The document summarizes key anatomical structures of the eye and their functions. It discusses the three layers that make up the eye (fibrous outer layer, vascular middle layer, and inner sensitive layer), as well as the three compartments (anterior chamber, posterior chamber, vitreous chamber) and three fluids (aqueous humor, vitreous humor, blood) within the eyeball. Additionally, it provides details on individual structures like the cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, lens, vitreous body, retina, optic nerve, and eye adnexa and their roles in vision.
anatomical consideration of development of eye from embryonic stage. gives insight into future anatomical and pharmacological basis of drug development in disorders of eye.
anatomical consideration of development of eye from embryonic stage. gives insight into future anatomical and pharmacological basis of drug development in disorders of eye.
A brief presentation on corneal physiology (Functions ,cell shapes, histology ,biochemical compositions, transparency, drug permeability and cell turnover and wound healing )
Main physiologic function of cornea is to act as a major refracting medium, so that a clear retinal image is formed. • Normal corneal transparency is result of • 1.anatomical factor such as uniform and regular arrangement of corneal epithelium, peculiar arrangement of corneal lamella and corneal vascularity 2.Physiological factor [ie] relative state of corneal dehydration.
3. • Therefore, any process which upsets the anatomy or physiology of cornea will cause LOSS OF TRANSPARENCY to some degree.
4. FACTORS AFFECTING CORNEAL TRANSPARENCY • CORNEAL EPITHELIUM &TEAR FLIM • ARRANGEMENT OF STROMAL LAMELLA • CORNEAL VASCULARIZATION • CORNEAL HYDRATION • CELLULAR FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPARENCY
Introduction Transparent,avascular,watch-glass like structure. Forms 1/6th part of outer fibrous coat (Sclera) It is the major refracting surface of the eye
3. Dimensions + Avg horizontal dia =11.75 mm (ant surface) + Avg vertical dia = 11 mm (ant surface ) + Avg dia (post surface)= 11.5 mm + Thickness(centre) =0.52mm + Thickness(peripheral) = 0.67mm + Radius of curvature (ant surface) = 7.8mm + Radius of curvature (post surface)= 6.5mm + Refractive power (ant surface) = +48D + Refractive power(post surface)= - 5D + R.I = 1.376
4. Histology + Epithelium + Bowman’s membrane + Stroma + Dua’s layer + Descemet’s membrane + Endothelium
5. Epithelium + Made up of stratified squamous epithelium + Thickness - 50-90 um + 5-6 layers of cells + Regenerative, entire epithelial layer is replaced every 6-8 days + Made up of 3 types of cells - basal,wing, flattened cells + Cells are attached by to each other by means of desmosomes & maculi occludents
6. Bowman’s membrane + Acellular,Non regenerative + Made up of condensed collagen fibrils. + Thickness - 12um + Resistant to infection & injury.
A brief presentation on corneal physiology (Functions ,cell shapes, histology ,biochemical compositions, transparency, drug permeability and cell turnover and wound healing )
Main physiologic function of cornea is to act as a major refracting medium, so that a clear retinal image is formed. • Normal corneal transparency is result of • 1.anatomical factor such as uniform and regular arrangement of corneal epithelium, peculiar arrangement of corneal lamella and corneal vascularity 2.Physiological factor [ie] relative state of corneal dehydration.
3. • Therefore, any process which upsets the anatomy or physiology of cornea will cause LOSS OF TRANSPARENCY to some degree.
4. FACTORS AFFECTING CORNEAL TRANSPARENCY • CORNEAL EPITHELIUM &TEAR FLIM • ARRANGEMENT OF STROMAL LAMELLA • CORNEAL VASCULARIZATION • CORNEAL HYDRATION • CELLULAR FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPARENCY
Introduction Transparent,avascular,watch-glass like structure. Forms 1/6th part of outer fibrous coat (Sclera) It is the major refracting surface of the eye
3. Dimensions + Avg horizontal dia =11.75 mm (ant surface) + Avg vertical dia = 11 mm (ant surface ) + Avg dia (post surface)= 11.5 mm + Thickness(centre) =0.52mm + Thickness(peripheral) = 0.67mm + Radius of curvature (ant surface) = 7.8mm + Radius of curvature (post surface)= 6.5mm + Refractive power (ant surface) = +48D + Refractive power(post surface)= - 5D + R.I = 1.376
4. Histology + Epithelium + Bowman’s membrane + Stroma + Dua’s layer + Descemet’s membrane + Endothelium
5. Epithelium + Made up of stratified squamous epithelium + Thickness - 50-90 um + 5-6 layers of cells + Regenerative, entire epithelial layer is replaced every 6-8 days + Made up of 3 types of cells - basal,wing, flattened cells + Cells are attached by to each other by means of desmosomes & maculi occludents
6. Bowman’s membrane + Acellular,Non regenerative + Made up of condensed collagen fibrils. + Thickness - 12um + Resistant to infection & injury.
This lecture includes anatomy and Physiology of Cornea, if u like it kindly share it with colleagues and like it. I will share more lectures related to eye anatomy and optometry.
Thank You.
Anatomy of Eye by radhika kulvi, M.Sc nursingRadhika kulvi
The eye is a paired organ, the organ of vision. The eye is made up of various components, which enable it to receive light stimuli from the environment, and deliver this stimuli to the brain in the form of an electrical signal. Vision involves all components of the eye.
DEFINITION:The human eye is a sensory organ,that reacts to visible light and allow to use visual information for various purposes including seeing things,keeping our balance and circadian rhythm.
STRUCTURE
The eye is contained within the bony orbit of the head. The bony orbit is a cavity, comprising parts of the lacrimal bone (includes fossa for nasolacrimal duct) and the maxilla (includes caudal foramen of infraorbital canal). It is continuous with the temporal bone and the pterygopalatine fossa caudally. It is situated in the orbital cavity and is supplied by 2nd cranial nerve.
The eye is our organ of sight. The eye has a number of components which include but are not limited to the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, macula, optic nerve, choroid and vitreous.
Servers: Servers are the backbone of e-commerce websites. They store the website data, including product information, customer details, and transactional data. They are responsible for processing customer requests, generating dynamic content, and serving web pages to customers.
Storage devices: Storage devices such as hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs) are used to store the website data and application files. They provide the necessary storage capacity to accommodate large amounts of data, such as product images, videos, and customer information.
Routers and switches: Routers and switches are used to connect the e-commerce website to the internet and facilitate data transfer between different devices. They help to ensure that data is transmitted quickly and reliably, and that the website is accessible to customers from anywhere in the world.
Firewalls: Firewalls are used to protect the e-commerce website from unauthorized access and malicious attacks. They monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic
There are several challenges associated with the trade cycle in e-commerce, which can affect the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the process. Some of these challenges include:
Security: One of the main challenges in e-commerce is ensuring the security of the transaction. This includes protecting sensitive data such as credit card information and personal details from theft, fraud, and other cyber threats.
Logistics: Shipping and delivery can be a significant challenge in e-commerce, particularly for products that require special handling or transportation. This includes ensuring timely delivery, tracking shipments, and dealing with returns and exchanges.
Payment processing: Payment processing can be complex, particularly for cross-border transactions involving different currencies and payment systems. It is essential to ensure that payment methods are secure, reliable, and convenient for customers.
The trade cycle in e-commerce refers to the various stages involved in a typical online transaction between a buyer and a seller. The trade cycle typically includes the following stages:
Product search and selection: The buyer searches for a product or service online and selects the desired item from the e-commerce website. This may involve browsing product categories, using search filters, and reading product descriptions and reviews.
Shopping cart and checkout: Once the buyer has selected the desired item, they add it to their shopping cart and proceed to checkout. At this stage, they may be required to enter their personal and payment information, such as name, address, and credit card details.
Order processing: After the buyer has completed the checkout process, the seller receives the order and processes it. This may involve verifying the availability of the product, preparing it for shipment, and generating a shipping label.
Payment processing: Once the order has been processed, the payment is processed by the payment gateway. This involves verifying the payment information and authorizing the transaction.
Shipping and delivery: The seller ships the product to the buyer's address using a third-party logistics provider or their own delivery service. The buyer is provided with tracking information to monitor the status of the shipment.
Returns and refunds: If the buyer is not satisfied with the product, they may initiate a return or exchange. The seller handles the return or exchange process and ensures that the buyer is satisfied with their purchase.
Customer service: The seller provides customer service to address any issues or concerns that the buyer may have regarding the product or service.
1-IT IS A MIDDLE VASCULAR COAT OF EYEBALL.
2-IT MAINLY CONSIST OF THREE PARTS IRIS, CHOROID, CILIARY BODY.
3- CILIARY BODY CAN HOLD THE LENS AND PLAY IMPORTANT ROLE IN ACCOMODATION.
The trade cycle in e-commerce refers to the various stages involved in a typical online transaction between a buyer and a seller. The trade cycle typically includes the following stages:
Product search and selection: The buyer searches for a product or service online and selects the desired item from the e-commerce website. This may involve browsing product categories, using search filters, and reading product descriptions and reviews.
Shopping cart and checkout: Once the buyer has selected the desired item, they add it to their shopping cart and proceed to checkout. At this stage, they may be required to enter their personal and payment information, such as name, address, and credit card details.
Order processing: After the buyer has completed the checkout process, the seller receives the order and processes it. This may involve verifying the availability of the product, preparing it for shipment, and generating a shipping label.
Payment processing: Once the order has been processed, the payment is processed by the payment gateway. This involves verifying the payment information and authorizing the transaction.
Shipping and delivery: The seller ships the product to the buyer's address using a third-party logistics provider or their own delivery service. The buyer is provided with tracking information to monitor the status of the shipment.
