask for a patronage from Russian Empire’s
Queen Elizabeth II.
From that time the factual colonisation of the vast Kazakh territory began. Thus the threat of jungars
invaders was terminated Kazakhs became aware of coming new invader from the North who
implanted new rules and laws in a freedom-loving steppes and counted themselves as occupiers with
extremely bad relation to the local people. It was a reason why rebellious leaders of several Kazakh
tribes began to undermine the process of colonisation attacking Russian fortresses. But it’s clear that
all these rebellions were depressed and the leaders were killed. Despite the resistance to colonisation
positive changes came to steppe as well. The representatives of the richest Kazakh society having
finished education in the Russian institutes came back to steppes educated, fluently speaking Kazakh
and Russian. They were aware of own people illiteracy and that was why began to open public
schools for children. Still laws predominated in steppes which restricted the rights of girls to study.
Despite this fact, all the children could learn at schools run by rich and educated Kazakhs.
One of the brightest philosophy of that time was Abai Kunanbayev who left a rich literature heritage
after him – the most known today is his words of edification to his nation which are actual even in
modern times.
6. With coming of XX century the moods in steppes changed as they changed in
whole Russian Empire. A new political course was being formed which
proclaimed equality among all the people and authority which must be given to
the working class, also what is very important that this course promised
independence to the States which were been colonized. Kazakh intellectuals
found these ideas impressing as they thought it would be a chance for their
nation to become independent and to develop the country in its own way.
Among those Kazakhs were writers, poets, civil activists, owners of first
newspapers and schools Akhmet Baitursinov, Alikhan Bukeikhanov, Magzhan
Zhumabayev, Mirzhakip Dulatov, Iliyas Djansugurov and plenty of others who
were apparently repressed and killed after years of Communism settled down as
a new political system in Kazakhstan.
7. ORIGINS OF KAZAKH-RUSSIAN
RELATIONSHIPS
XX CENTURY
1917 October revolution and its consequences
Severe communist politics and dark times of 1930-40: hunger in steppes,
repressions, World War II (Great patriotic war 1941-45)
Resettlement of nations and tragic testing of nuclear weapons in Kazakhstan
Growth of national consciousness – Jeltoksan (December) movement
Nursultan Nazarbayev – a new political figure
8. In 1917 there was a military coup and change of the power in Russia.
Communists killed all the members of Russian monarchy in the Winter Palace
and took the power into their hands. It was a new Soviet State created in 1921.
The communists promised a freedom and equal opportunities for poor and
working people; so people who were deprived by the Tsarism power
completely supported a new Communism leaders. But proclaimed freedoms
with the years turned to totalitarianism which restricted all the freedoms mainly
the freedom of expression. Those ones who criticised the system were sent to
prisons or shot down. All these “black” methods of fighting with opposition
were initiated by Joseph Stalin who ruled a new formed Soviet Union from 1922
to 1953.
9. So that was why 1930-s was the most difficult times for Kazakh people who
initially supported a new political system but soon were depressed with its
consequences came to the steppes. Kazakhs from ancient times raised domestic
animals such as horses and ships and the richness of the families were
evaluated by a quantity of domestic animals. During 1930-s all the domestic
animals were deliberately confiscated which led strictly to the starvation and
death of the nation in the severe climatic conditions.
Only in modern society those mistakes were admitted. Thus, the fact is that
more than 6 mln. Kazakhs died during hunger and repressions of XX century
which was almost 65% of 1913 population. Moreover, part of those who stayed
alive left Kazakhstan and settled down in Mongolia, China, Uzbekistan, Turkey
and Iran. The World War II also took lives of millions people across all Soviet
Union, Kazakhs were in those dreadful lists as well.
10. If to ask how Kazakhstan became a multi-national country the
answer could be find in 1960-s. There was a big resettlement of
ethnic Russians to Kazakhstan as it was declared a big project of
developing virgin lands in the north of Republic. So the number of
Russians in Kazakhstan peaked at 70% point whereas local people
reached only 20%. Together with Russians ethnic Ukranians,
Belarusians, Germans, Koreans, Uigurs and others came to work
and live in Kazakhstan.
11. XX century for Kazakhstan was very tough times. Nevertheless, the
nation all the time was united and was stronger than outer troubles.