Returns and refunds: If the buyer is not satisfied with the product, they may initiate a return or exchange. The seller handles the return or exchange process and ensures that the buyer is satisfied with their purchase.
Customer service: The seller provides customer service to address any issues or concerns that the buyer may have regarding the product or service.
How to protect your eye?
With sunglasses? Mirror glasses? Tinted or polarized glasses?
What is right tint colour for you?
What are antireflection coat glasses?
what is the C-Section or Casarean delivery
Why does it done?
what are the risk and complications
how does it done
how to care of the mother after she back home?
What is the breastfeeding
why it is important ?
what's the advantages of it
whats the problems
what's the food should the mother eat or avoid during nursing
what is labor and what is the normal?
what are the signs of labor?
what are the stages of labor?
what are the mechanism of labor?
what are the factors that affect the labor?
what is the Puerperium and Postpartum Period
what's the normal?
what's the abnormal Puerperium?
and what are the most common complications and how to manage it?
Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH) and Ectopic Pregnancysosojammoly
what is the Placental Abnormalities and
Hemorrhagic Complications during pregnancy
What is PPH and what is the management?
what is the ectopic pregnancy?
What is the normal placenta
what is the Placental Abnormalities and
Hemorrhagic Complications during pregnancy
What is APH
How to manage The Hemorrhage
I add more Information to the previous Slideshare of (Anemia)
I hope it will be more useful
What is Anemia in Pregnancy
how it affect the pregnancy
What are the types and risk factors
how to manage it
The 7 minute total body workout is a way to exercise to get maximum results with minimal investment. Just 12 exercises of 30 seconds and a brief 10 seconds period of rest.
Exercises can be done anywhere. You only need a chair and a wall. And of course motivation :)
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
6. 1Pg. 2
The Eye lies in the front half of the orbit surrounded by fat and connective tissue and is
supported by a facial hammock , It has an almost spherical shape with an average
diameter of 23 mm , The optic nerve, which connects the eye with the brain leaves the
orbit at its apex through the optic foramen in which it lies close to the ophthalmic artery.
The Eye ball surrounded by protective structures(orbit, lids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal
apparatus ) , the movement apparatus consisting of the extrinsic ocular muscles
and Tenon’s capsule , and supported by Ophthalmic artery .
Clinically, the eye can be considered to be composed of two segments:
1. Anterior segment – all structures from (and including) the lens forward .
2. Posterior segment – all structures behind the lens .
The FUNCTION of the eye is to form a clear image of objects in our environment.
These images are transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve and the posterior
visual pathways .
13. 1/The Layers
Or Coats
Outer fibrous
protective layer
The cornea
The Sclera
Middle vascular
layer (“uveal
tract”)
The Iris
The Ciliary
muscles
The Choroid
Inner sensitive
layer The Retina
2/The
compartments
Anterior
chamber
Posterior
chamber
Vitreous
chamber
3/intraocular
fluids
Aqueous
humor
Vitreous
humor
The
Blood
The eyeball itself consists of three layers or coats,
three compartments and contains three fluids:
21Pg.
19. 1Pg. 2 3
The anterior one-sixth of the fibrous layer of the eye is formed by the cornea. It is
avascular transparent convex portion & has an elliptical shape with the dimensions
10.6 mm vertically and 11.7 mm horizontally. It is approximately 1mm thick at the
limbus reducing to 0.52mm +/- 0.02mm centrally . At 43 diopters, the cornea is the
most important refractive medium in the eye.
It formed during the second month of embryonic development , & Histologically
the cornea consists of 3 layers and 2 membranes:
1- Epithelium (approx. 40-50 μm): consisting of five or six layers divided into;
Basal cell layer , Wing cells , & Superficial cells . It regenerates quickly when injured by
cell division .
2- Bowman’s membrane (approx. 8-14 μm): a thin structureless homogeneous layer ,
this layer is never replaced once destroyed .
←Back
20. 21Pg. 3
3- Stroma ( approx. 450-500 μm) : consists of approximately 90% of
total corneal thickness. Consists of lamellae of collagen aligned at 90°
to each other and the spacing of the collagen fibrils is highly ordered.,
Between the lamellae are found cells (keratocytes) responsible for the
production of collagen and ground substance Corneal transparency is
due to the regular arrangement and relative dehydration of the collagen
fibres within the stroma..
4- Descemet’s membrane (approx. 5-10 μm) : a thin elastic membrane
resistant to both infection and trauma and relatively strong membrane
but lost tissue is not regenerated .
5- Endothelium (approx. 4 μm) : a single layer of hexagonal not
regenerated cells
21. 31Pg. 2
The primary function of the cornea is refraction (approx. 43 diopters).
The cornea is the eye window that allows to form a clear image .
The cornea is a protective layer to the inner components of the eye .
The water content of the cornea controlled by epithelium(prevent the
passage of fluid into the stroma) and endothelium (pump the fluids into
the aqueous) to provide corneal dehydration to keep its transparency.
The uniform arrangement of the lamellae of collagen fibrils in the
corneal stroma also help to maintain the corneal transparency .
The epithelium and the endothelium attach with the tear that give the
nutrition to the cornea .
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. 1Pg. 2
The Sclera
The whitish opaque outer coat of the eye which form 5/6 of the outer
layer of the eye
formed by the sclera .
All six ocular muscles insert into the sclera .
The sclera is thickest (1mm) anteriorly at the limbus & thinnest
(0.3mm) beneath the insertions of the rectus muscles .
It joins with the :
* Cornea at the limbus ,
* Optic nerve enter the sclera at lamina cribrosa ,
* The angle of the anterior chamber , to form the trabecular network
and the canal of Schlemm .
XThe Sclera
←Back
30. 21Pg.
The Sclera
The sclera is fibrous , and consists of :
* layer of loose connective tissue deep to the conjunctiva, over laying
the sclera, called the episclera.
* A cellular connective tissue with a higher water content than the
cornea .
* Stroma consists of irregular lamellae of collagen fibers (this is the
cause of its whitish opaque appearance) .
The most important FUNCTION of the sclera is to protect the eye by
its rigid formation , & cut the light entering the eye off except from the
cornea .
XThe Sclera
31. The uveal tract is the middle highly vascular layer of the eye ,
consists of:
The uveal tract lies between the sclera and retina.
The real FUNCTION of this layer is to give the supply for some other
parts of the eye .
* The choroid* The Ciliary body* The Iris
32.
33. 1Pg. 2 3
It is a thin circular disc perforated centrally by the pupil.
The iris consists of two layers:
1- The anterior mesodermal stromal layer.
2- The posterior ectodermal pigmented epithelial layer ( an opaque and
protects the eye against excessive incident light).
Its variable pigmentation determines the 'colour' of eyes.
The color of the iris varies in the individual according to the melanin
content of the melanocytes (pigment cells) in the stroma and epithelial
layer.
Eyes with a high melanin content are dark brown, whereas eyes with less
melanin are grayish-blue .
←Back
34. 21Pg. 3
The collarette marks the division of the stroma into pupillary and ciliary
zones.
The ciliary zone in the iris attached peripherally to the anterior surface of
the ciliary body .
The pupil is surrounded by :
1-The circular sphincter muscle, which is supplied by parasympathetic
nerve fibers ( responsible for miosis & contraction ) .
2- The radial dilator pupillae muscle, supplied by sympathetic nerve
fibers ( responsible for mydriasis & dilatation ) .
As similar as fingermarks , the iris has its unique map that never reoccur
with another one .
35. 31Pg. 2
The iris regulate the contraction and dilation of the pupil by its muscles,
so that, it may be regarded as the light regulator of the optical system of
the eye.
It acts as an aperture to improve the quality of the resulting image by
controlling the amount of light that enters the eye.
40. 1Pg. 2
The ciliary body extends from the root of the iris to the ora serrata,
where it joins the choroid & the retina .
It is triangular in cross section , which has two sides :
1- The outer side ; is the ciliary muscles .
2- The inner side ; divided into two zones :
A- The pars plicata forms the anterior 2mm and is covered by ciliary
processes .
B- The pars plana constitutes the posterior 4.5-mm flattened portion of
the ciliary body (this zone which continuous with the choroid and retina).
←Back
41. 21Pg.
The suspensory ligament, the zonule, extends from the pars plana and
the intervals between the ciliary processes to the lens capsule.
The ciliary body is covered by a bilaminar epithelium , which is
responsible for the production of aqueous humor.
The contraction of the ciliary muscle is responsible for
accommodation.
The epithelium layer covering the ciliary body produces the aqueous
humor.
42.
43.
44. The choroid is the middle tunic of the eyeball between the
sclera & the retina . It is highly vascularized, that, the blood flow
through the choroid is the highest in the entire body . In addition to
vessels, it also carries approximately 15–20 ciliary nerves.
The choroid consists of the following :
1- Bruch’s membrane 2 μm ; It consists of basement membrane of
retinal pigmented epithelium cells & elastic and collagenous layers .
2-The choriocapillaris whish supplying the RPE & outer retina .
3- Layer of larger choroidal blood vessels .
4- Pigmented cells .
The FUNCTION of choroid is to regulate temperature and supply
nourishment to the outer layers of the retina, it is the vein of life .
←Back
47. 1Pg. 2
Is a transparent, bi-convex structure suspended from the ciliary body by the zonular fibres and
situated between the iris and the vitreous The lens is about 9mm in diameter and about 4mm thick
at the centre. The lens is comprised of 65% water and 35% protein .
Anatomically , the lens consists of :
1- A thick elastic capsule for protection (its elasticity decreases with aged) . The zonule inserts into it
near the equator to suspend the lens by ciliary body.
2- Layer of epithelial cells (just under the anterior capsule). It active metabolically to keep the lens
clean .
3- Lens fibres ; The central lens fibres are called the nucleus and the more peripheral fibres the
cortex .
4- Embryonic nucleus , forms by the growth of primary lens fibers then displaced toward the
center of the lens by the growth secondary one .
5- Fetal nucleus (complete at birth) , & Infantile nucleus ( complete during the 1st and 2nd decades of life)
←Back
48. 21Pg.
The lens is one of the essential refractive media (10–20 diopters, depending
on individual accommodation) of the eye and focuses incident rays of light on
the retina .
Zonule filaments suspend the lens ciliary processes to the ciliary muscle .
When the muscle contracts the filaments relax allowing the lens to
become more convex with a shorter focal length for reading .
49.
50.
51.
52.
53. The gelatinous vitreous body consists of 98% water and 2%
collagen fibers and hyaluronic acid. It fills the vitreous chamber, which
composed approx. 2/3 of the total volume of the eye .
To provide mechanical stability , the 3-D network of collagen fibres &
hyaluronic acid molecules is attached to adjacent structures at the
following locations :
1- At the ligament of Wieger along the posterior capsule of the lens.
2- At the vitreous base at the ora serrata.
3- At the funnel of Martegiani (approximately 10 μm wide) surrounding the
periphery of the optic disk.
The FUNCTIONN of the vitreous body is to stabilizes the globe
although the eye can remain intact without the vitreous body .
←Back
54.
55. 41Pg. 2 3
The retina is the innermost of three successive layers of the globe. It
comprises two parts:
1- A photoreceptive part (pars optical retinae), comprising the first nine of
the 10 layers of retina .
2- A nonreceptive part (pars caeca retinae), forming the epithelium of the
ciliary body and iris .
Thickness of the retina different from part to another , thinnest at ora
serrata & thickest at optic nerve .
Moving inward along the path of incident light, the individual layers of
the retina are :
←Back
56. Pg. 421 3
1. Inner limiting membrane (glial cell fibers separating the retina from the vitreous body).
2. Layer of optic nerve fibers (axons of the third neuron).
3. Layer of ganglion cells (cell nuclei of the multipolar ganglion cells of the third neuron).
4. Inner plexiform layer (synapses between the axons of the second neuron and dendrites of
the third neuron).
5. Inner nuclear layer (cell nuclei of the bipolar nerve cells of the second neuron, horizontal
cells, and amacrine cells).
6. Outer plexiform layer (synapses between the axons of the first neuron and dendrites of the
second neuron).
7. Outer nuclear layer (cell nuclei of the rods and cones = first neuron).
8. Outer limiting membrane .
9. Layer of rods and cones (the actual photoreceptors).
10. Retinal pigment epithelium (a single cubic layer of heavily pigmented epithelial cells).
11. Bruch’s membrane (basal membrane of the choroid separating the retina from the choroid).
57. 431Pg. 2
The most sensitive section in the retina is THE
MACULAR :
The macula lutea (yellow spot); is a flattened oval area in the
center of the retina approximately 3–4mm(15 degrees)
temporal to and slightly below the optic disk with (1.7–2 mm)
diameter.
In its center; (the avascular fovea) , the sharpest visual
perception , which contains only cones cell .
58. 41Pg. 2
The retina is the sensitive film of the eye , which receive the visible light
spectrum (wavelengths of 380–760 nm) to send it to the brain as Electric
signals .It has 4 types of Perceptions : Contrast, color, light and shape.
The retina has two types of photoreceptors :
1- The Rods (110–125 million rods) responsible for twilight and night vision,
they are about 500 times more photosensitive than the cones .
2- The Cones (six to seven million cones) responsible for say light vision ,
resolution, and color perception & there are three types of cones:
1- Blue cones, 2-Green cones, 3- Red cones.
* There are nearly 20 rods to every cone.
3
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66. The optic nerve extends from the posterior pole of the eye to the optic
chiasm with total length of (35–55mm) . The nerve consists of :
1- An intraocular portion (Optic Disk) .
2- An intraorbital portion.
3- An intracranial portion.
The optic disk normally has oval shape with area (approx. 2.7mm²) &
diameter (approx. 1.8mm) with yellowish orange color .
The optic cup is eccentric cavitation of the optic nerve with oval shape.
It is the brightest part of the optic disk.
The FUNCTION of the optic nerve is to send the electric signals of
light to the brain & suspend the globe in its place in the orbit .
←Back
72. The eye adnexa is that parts whish surrounded the eye globe .
It consists of :
The adjacent eye adnexa very important for the safety of the
eye & its movement .
* The Eye Lids * The Lacrimal
System
* The Conjunctiva * Extra-Ocular
Muscles
73. 1Pg. 2
The anatomy of an eyelid can be simplified into four layers :
1- Skin, which is formed by the epidermis and dermis .
2- Striated muscle, formed by the orbicularis oculi to close the eyelids.
3- Tarsal plate which gives the eyelid firmness and shape and
containing the Meibomian glands .
4- Conjunctival mucosa .
On the upper eyelid, approximately 150 eyelashes are arranged in three
or four rows; on the lower eyelid there are about 75 in two rows. As
eyebrows,the eyelashes help prevent dust and sweat from entering the eye.
Different types of muscle groups specialize in eyelid movements, whose
closing takes three forms:
- By blinking, - By reflex, - And consciously.
The superficial
layer
The deep
layer
←Back
74. 21Pg.
Normal width of the palpebral fissure ( the eye opening ) :
- The upper lid covers the superior margin of the cornea by about
(2mm).
- The lower lid close to the inferior margin of the cornea .
- The distance between upper & lower lids is normally (6–10mm) .
- The distance between the lateral and medial angles is (28–30mm) .
The FUNCTION of the eye lids is :
1- protect the eye globe .
2- It contains tear film, which is significant for corneal moisture & healthy
that distributed over the anterior surface by blinking .
75.
76.
77.
78.
79. 1Pg. 2
The conjunctiva is a vascular mucous membrane that covers
the surface of the globe and the lids.
Anatomically, the conjunctiva has continuous regions consist
of :
1-The palpebral conjunctiva : lines the posterior surface of the eyelids.
2-The forniceal conjunctiva : the link between palpebral & bulbar conj.
3-The bulbar conjunctiva : is loosely attached to the anterior of sclera .
4-The limbal conjunctiva : attached strongly to about 3mm from the
cornea .
←Back
80. 21Pg.
Histologically, the conjunctiva consist of :
1- The epithelium layer : contains basal, wing, and superficial cuboidal
layers . & contains goblet cells (mucous glands), langerhans cells, and
melanocytes cells .
2- The stroma : contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic .
The FUNCTION of the conjunctiva is to facilitate the movements of
the globe and lids while protecting the orbital contents from the external
environment.
81.
82.
83. 1Pg. 2
The lacrimal system consists of two sections :
* Structures that secrete tear fluid ( lacrimal gland, Krause and Wolfring glands ).
* Structures that facilitate tear drainage (drainage system ).
The lacrimal gland lies above the outer corner of the eye beneath the
superior temporal margin of the orbital bone in the lacrimal fossa. The
accessory Krause and Wolfring glands located in the conjunctival fornices.
Anatomically, the lacrimal drainage system consists of :
1- The punta (2mm) : lie in papillae at the medial ends of the eyelids.
2- Canaliculi (8mm) : 70% of tears drain through the inferior and 30% through the
superior canaliculus .
3- The lacrimal sac : lies in the lacrimal groove formed by the lacrimal bone and the
frontal process of the maxilla.
4- Nasolacrimal duct (NLD) : is directed downwards, laterally and
backwards to empty into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity.
84. 21Pg.
The Tear Film :
Is a protein layer consists of three layers :
1- The outer oily layer (approx. 0.1 μm) : produced meibomian glands
and the sebaceous glands and sweat glands of the margin of eye lids . This
layer very important to stabilize the tear film and prevent evapration.
2- The middle watery layer (approx. 8 μm ) : is produced by the lacrimal
gland and the accessory lacrimal glands . It is important for sterilization,
cleaning the surface of the cornea & facilitation of blinking .
3- The inner mucin layer (approx. 0.8 μm) : is secreted by the goblet cells
of the conjunctiva and the lacrimal gland. It helps to stabilize the tear film
and protect the corneal epithelium .
89. The external ocular muscles (4 rectus, and 2 oblique) lie in the
fat of the orbit and help to move the eyeball in different
directions.
All the recti muscles attach to the eyeball anterior to the
equator (inserted into the sclera 5-8mm from the limbus) while
the oblique muscles attach behind the equator.
* Table Of
Function
* Anterior View
Of Actions
* Location &
Different view
* Nerve Supply
←Back
95. It is an optically clear solution fills the space between the cornea and the
lens with about (0.3 ml.) in volume .
It contains a low concentration of proteins, and high concentration of
ascorbic acid .
It formed by ultrafiltration from the ciliary processes in the posterior
chamber.
Its flow system is :
1-Aqueous flows forward over the anterior surface of the lens .
2-The fluid enters the anterior chamber through the pupil .
3-Drains through the trabecular meshwork into the canal of Schlemm .
4-Then aqueous veins and the conjunctival episceral veins.
Its FUNCTION is to nourish the lens and cornea.
←Back
96.
97.
98. Ametropia ●
Strabismus ●
● Eye Lids
● Lacrimal System
● Conjunctiva
● Cornea
● Sclera
● Uvea
● Lens
● Intra Ocular Pressure
● Fundus Visual Pathway Defects●
● Vitreous Body
● Red Eye
99.