Kazakhs also stayed alive after nuclear weapons testing in Eastern
Kazakhstan, Semei city, but no longer could stay silent. The testing
began in 1949 and only in 1991 Semei polygon was closed as a
damage caused to the environment was too high.
There were 456 explosions which all together caused a bigger
negative effect on environment and health of local people than
tragic explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.
12. In 1980-s all these biases in policy towards local people became a trigger for people’s
resistance against a system. The fact that exposed people’s anger was change of First
secretary of Communist party in Kazakhstan who never lived in Kazakhstan and didn’t know
the interests and needs of local people. He was appointed by Moscow leaders. Young people
of Almaty city went out to the streets protesting this fact. It was a cold December (in Kazakh
Jeltoksan), outside was -30 degree below 0. New appointed Secretary was too afraid of such
people’s behaviour so he appealed to Moscow and said that it was armed demonstration
against ruling party thus the demonstration was originally peaceful. So then soldiers of the
Special Army Forces arrived to Almaty and fiercely punished locals by beating them with
sticks and drenched with cold water right in the cold streets. A lot of people were arrested
and imprisoned. But nobody left indifferent. So the protests against the system spread all
over the country.
13. In that time a new figure came to political arena.
He was Kazakh, born and raised in ordinary Kazakh
family, who understood all the willing of his nation
and knew how to communicate with Moscow
rulers, so he succeeded in his political career. His
name was Nursultan Nazarbayev. Those times was
crucial in his own representation as a politician. He
heard people’s anger and he did all the best to
negotiate with Moscow to solve problematic
aspects. It was he who closed Semei polygon, made
Kazakh a state language, created Semei-Nevada
organization for supporting non-nuclear world. In
1990 he became a President of Kazakhstan
socialistic Republic and in 1991 after Soviet Union
collapsed he became a President of independent
Kazakhstan. He is still on his position.
14. ORIGINS OF KAZAKH-RUSSIAN
RELATIONSHIPS
XX AND XXI CENTURY
Creation of CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States)
An idea of Eurasian world
“Napkin” diplomacy and assigning Caspian Sea’s borders
15. A new history of independence began from creating a new non-political
organization CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) in 1991 which
members became 11 ex-Soviet countries. 3 years later in 1994 President
Nazarbayev sounded his idea of Eurasian world which key point was an
integration on economic and social levels with Eurasian countries. Nobody
paid attention to the idea in those times but it became actual in recent times
and obtained clear forms in 2008. First Custom Union was created then in
2014 it renamed to Eurasian economic community (EAEC) which opened
borders to commodities and established a free trade zone between 3 member
countries – Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus. EAEC is a prototype of European
Union but in Eurasian part of the world.
16. It is now Kazakhstan is a stable developing country which has achieved economic
success but in late 90-s was time for so-called “napkin” diplomacy. The problem
was in dividing a territory of Caspian Sea which is known as cornucopia of oil.
After several years of discussions Russia did not tend to ratify memorandum
about division of Caspian Sea borders, so President Nazarbayev personally
visited President Yeltsin in his apartment. There Nazarbayev after long hours of
discussions took a napkin and draw the borders of Caspian Sea which Boris
Yeltsin understood and accepted. Then it took another several hours to decrypt
Presidents’ handwritings and to create a document which delineated seabed
borders of Caspian in accordance with a median line modified by two Presidents.
This was an illustration of personal diplomacy of the President Nazarbayev who
then became known in the world as a competent negotiator.
18. SINO-KAZAKH RELATIONSHIPS
Affirming State’s borders – negotiations with Jiang Zemin
During 2009-2013 period Kazakhstan received about $23 billions of
Chinese investment mostly into oil output and manufacturing industry
Ambitious mutual projects including expansion of oil and gas pipelines
between the countries, a creation of Europe-China highway with
running across Kazakhstan’s 3 000 km. territory, free trade zone at the
new border crossing of Khorgos
19. As China remains the 2nd biggest investment partner of Kazakhstan the
relationships with this state are build up in a friendly way. So, ex-chairman of
PRC Communist party Hu Jintao said during China-Kazakhstan summit in 2011
that China has no better friend in today’s world than Kazakhstan.
And it were not just beautiful words with no meaning. The confirmation to
these words was vast investments to Kazakhstani economics and realisation of
large interethnic projects.