100. Emmetropia
Ametropia
Hypermetropia
Myopia
Anisometropia
Astigmatism
Presbyopia
Is an optical condition where light from distant beyond 6 m
focused in front of the retina when accommodation = 0
Is an optical condition where light from distant beyond 6 m
out of focus when accommodation = 0
Is an optical condition where light from distant beyond
6 m focused behind the retina when accommodation = 0
Is an optical condition where light from distant beyond 6 m
not focused the retina when accommodation = 0
Is an optical condition where light from distant beyond 6 m
focused on the retina when accommodation = 0
Is a difference in refractive power between the two eyes
usually > 3 diopters
Is a gradual loss of focusing power due to decreasing of the
elasticity of the lens with increasing age
1 Next→Pg. 2
101. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Emmetropia & Ametropia●● Myopia
Hypermetropia●● Correction Of Myopia
Correction Of Hypermetropia●● Astigmatism
Presbyopia●● Types Of Astigmatism
Emmetropia & Ametropia
102. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Emmetropia & Ametropia●● Myopia
Hypermetropia●● Correction Of Myopia
Correction Of Hypermetropia●● Astigmatism
Presbyopia●● Types Of Astigmatism
Hypermetropia
103. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Correction of hyperopia
(a) Correction with converging
lenses (plus lenses).
(b) Correction of aphakia with
cataract lens, contact lens (c),
anterior chamber intraocular
lens (d, blue) or posterior
chamber intraocular lens(d, red).
Emmetropia & Ametropia●● Myopia
Hypermetropia●● Correction Of Myopia
Correction Of Hypermetropia●● Astigmatism
Presbyopia●● Types Of Astigmatism
Correction Of Hypermetropia
104. 2←Previous Pg. 1
The vision in presbyopic patient
corrected by convex lens (+) for
near vision
Emmetropia & Ametropia●● Myopia
Hypermetropia●● Correction Of Myopia
Correction Of Hypermetropia●● Astigmatism
Presbyopia●● Types Of Astigmatism
Presbyopia
105. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Emmetropia & Ametropia●● Myopia
Hypermetropia●● Correction Of Myopia
Correction Of Hypermetropia●● Astigmatism
Presbyopia●● Types Of Astigmatism
Myopia
106. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Correction of myopia
(a) Correction with
diverging lenses (minus
lenses).
(b) Correction with contact
lens.
(c) Correction by removing
the lens to reduce refractive
power of the eye.
Emmetropia & Ametropia●● Myopia
Hypermetropia●● Correction Of Myopia
Correction Of Hypermetropia●● Astigmatism
Presbyopia●● Types Of Astigmatism
Correction Of Myopia
107. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Emmetropia & Ametropia●● Myopia
Hypermetropia●● Correction Of Myopia
Correction Of Hypermetropia●● Astigmatism
Presbyopia●● Types Of Astigmatism
Astigmatism
108. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Emmetropia & Ametropia●● Myopia
Hypermetropia●● Correction Of Myopia
Correction Of Hypermetropia●● Astigmatism
Presbyopia●● Types Of Astigmatism
Types Of Astigmatism
118. 1Pg. 2 Scotoma→
Normal Field
Total Homonymous
Hemianopia
Partial Homonymous
Hemianopia
Homonymous
Quadrantopsia
Crossed
Quadrantopsia
Binasal
Hemianopia
Bitemporal
Hemianopia
Altitudinal
Hemianopia
Double
Hemianopia
Macular
Spared
Macular
Split
Normal Field
Hemianopia is typical binocular sector
defect .
L.E field R.E field
119. 1Pg. 2 Scotoma→
Normal Field
Total Homonymous
Hemianopia
Partial Homonymous
Hemianopia
Homonymous
Quadrantopsia
Crossed
Quadrantopsia
Binasal
Hemianopia
Bitemporal
Hemianopia
Altitudinal
Hemianopia
Double
Hemianopia
Macular
Spared
Macular
Split
Total Homonymous Hemianopia
L.E field R.E field
Is bilateral left or right sided contraction of the
visual field rather than depression.
120. 1Pg. 2 Scotoma→
Normal Field
Total Homonymous
Hemianopia
Partial Homonymous
Hemianopia
Homonymous
Quadrantopsia
Crossed
Quadrantopsia
Binasal
Hemianopia
Bitemporal
Hemianopia
Altitudinal
Hemianopia
Double
Hemianopia
Macular
Spared
Macular
Split
Partial Homonymous Hemianopia
L.E field R.E field
Is bilateral left or right sided defect that one-half of visual field of
each eye is blind or partial blind, congruous or in congruous .
121. 1Pg. 2 Scotoma→
Normal Field
Total Homonymous
Hemianopia
Partial Homonymous
Hemianopia
Homonymous
Quadrantopsia
Crossed
Quadrantopsia
Binasal
Hemianopia
Bitemporal
Hemianopia
Altitudinal
Hemianopia
Double
Hemianopia
Macular
Spared
Macular
Split
Homonymous Quadrantopsia
Is in reality, a form of partial homonymous hemianopia. It is
bilateral left or right sided defect, congruous or in
congruous
L.E field R.E field
122. 1Pg. 2 Scotoma→
Normal Field
Total Homonymous
Hemianopia
Partial Homonymous
Hemianopia
Homonymous
Quadrantopsia
Crossed
Quadrantopsia
Binasal
Hemianopia
Bitemporal
Hemianopia
Altitudinal
Hemianopia
Double
Hemianopia
Macular
Spared
Macular
Split
Crossed Quadrantopsia
Is a defect in visual field in which an upper quadrant of one
field is lost long with the lower quadrant in opposite side of
opposite field.
L.E field R.E field
123. 1Pg. 2 Scotoma→
Normal Field
Total Homonymous
Hemianopia
Partial Homonymous
Hemianopia
Homonymous
Quadrantopsia
Crossed
Quadrantopsia
Binasal
Hemianopia
Bitemporal
Hemianopia
Altitudinal
Hemianopia
Double
Hemianopia
Macular
Spared
Macular
Split
Binasal Hemianopia
Is not a true hemianoptic defect but due to more than one
lesion, irregular, & asymmetrical of the visual field of the
two eyes.
L.E field R.E field
124. 1Pg. 2 Scotoma→
Normal Field
Total Homonymous
Hemianopia
Partial Homonymous
Hemianopia
Homonymous
Quadrantopsia
Crossed
Quadrantopsia
Binasal
Hemianopia
Bitemporal
Hemianopia
Altitudinal
Hemianopia
Double
Hemianopia
Macular
Spared
Macular
Split
Bitemporal Hemianopia
Is a visual field defect in which a part or all temporal
fields is insensitive to the visual stimulus .
L.E field R.E field
125. 1Pg. 2 Scotoma→
Normal Field
Total Homonymous
Hemianopia
Partial Homonymous
Hemianopia
Homonymous
Quadrantopsia
Crossed
Quadrantopsia
Binasal
Hemianopia
Bitemporal
Hemianopia
Altitudinal
Hemianopia
Double
Hemianopia
Macular
Spared
Macular
Split
Altitudinal Hemianopia
Is a visual field defect which divided & bounded by
horizontal meridian, it is may be unilateral or
bilateral
L.E field R.E field
126. 1Pg. 2 Scotoma→
Normal Field
Total Homonymous
Hemianopia
Partial Homonymous
Hemianopia
Homonymous
Quadrantopsia
Crossed
Quadrantopsia
Binasal
Hemianopia
Bitemporal
Hemianopia
Altitudinal
Hemianopia
Double
Hemianopia
Macular
Spared
Macular
Split
Double Hemianopia
Relatively uncommon visual field defect result
from lesions of occipital area.
L.E field R.E field
127. 1Pg. 2 Scotoma→
Normal Field
Total Homonymous
Hemianopia
Partial Homonymous
Hemianopia
Homonymous
Quadrantopsia
Crossed
Quadrantopsia
Binasal
Hemianopia
Bitemporal
Hemianopia
Altitudinal
Hemianopia
Double
Hemianopia
Macular
Spared
Macular
Split
Macular Spared
Is the rule in instances of damage to the
visual cortex .
L.E field R.E field
128. 1Pg. 2 Scotoma→
Normal Field
Total Homonymous
Hemianopia
Partial Homonymous
Hemianopia
Homonymous
Quadrantopsia
Crossed
Quadrantopsia
Binasal
Hemianopia
Bitemporal
Hemianopia
Altitudinal
Hemianopia
Double
Hemianopia
Macular
Spared
Macular
Split
Macular Split
Is the difficult to fixation & shifting of fixation due to
lesion in post-chiasmal pathway, & damage to cortex .
L.E field R.E field
129. 2←Hemianopia Pg. 1
Normal Field
Central Scotoma
Pericentral Scotoma
Paracentral Scotoma
Cecal Scotoma
Nerve Fiber Bundle
Scotoma
Ring ScotomaScotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within
the confines of a normal or relatively normal visual field .
Normal Field
R.E field
130. 2←Hemianopia Pg. 1
Normal Field
Central Scotoma
Pericentral Scotoma
Paracentral Scotoma
Cecal Scotoma
Nerve Fiber Bundle
Scotoma
Ring ScotomaDefect of the fixation area & the field
immediately surrounding it are involved .
Central Scotoma
R.E field
131. 2←Hemianopia Pg. 1
Normal Field
Central Scotoma
Pericentral Scotoma
Paracentral Scotoma
Cecal Scotoma
Nerve Fiber Bundle
Scotoma
Ring Scotoma
Pericentral Scotoma
R.E field
The fixation area clear & the field immediately
surrounding it shows a depressed visual acuity .
132. 2←Hemianopia Pg. 1
Normal Field
Central Scotoma
Pericentral Scotoma
Paracentral Scotoma
Cecal Scotoma
Nerve Fiber Bundle
Scotoma
Ring Scotoma
Paracentral Scotoma
R.E field
The area of depressed visual acuity is one
side of fixation, which is not involved .
133. 2←Hemianopia Pg. 1
Normal Field
Central Scotoma
Pericentral Scotoma
Paracentral Scotoma
Cecal Scotoma
Nerve Fiber Bundle
Scotoma
Ring Scotoma
Defect of blind spot area .
Cecal Scotoma
R.E field
134. 2←Hemianopia Pg. 1
Normal Field
Central Scotoma
Pericentral Scotoma
Paracentral Scotoma
Cecal Scotoma
Nerve Fiber Bundle
Scotoma
Ring ScotomaThe defect takes form around fixation from the blind
spot to the horizontal raphe in the nasal field .
Nerve Fiber Bundle Scotoma
R.E field
135. 2←Hemianopia Pg. 1
Normal Field
Central Scotoma
Pericentral Scotoma
Paracentral Scotoma
Cecal Scotoma
Nerve Fiber Bundle
Scotoma
Ring ScotomaIrregular circle defect that rings the fixation point at
varying distance & with more less completeness .
Ring Scotoma
R.E field
136. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Abcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm
Carcinoma
'basal cell'
Carcinoma
'squamous'
Chalazion
Coloboma Cutaneous
horn
Deformity
Dermoid
cyst
Ductal
cyst
Ectropion
EntropionEdema Hemangioma
Herpes
simplex
Herpes
zoster
Hordeolum
Collection of pus with severe inflammation,
swelling, and subsequent fluctuation.
Abcess
137. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Blepharitis Abcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm
Carcinoma
'basal cell'
Carcinoma
'squamous'
Chalazion
Coloboma Cutaneous
horn
Deformity
Dermoid
cyst
Ductal
cyst
Ectropion
EntropionEdema Hemangioma
Herpes
simplex
Herpes
zoster
Hordeolum
Is scaly inflammation deposits of eyelids
margin in the roots of the eyelashes.
153. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Hordeolum Abcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm
Carcinoma
'basal cell'
Carcinoma
'squamous'
Chalazion
Coloboma Cutaneous
horn
Deformity
Dermoid
cyst
Ductal
cyst
Ectropion
EntropionEdema Hemangioma
Herpes
simplex
Herpes
zoster
Hordeolum
Is the result of an acute bacterial infection
of one or more eyelid glands.
154. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Keratoaconthama Lagophthalmos
Molluscum
contagiosum
Louse
infestation
Neurofibroma Ptosis
Xanthelasma
A rapidly growing tumor with a central
keratin mass that opens on the skin surface.
Keratoaconthama
155. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Lagophthalmos
Incomplete lid closure with
infrequent blinking.
Keratoaconthama Lagophthalmos
Molluscum
contagiosum
Louse
infestation
Neurofibroma Ptosis
Xanthelasma
156. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Louse infestation
Infestation of the margin of the eyelid with crab lice
as a result of poor hygienic conditions.
Keratoaconthama Lagophthalmos
Molluscum
contagiosum
Louse
infestation
Neurofibroma Ptosis
Xanthelasma
157. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Molluscum contagiosum
Is non-inflammatory contagious infection
caused by DNA viruses.
Keratoaconthama Lagophthalmos
Molluscum
contagiosum
Louse
infestation
Neurofibroma Ptosis
Xanthelasma
158. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Neurofibroma
A congenital developmental defect of the
neuroectoderm gives rise to neural tumors and
pigment spots.
Keratoaconthama Lagophthalmos
Molluscum
contagiosum
Louse
infestation
Neurofibroma Ptosis
Xanthelasma
159. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Ptosis
Pathological drooping of the upper
lid.
Keratoaconthama Lagophthalmos
Molluscum
contagiosum
Louse
infestation
Neurofibroma Ptosis
Xanthelasma
160. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Xanthelasma
Flat yellowish tumors in the region of the medial
canthus, which are due to deposits of cholesterol in
macrophages.
Keratoaconthama Lagophthalmos
Molluscum
contagiosum
Louse
infestation
Neurofibroma Ptosis
Xanthelasma
173. 1Pg. 2 Next→
Conjunctival xerosis Carcinoma Conjunctival
chemosis
Conjunctival
cyst
Conjunctival
hemangioma
Conjunctival
injection
Conjunctival
xerosis
Dermoid
Conjunctivitis
‘Allergic’
Conjunctivitis
‘Bacterial’
Conjunctivitis
‘Epidemic
Viral’
conjunctivitis
Gonoccocal
'neonatal'
Conjunctivitis
’Papillary’
Conjunctivitis
‘Vernal’
Conjunctivitis
‘Woody’
Conjunctivitis
‘Follicular’
Desiccation of the conjunctiva due to a
vitamin (A) deficiency.
174. 1Pg. 2 Next→
Allergic conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis is an inflammatory process involving the
surface of the eye & characterized by vascular dilation,
cellular infiltration, & exudation.
Carcinoma Conjunctival
chemosis
Conjunctival
cyst
Conjunctival
hemangioma
Conjunctival
injection
Conjunctival
xerosis
Dermoid
Conjunctivitis
‘Allergic’
Conjunctivitis
‘Bacterial’
Conjunctivitis
‘Epidemic
Viral’
conjunctivitis
Gonoccocal
'neonatal'
Conjunctivitis
’Papillary’
Conjunctivitis
‘Vernal’
Conjunctivitis
‘Woody’
Conjunctivitis
‘Follicular’
175. 1Pg. 2 Next→
Bacterial conjunctivitis Carcinoma Conjunctival
chemosis
Conjunctival
cyst
Conjunctival
hemangioma
Conjunctival
injection
Conjunctival
xerosis
Dermoid
Conjunctivitis
‘Allergic’
Conjunctivitis
‘Bacterial’
Conjunctivitis
‘Epidemic
Viral’
conjunctivitis
Gonoccocal
'neonatal'
Conjunctivitis
’Papillary’
Conjunctivitis
‘Vernal’
Conjunctivitis
‘Woody’
Conjunctivitis
‘Follicular’
Conjunctivitis is an inflammatory process involving the
surface of the eye & characterized by vascular dilation,
cellular infiltration, & exudation.
176. 1Pg. 2 Next→
Follicular conjunctivitis Carcinoma Conjunctival
chemosis
Conjunctival
cyst
Conjunctival
hemangioma
Conjunctival
injection
Conjunctival
xerosis
Dermoid
Conjunctivitis
‘Allergic’
Conjunctivitis
‘Bacterial’
Conjunctivitis
‘Epidemic
Viral’
conjunctivitis
Gonoccocal
'neonatal'
Conjunctivitis
’Papillary’
Conjunctivitis
‘Vernal’
Conjunctivitis
‘Woody’
Conjunctivitis
‘Follicular’
Conjunctivitis is an inflammatory process involving the
surface of the eye & characterized by vascular dilation,
cellular infiltration, & exudation.
177. 1Pg. 2 Next→
Epidemic viral conjunctivitis Carcinoma Conjunctival
chemosis
Conjunctival
cyst
Conjunctival
hemangioma
Conjunctival
injection
Conjunctival
xerosis
Dermoid
Conjunctivitis
‘Allergic’
Conjunctivitis
‘Bacterial’
Conjunctivitis
‘Epidemic
Viral’
conjunctivitis
Gonoccocal
'neonatal'
Conjunctivitis
’Papillary’
Conjunctivitis
‘Vernal’
Conjunctivitis
‘Woody’
Conjunctivitis
‘Follicular’
Conjunctivitis is an inflammatory process involving the
surface of the eye & characterized by vascular dilation,
cellular infiltration, & exudation.
178. 1Pg. 2 Next→
Gonoccocal 'neonatal‘ conjunctivitis
Carcinoma Conjunctival
chemosis
Conjunctival
cyst
Conjunctival
hemangioma
Conjunctival
injection
Conjunctival
xerosis
Dermoid
Conjunctivitis
‘Allergic’
Conjunctivitis
‘Bacterial’
Conjunctivitis
‘Epidemic
Viral’
conjunctivitis
Gonoccocal
'neonatal'
Conjunctivitis
’Papillary’
Conjunctivitis
‘Vernal’
Conjunctivitis
‘Woody’
Conjunctivitis
‘Follicular’
Conjunctivitis is an inflammatory process involving the
surface of the eye & characterized by vascular dilation,
cellular infiltration, & exudation.
179. 1Pg. 2 Next→
Papillary conjunctivitis Carcinoma Conjunctival
chemosis
Conjunctival
cyst
Conjunctival
hemangioma
Conjunctival
injection
Conjunctival
xerosis
Dermoid
Conjunctivitis
‘Allergic’
Conjunctivitis
‘Bacterial’
Conjunctivitis
‘Epidemic
Viral’
conjunctivitis
Gonoccocal
'neonatal'
Conjunctivitis
’Papillary’
Conjunctivitis
‘Vernal’
Conjunctivitis
‘Woody’
Conjunctivitis
‘Follicular’
Conjunctivitis is an inflammatory process involving the
surface of the eye & characterized by vascular dilation,
cellular infiltration, & exudation.