During 2009-2013 period Kazakhstan received about $23 billions of Chinese
investment mostly into oil output and manufacturing industry.
The big common projects launched the last 5 years including expansion of oil
and gas pipelines between the countries, a creation of Europe-China highway
which is running across Kazakhstan’s 3 000 km. territory, free trade zone at the
new border crossing of Khorgos.
20. The origins of successful cooperation began in 1991 when President Nazarbayev
and Chairman Jiang Zemin affirmed borders of independent Kazakhstan. They
both spoke Russian fluently and understood each other as both were
acquainted with Soviet political system. Mr. Zemin finally said: “We must settle
these border issues now, while we are both in charge. One day in the future a
new generation may come to lead China who I am not so sure will be so eager
to reach an agreement”. Shortly afterwards the territorial issues were solved
which gave 53% of the contested regions to Kazakhstan and 47% to China.
21. WESTERN DIPLOMACY
OSCE as a big diplomatic effort of Kazakhstan
Astana – is a centre of holding international events
Drawing international investments
Kazakhstan – member of UN, OIC (Organization of Islamic
Cooperation), TURKSOI (International organization of Turkic culture)
A position of negotiator of international conflicts
22. It’s urgent demand for modern Kazakhstan to build up strong partnership relationships with
Western world including Europe and USA. That was why Kazakhstan diplomats and the
President himself did their best to promote its new capital Astana in international
environment.
The one of the biggest Kazakhstani diplomatic efforts was holding OSCE (Organization for
security and co-operation in Europe) summit in 2010. The idea of Kazakhstan chairmanship
sounded by President Nazarbayev was met with confrontation in high political circles
especially by American administration. However, Nazarbayev began to lobby his proposal
visiting all the leaders of states-members of organization and influenced them to accept the
chairmanship of Kazakhstan arguing that the world was changing in the XXI century and it
was time to trust an Eurasian and Asian nation with presidency. In 2006 Nazarbayev met with
George W Bush and personally questioned him why America was so against of Kazakhstan
taking chairmanship. This question was unexpected and President of America had to reply
that the question would be reconsidered. After several rounds of diplomatic debates
Kazakhstan eventually took chairmanship in 2010 and held summit in Astana.
23. Apart from holding OSCE summit which was visited by first political figures from Europe and
USA, Astana hosted 7th Asian winter games with participants from 26 Asian countries, World
Islamic Economic Forum with participants from 55 Islamic states, Shanghai Cooperation Council
and International forum for a nuclear weapons-free world. All these events brought wide
opportunities to Kazakhstan and its capital to be recognizable in the world and also to draw
investments in its economics.
For instance, this month President Nazarbayev visited UK where he met with the Royal family,
Prime Minister David Cameron and representatives of English business elite and afterwards
visited France where he met with François Hollande and representatives of business elite. These
personal meetings brought more than $5 billion of investments into state economics.
Kazakhstan position in international relations is to encourage all the confronting countries to
establish a dialogue in finding solution. Kazakhstan is one of those few countries who has
friendly relationships with all countries in the world.
Recently, presenting his speech in UN General Assembly in New-York on 29th of September,
2015 President Nazarbayev underlined a huge role of negotiations in international conflicts on
example of Ukrainian crisis and asked of full implement of Minsk agreements. He also told
about creating zones free of nuclear weapons particularly in the Middle East.
25. As Kazakhstan aspires to find its niche in international world it is a priority
of the country to bring up a new generation of specialists fluently
speaking in English. This was a reason why a presidential scholarship
called “Bolashak” (literal translation is Future) were established in 1993.
The scholarship gives opportunity to Kazakhstani university graduates to
study further abroad and covers all the tuition fees and living expenses of
scholarship’s holders. After getting education students should return to
Kazakhstan and work there for minimum 5 years. During 21 years more
than 11 thousands people have been getting education abroad mostly
preferring UK and USA as their study destinations. This programme is
changing a situation in language policy of country whose people fluently
speak 2 languages – Kazakh and Russian, and younger ambitious
generation speaks English as well. The programme also gives opportunity
to Kazakhstani people to integrate deeply with global community.
26. Tobias Ellwood, Parliamentary under Secretary of
State at the Foreign and Commonwealth office:
“Both commercially and politically, the Kazakhstan of
today is on the verge of becoming a significant
player on the regional and international stage”.