180. 1Pg. 2 Next→
Vernal conjunctivitis Carcinoma Conjunctival
chemosis
Conjunctival
cyst
Conjunctival
hemangioma
Conjunctival
injection
Conjunctival
xerosis
Dermoid
Conjunctivitis
‘Allergic’
Conjunctivitis
‘Bacterial’
Conjunctivitis
‘Epidemic
Viral’
conjunctivitis
Gonoccocal
'neonatal'
Conjunctivitis
’Papillary’
Conjunctivitis
‘Vernal’
Conjunctivitis
‘Woody’
Conjunctivitis
‘Follicular’
Conjunctivitis is an inflammatory process involving the
surface of the eye & characterized by vascular dilation,
cellular infiltration, & exudation.
181. 1Pg. 2 Next→
Woody conjunctivitis Carcinoma Conjunctival
chemosis
Conjunctival
cyst
Conjunctival
hemangioma
Conjunctival
injection
Conjunctival
xerosis
Dermoid
Conjunctivitis
‘Allergic’
Conjunctivitis
‘Bacterial’
Conjunctivitis
‘Epidemic
Viral’
conjunctivitis
Gonoccocal
'neonatal'
Conjunctivitis
’Papillary’
Conjunctivitis
‘Vernal’
Conjunctivitis
‘Woody’
Conjunctivitis
‘Follicular’
Conjunctivitis is an inflammatory process involving the
surface of the eye & characterized by vascular dilation,
cellular infiltration, & exudation.
182. 1Pg. 2 Next→
Dermoid
Is a round dome-shaped grayish yellow or whitish
congenital tumor. Generally it located on the limbus.
Carcinoma Conjunctival
chemosis
Conjunctival
cyst
Conjunctival
hemangioma
Conjunctival
injection
Conjunctival
xerosis
Dermoid
Conjunctivitis
‘Allergic’
Conjunctivitis
‘Bacterial’
Conjunctivitis
‘Epidemic
Viral’
conjunctivitis
Gonoccocal
'neonatal'
Conjunctivitis
’Papillary’
Conjunctivitis
‘Vernal’
Conjunctivitis
‘Woody’
Conjunctivitis
‘Follicular’
183. 2←Previous 1Pg.
Granuloma Hyperemia
Kaposi’s
sarcoma
Foreign body
Leukoplakia Lymphoma
Malignent
melanoma
Melanosis Ocular-
Mucocutaneous
syndromes
Oncocytoma Papilloma Pingueculum
Pterygium Subconjunctival
hemorrhage
Symblepharon
Tearing Trachoma
Foreign body
Any different floaters or other bodied
& deposits on the ocular surface.
184. 2←Previous 1Pg.
Granuloma
Inflamed nodes of conjunctival stroma with
circumscribed areas of reddening and vascular
injection.
Granuloma Hyperemia
Kaposi’s
sarcoma
Foreign body
Leukoplakia Lymphoma
Malignent
melanoma
Melanosis Ocular-
Mucocutaneous
syndromes
Oncocytoma Papilloma Pingueculum
Pterygium Subconjunctival
hemorrhage
Symblepharon
Tearing Trachoma
186. 2←Previous 1Pg.
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Is a prominent, light to dark red tumor in the conjunctival
fornix or proceeding from the palpebral conjunctiva.
Granuloma Hyperemia
Kaposi’s
sarcoma
Foreign body
Leukoplakia Lymphoma
Malignent
melanoma
Melanosis Ocular-
Mucocutaneous
syndromes
Oncocytoma Papilloma Pingueculum
Pterygium Subconjunctival
hemorrhage
Symblepharon
Tearing Trachoma
187. 2←Previous 1Pg.
Leukoplakia
Keratinization of the epithelium, ''white
spot'' over the conjunctiva.
Granuloma Hyperemia
Kaposi’s
sarcoma
Foreign body
Leukoplakia Lymphoma
Malignent
melanoma
Melanosis Ocular-
Mucocutaneous
syndromes
Oncocytoma Papilloma Pingueculum
Pterygium Subconjunctival
hemorrhage
Symblepharon
Tearing Trachoma
192. 2←Previous 1Pg.
Oncocytoma
Reddish or brownish degeneration of glandular
cells, occurs almost only in the caruncle.
Granuloma Hyperemia
Kaposi’s
sarcoma
Foreign body
Leukoplakia Lymphoma
Malignent
melanoma
Melanosis Ocular-
Mucocutaneous
syndromes
Oncocytoma Papilloma Pingueculum
Pterygium Subconjunctival
hemorrhage
Symblepharon
Tearing Trachoma
193. 2←Previous 1Pg.
Papilloma Granuloma Hyperemia
Kaposi’s
sarcoma
Foreign body
Leukoplakia Lymphoma
Malignent
melanoma
Melanosis Ocular-
Mucocutaneous
syndromes
Oncocytoma Papilloma Pingueculum
Pterygium Subconjunctival
hemorrhage
Symblepharon
Tearing Trachoma
Is a viral origin (HPVs), and may develop
from the bulbar or palpebral conjunctiva.
194. 2←Previous 1Pg.
Pingueculum
Harmless grayish yellow thickening of the
conjunctival epithelium in the palpebral fissure.
Granuloma Hyperemia
Kaposi’s
sarcoma
Foreign body
Leukoplakia Lymphoma
Malignent
melanoma
Melanosis Ocular-
Mucocutaneous
syndromes
Oncocytoma Papilloma Pingueculum
Pterygium Subconjunctival
hemorrhage
Symblepharon
Tearing Trachoma
195. 2←Previous 1Pg.
Pterygium
Triangular fold of conjunctiva that usually grows
from the medial portion of the palpebral fissure
toward the cornea.
Granuloma Hyperemia
Kaposi’s
sarcoma
Foreign body
Leukoplakia Lymphoma
Malignent
melanoma
Melanosis Ocular-
Mucocutaneous
syndromes
Oncocytoma Papilloma Pingueculum
Pterygium Subconjunctival
hemorrhage
Symblepharon
Tearing Trachoma
197. 2←Previous 1Pg.
Symblepharon
An abnormal adhesion of bulbar and tarsal
conjunctiva.
Granuloma Hyperemia
Kaposi’s
sarcoma
Foreign body
Leukoplakia Lymphoma
Malignent
melanoma
Melanosis Ocular-
Mucocutaneous
syndromes
Oncocytoma Papilloma Pingueculum
Pterygium Subconjunctival
hemorrhage
Symblepharon
Tearing Trachoma
198. 2←Previous 1Pg.
Tearing
Usually occur due to injury.
Granuloma Hyperemia
Kaposi’s
sarcoma
Foreign body
Leukoplakia Lymphoma
Malignent
melanoma
Melanosis Ocular-
Mucocutaneous
syndromes
Oncocytoma Papilloma Pingueculum
Pterygium Subconjunctival
hemorrhage
Symblepharon
Tearing Trachoma
199. 2←Previous 1Pg.
Trachoma
The most harmful type of conjunctivitis
''Chlamydial type'' lead to loss of eye in final stage.
Granuloma Hyperemia
Kaposi’s
sarcoma
Foreign body
Leukoplakia Lymphoma
Malignent
melanoma
Melanosis Ocular-
Mucocutaneous
syndromes
Oncocytoma Papilloma Pingueculum
Pterygium Subconjunctival
hemorrhage
Symblepharon
Tearing Trachoma
200. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Arcus senilis Burning Band
keratopathy
Bullous
keratopathy
Corneal
dystrophies
Corneal
edema
Corneal
opacity
Corneal
ulcer-abscess
Foreign body
Hematocornea Injury Keratoconus
Keratoglobus Different
Between
Keratoconus &
Keratoglobus
Arcus senilis
Is a grayish-white ring-shaped fatty deposit near the
limbus that can occur at any age but usually appears
in advanced age.
201. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Arcus senilis Burning Band
keratopathy
Bullous
keratopathy
Corneal
dystrophies
Corneal
edema
Corneal
opacity
Corneal
ulcer-abscess
Foreign body
Hematocornea Injury Keratoconus
Keratoglobus Different
Between
Keratoconus &
Keratoglobus
Burning
Injury due to alkali, acid, or
heat.
Chemical burning from hot aluminum
202. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Arcus senilis Burning Band
keratopathy
Bullous
keratopathy
Corneal
dystrophies
Corneal
edema
Corneal
opacity
Corneal
ulcer-abscess
Foreign body
Hematocornea Injury Keratoconus
Keratoglobus Different
Between
Keratoconus &
Keratoglobus
Band keratopathy
Deposition of calcium in the region of the lid
fissure at the level of Bowman's Membrane.
203. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Arcus senilis Burning Band
keratopathy
Bullous
keratopathy
Corneal
dystrophies
Corneal
edema
Corneal
opacity
Corneal
ulcer-abscess
Foreign body
Hematocornea Injury Keratoconus
Keratoglobus Different
Between
Keratoconus &
Keratoglobus
Bullous keratopathy
Opacification of the cornea with epithelial bullae
due to loss of function of the endothelial cells.
204. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Macular stromal dystrophy
Granular stromal dystrophy
Central Crystalline Dystrophy
Fuch’s corneal dystrophy
Arcus senilis Burning Band
keratopathy
Bullous
keratopathy
Corneal
dystrophies
Corneal
edema
Corneal
opacity
Corneal
ulcer-abscess
Foreign body
Hematocornea Injury Keratoconus
Keratoglobus Different
Between
Keratoconus &
Keratoglobus
Corneal dystrophies
A group of corneal metabolic dysfunctions that
always lead to bilateral opacification of the various
layers of the cornea.
205. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Arcus senilis Burning Band
keratopathy
Bullous
keratopathy
Corneal
dystrophies
Corneal
edema
Corneal
opacity
Corneal
ulcer-abscess
Foreign body
Hematocornea Injury Keratoconus
Keratoglobus Different
Between
Keratoconus &
Keratoglobus
Corneal edema
Hydration of the cornea due to enabling of
pumping the water out of the cornea.
206. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Arcus senilis Burning Band
keratopathy
Bullous
keratopathy
Corneal
dystrophies
Corneal
edema
Corneal
opacity
Corneal
ulcer-abscess
Foreign body
Hematocornea Injury Keratoconus
Keratoglobus Different
Between
Keratoconus &
Keratoglobus
Corneal opacity
Loosing of corneal transparency.
Corneal opacity due to conjunctivitis
207. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Arcus senilis Burning Band
keratopathy
Bullous
keratopathy
Corneal
dystrophies
Corneal
edema
Corneal
opacity
Corneal
ulcer-abscess
Foreign body
Hematocornea Injury Keratoconus
Keratoglobus Different
Between
Keratoconus &
Keratoglobus
Corneal ulcer-abscess
Is the swelling of the cornea.
208. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Arcus senilis Burning Band
keratopathy
Bullous
keratopathy
Corneal
dystrophies
Corneal
edema
Corneal
opacity
Corneal
ulcer-abscess
Foreign body
Hematocornea Injury Keratoconus
Keratoglobus Different
Between
Keratoconus &
Keratoglobus
Foreign body
Any different small particles, deposits, &
dust rest on the corneal surface.
209. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Arcus senilis Burning Band
keratopathy
Bullous
keratopathy
Corneal
dystrophies
Corneal
edema
Corneal
opacity
Corneal
ulcer-abscess
Foreign body
Hematocornea Injury Keratoconus
Keratoglobus Different
Between
Keratoconus &
Keratoglobus
Hematocornea
Is a breakdown of hemoglobin and other
products of the erythrocytes.
210. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Arcus senilis Burning Band
keratopathy
Bullous
keratopathy
Corneal
dystrophies
Corneal
edema
Corneal
opacity
Corneal
ulcer-abscess
Foreign body
Hematocornea Injury Keratoconus
Keratoglobus Different
Between
Keratoconus &
Keratoglobus
Injury
Scaring or scratching of the cornea.
211. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Arcus senilis Burning Band
keratopathy
Bullous
keratopathy
Corneal
dystrophies
Corneal
edema
Corneal
opacity
Corneal
ulcer-abscess
Foreign body
Hematocornea Injury Keratoconus
Keratoglobus Different
Between
Keratoconus &
Keratoglobus
Keratoconus
Conical, usually bilateral central deformation, dystrophy
with development of a defect of the collagen in
Bowman's membrane & central corneal thinning.
212. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Arcus senilis Burning Band
keratopathy
Bullous
keratopathy
Corneal
dystrophies
Corneal
edema
Corneal
opacity
Corneal
ulcer-abscess
Foreign body
Hematocornea Injury Keratoconus
Keratoglobus Different
Between
Keratoconus &
Keratoglobus
Keratoglobus
A congenital deformation resulting in hemispherical
protrusion that tends to produce myopia, & flattening of
the cornea that tends to produce hyperopia.
213. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Arcus senilis Burning Band
keratopathy
Bullous
keratopathy
Corneal
dystrophies
Corneal
edema
Corneal
opacity
Corneal
ulcer-abscess
Foreign body
Hematocornea Injury Keratoconus
Keratoglobus Different
Between
Keratoconus &
Keratoglobus
Different Between Keratoconus & Keratoglobus
233. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Iris Bicolor
Ciliary
Injection
Coloboma
Of Iris
Albinism
‘Fundus’
Albinism
‘Iris’
Aniridia
Choroidal
Detachment
Choroidal
Osteoma
Choroidal
Rupture
Choroiditis Coloboma
Of Choroid
Heterochromia Hyphema
Hypopyon Iridocyclitis
& iritis
Iridodialysis
Iridoschisis Iridotomy
Albinism ‘Fundus’
Albinism is a congenital metabolic disease that leads to
hypopigmenation of the eye due to melanin deficiency.
•The fovea is aplasia which results in significant reduction
in visual and nystagmus.
Choroidal vessels(arrowhead)
Retinal vessels(arrow)
234. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Iris Bicolor
Ciliary
Injection
Coloboma
Of Iris
Albinism
‘Fundus’
Albinism
‘Iris’
Aniridia
Choroidal
Detachment
Choroidal
Osteoma
Choroidal
Rupture
Choroiditis Coloboma
Of Choroid
Heterochromia Hyphema
Hypopyon Iridocyclitis
& iritis
Iridodialysis
Iridoschisis Iridotomy
Albinismb ‘Iris’
Albinism is a congenital metabolic disease that leads to
hypopigmenation of the eye due to melanin deficiency.
•The iris become light blue &appears reddish under
retroillumination due to fundus reflex.
235. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Iris Bicolor
Ciliary
Injection
Coloboma
Of Iris
Albinism
‘Fundus’
Albinism
‘Iris’
Aniridia
Choroidal
Detachment
Choroidal
Osteoma
Choroidal
Rupture
Choroiditis Coloboma
Of Choroid
Heterochromia Hyphema
Hypopyon Iridocyclitis
& iritis
Iridodialysis
Iridoschisis Iridotomy
Aniridia
Is the absence of the iris.
The ciliary (arrow) and the lens are
visible under slit lamp retroillumination
236. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Iris Bicolor
Ciliary
Injection
Coloboma
Of Iris
Albinism
‘Fundus’
Albinism
‘Iris’
Aniridia
Choroidal
Detachment
Choroidal
Osteoma
Choroidal
Rupture
Choroiditis Coloboma
Of Choroid
Heterochromia Hyphema
Hypopyon Iridocyclitis
& iritis
Iridodialysis
Iridoschisis Iridotomy
Ciliary Injection
Is peripheral hyperemia of the anterior ciliary vessels which
produces a deep red or rose color of the corneal stroma, and must
be distinguished from hyperemia of the conjunctival vessels.
237. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Iris Bicolor
Ciliary
Injection
Coloboma
Of Iris
Albinism
‘Fundus’
Albinism
‘Iris’
Aniridia
Choroidal
Detachment
Choroidal
Osteoma
Choroidal
Rupture
Choroiditis Coloboma
Of Choroid
Heterochromia Hyphema
Hypopyon Iridocyclitis
& iritis
Iridodialysis
Iridoschisis Iridotomy
Choroidal Detachment
Is the separation of the choroid from
the sclera.
238. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Iris Bicolor
Ciliary
Injection
Coloboma
Of Iris
Albinism
‘Fundus’
Albinism
‘Iris’
Aniridia
Choroidal
Detachment
Choroidal
Osteoma
Choroidal
Rupture
Choroiditis Coloboma
Of Choroid
Heterochromia Hyphema
Hypopyon Iridocyclitis
& iritis
Iridodialysis
Iridoschisis Iridotomy
Choroidal Osteoma
Is an ossified lesion occurring in the second
to third decade, mainly in women.
240. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Multifocal choroiditis Iris Bicolor
Ciliary
Injection
Coloboma
Of Iris
Albinism
‘Fundus’
Albinism
‘Iris’
Aniridia
Choroidal
Detachment
Choroidal
Osteoma
Choroidal
Rupture
Choroiditis Coloboma
Of Choroid
Heterochromia Hyphema
Hypopyon Iridocyclitis
& iritis
Iridodialysis
Iridoschisis Iridotomy
Choroiditis
The inflammation of the choroid.
241. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Coloboma of the retina, choroid, and optic nerve Iris Bicolor
Ciliary
Injection
Coloboma
Of Iris
Albinism
‘Fundus’
Albinism
‘Iris’
Aniridia
Choroidal
Detachment
Choroidal
Osteoma
Choroidal
Rupture
Choroiditis Coloboma
Of Choroid
Heterochromia Hyphema
Hypopyon Iridocyclitis
& iritis
Iridodialysis
Iridoschisis Iridotomy
Coloboma Of Choroid
Congenital anomaly results from incomplete fusion of the
optic fissure during embryogenesis (5th-8th weeks)
causing limited to part of the uveal Tract.
242. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Iris Bicolor
Ciliary
Injection
Coloboma
Of Iris
Albinism
‘Fundus’
Albinism
‘Iris’
Aniridia
Choroidal
Detachment
Choroidal
Osteoma
Choroidal
Rupture
Choroiditis Coloboma
Of Choroid
Heterochromia Hyphema
Hypopyon Iridocyclitis
& iritis
Iridodialysis
Iridoschisis Iridotomy
Coloboma Of Iris
Congenital anomaly results from incomplete fusion of the
optic fissure during embryogenesis (5th-8th weeks)
causing limited to part of the uveal Tract.
243. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Iris Bicolor
Ciliary
Injection
Coloboma
Of Iris
Albinism
‘Fundus’
Albinism
‘Iris’
Aniridia
Choroidal
Detachment
Choroidal
Osteoma
Choroidal
Rupture
Choroiditis Coloboma
Of Choroid
Heterochromia Hyphema
Hypopyon Iridocyclitis
& iritis
Iridodialysis
Iridoschisis Iridotomy
Heterochromia
A congenital or acquired difference in
coloration between the left and right iris.
249. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Iris Bicolor
Ciliary
Injection
Coloboma
Of Iris
Albinism
‘Fundus’
Albinism
‘Iris’
Aniridia
Choroidal
Detachment
Choroidal
Osteoma
Choroidal
Rupture
Choroiditis Coloboma
Of Choroid
Heterochromia Hyphema
Hypopyon Iridocyclitis
& iritis
Iridodialysis
Iridoschisis Iridotomy
Iridotomy
A small hole is created by laser in the iris without
opening the eye to allow the passing of aqueous
humor.
250. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Iris Bicolor
Ciliary
Injection
Coloboma
Of Iris
Albinism
‘Fundus’
Albinism
‘Iris’
Aniridia
Choroidal
Detachment
Choroidal
Osteoma
Choroidal
Rupture
Choroiditis Coloboma
Of Choroid
Heterochromia Hyphema
Hypopyon Iridocyclitis
& iritis
Iridodialysis
Iridoschisis Iridotomy
Iris Bicolor
Unilateral or bilateral, hyperpigmentation
or hypopigmentation of the iris.
251. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Melanoma
‘Choroid’
Melanoma
‘B-Scan’
Melanoma
‘Ciliary body’
Melanoma
‘Iris’
Melanosis Panuveitis
Rubeosis
Iridis
Serpiginous
Chorioretinopathy
Sphincter
Tear
Sympathetic
Ophthalmia
Synechia Toxoplasmosis
Retinochoroiditis
Uveal Metastasis
‘Choroid’
Uveal Metastasis
'Iris & Ciliary Body'
Choroidal Melanoma
Pigmented lesions & tumors of the choroid which
may be benign 'nevus' (a), or malignant (b).
a b
258. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Fluorescence angiography in
the early phaseActive lesion (arrow)
Fluorescence angiography: diffuse
leakage (arrow) in the late phase
Melanoma
‘Choroid’
Melanoma
‘B-Scan’
Melanoma
‘Ciliary body’
Melanoma
‘Iris’
Melanosis Panuveitis
Rubeosis
Iridis
Serpiginous
Chorioretinopathy
Sphincter
Tear
Sympathetic
Ophthalmia
Synechia Toxoplasmosis
Retinochoroiditis
Uveal Metastasis
‘Choroid’
Uveal Metastasis
'Iris & Ciliary Body'
Serpiginous Chorioretinopathy
Is a rare bilateral
asymmetric to symmetric,
slowly progressive disease
that leads to gradual loss of
the retinal pigment
epithelium and the
choriocapillary layer.
259. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Melanoma
‘Choroid’
Melanoma
‘B-Scan’
Melanoma
‘Ciliary body’
Melanoma
‘Iris’
Melanosis Panuveitis
Rubeosis
Iridis
Serpiginous
Chorioretinopathy
Sphincter
Tear
Sympathetic
Ophthalmia
Synechia Toxoplasmosis
Retinochoroiditis
Uveal Metastasis
‘Choroid’
Uveal Metastasis
'Iris & Ciliary Body'
Sphincter Tear
Tear in the sphincter pupillae with
elongation of the iris.
260. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Melanoma
‘Choroid’
Melanoma
‘B-Scan’
Melanoma
‘Ciliary body’
Melanoma
‘Iris’
Melanosis Panuveitis
Rubeosis
Iridis
Serpiginous
Chorioretinopathy
Sphincter
Tear
Sympathetic
Ophthalmia
Synechia Toxoplasmosis
Retinochoroiditis
Uveal Metastasis
‘Choroid’
Uveal Metastasis
'Iris & Ciliary Body'
Sympathetic Ophthalmia
Specific bilateral inflammation of the uveal tract due to
chronic irritation of one eye, caused by a perforating
wound to the eye or intraocular surgery.
261. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Melanoma
‘Choroid’
Melanoma
‘B-Scan’
Melanoma
‘Ciliary body’
Melanoma
‘Iris’
Melanosis Panuveitis
Rubeosis
Iridis
Serpiginous
Chorioretinopathy
Sphincter
Tear
Sympathetic
Ophthalmia
Synechia Toxoplasmosis
Retinochoroiditis
Uveal Metastasis
‘Choroid’
Uveal Metastasis
'Iris & Ciliary Body'
Synechia
Adhesions of the iris and cornea (Anterior synechia)
or adhesions of the iris & lens (Posterior synechia).
Cloverleaf pupil appears in image
due to posterior synechia
262. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Melanoma
‘Choroid’
Melanoma
‘B-Scan’
Melanoma
‘Ciliary body’
Melanoma
‘Iris’
Melanosis Panuveitis
Rubeosis
Iridis
Serpiginous
Chorioretinopathy
Sphincter
Tear
Sympathetic
Ophthalmia
Synechia Toxoplasmosis
Retinochoroiditis
Uveal Metastasis
‘Choroid’
Uveal Metastasis
'Iris & Ciliary Body'
Toxoplasmosis Retinochoroiditis
Is the most common form of posterior uveitis which caused by
infection with the protozoon toxoplasma gondii that often lead to
bilateral chorioretinal scarring (Appear in the central of image).
263. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Choroidal metastatic breast
carcinoma in an elderly
female patient.
(a) Colour photo.
(b) Fluorescein angiogram.
(c) Ultrasound B-scan
a b
c
Melanoma
‘Choroid’
Melanoma
‘B-Scan’
Melanoma
‘Ciliary body’
Melanoma
‘Iris’
Melanosis Panuveitis
Rubeosis
Iridis
Serpiginous
Chorioretinopathy
Sphincter
Tear
Sympathetic
Ophthalmia
Synechia Toxoplasmosis
Retinochoroiditis
Uveal Metastasis
‘Choroid’
Uveal Metastasis
'Iris & Ciliary Body'
Choroidal Metastasis
Is the result of a wide variety of cancers
including breast and lung cancer.
264. 2←Previous Pg. 1
Melanoma
‘Choroid’
Melanoma
‘B-Scan’
Melanoma
‘Ciliary body’
Melanoma
‘Iris’
Melanosis Panuveitis
Rubeosis
Iridis
Serpiginous
Chorioretinopathy
Sphincter
Tear
Sympathetic
Ophthalmia
Synechia Toxoplasmosis
Retinochoroiditis
Uveal Metastasis
‘Choroid’
Uveal Metastasis
'Iris & Ciliary Body'
Iris & Ciliary Body Metastasis
Is the result of a wide variety of cancers
including breast and lung cancer.
275. Crystalline Lens
Entering the anterior chamber with
a keratome from temporal side
Circular opening of the anterior
lens capsule (capsulorhexis)
A posterior chamber intraocular
lens is implanted in the capsular
bag.
Ultrasonic destruction of the lens
nucleus in the capsular sac
Cataract
‘Congenital’
Cataract
‘Cortical’
Cataract
‘Dermatogenous’
Cataract
‘Hypermature’
Cataract
‘Lamellar-zonular’
Cataract
‘Mature’
Cataract
‘Nuclear’
Cataract
‘Secondary’
Cataract
‘Toxic’
Cataract
‘Truma’
Cataract
Extraction
Deposits
Intraocular
Lens
Lens
Dislocation
Lenticonus
Spherophakia
Cataract Extraction
278. Crystalline Lens
Lens dislocation may
be:
Subluxation
(partial dislocation);
The partially partially
suspension of the lens
within the hyaloid fossa
due to partial tearing.
OR
Luxation
(complete dislocation);
The lens is torn
completely free and has
migrated into the
vitreous body or,
anterior chamber .
Cataract
‘Congenital’
Cataract
‘Cortical’
Cataract
‘Dermatogenous’
Cataract
‘Hypermature’
Cataract
‘Lamellar-zonular’
Cataract
‘Mature’
Cataract
‘Nuclear’
Cataract
‘Secondary’
Cataract
‘Toxic’
Cataract
‘Truma’
Cataract
Extraction
Deposits
Intraocular
Lens
Lens
Dislocation
Lenticonus
Spherophakia
Lens Dislocation
284. Vitreous Body
Use of gas and silicone oil in vitreoretinal surgery
Vitreous
Hemorrhage
‘Mechanism’
Vitreous
Hemorrhage
Vitreous
Detachment
Vitrectomy
‘Solution’
Vitrectomy
‘Gas & Oil’
Endophthalmitis
Asteroid
Hyalosis
Deposits
Surgical removal & replacement of the vitreous body
with Ringer's solution, gas, or silicone oil.
Vitrectomy ‘Gas & Oil’
286. Vitreous Body
Complete posterior vitreous detachment (arrows)
Vitreous
Hemorrhage
‘Mechanism’
Vitreous
Hemorrhage
Vitreous
Detachment
Vitrectomy
‘Solution’
Vitrectomy
‘Gas & Oil’
Endophthalmitis
Asteroid
Hyalosis
Deposits
- Complete or partial detachment of the
vitreous body from its underlying tissue.
Vitreous Detachment
292. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Atrophy Of Optic Nerve
Primary atrophy
The optic disk is well
defined and pale.
Secondary atrophy
The optic disk is
elevated and pale due to
proliferation of
astrocytes.
Irreversible loss of axons in the region of the third neuron
(from the retinal layer of ganglion cells to the lateral
geniculate body).
Age-Related
Macular
Degeneration
AIDS-Related
Retinal
Disorders
Astrocytoma
Atrophy Of
Optic Nerve
Coats Disease Cystoid
Macular Edema
Degenerative
Myopia
Degenerative
Retinoschisis
Diabetic
Retinopathy
Hemangioma Hypertensive
Retinopathy
Macular
Dystrophies(2)
Macular
Dystrophies
Melanocytoma Myelinated
Nerve Fibers
Oblique Insertion
293. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Coats Disease
Typical vascular changes of telangiectasia (arrow)
accompanied by exudative retinal detachment with
numerous lipid deposits (arrowheads).
A congenital retinal vascular anamoly that
affects mostly boys .
Age-Related
Macular
Degeneration
AIDS-Related
Retinal
Disorders
Astrocytoma
Atrophy Of
Optic Nerve
Coats Disease Cystoid
Macular Edema
Degenerative
Myopia
Degenerative
Retinoschisis
Diabetic
Retinopathy
Hemangioma Hypertensive
Retinopathy
Macular
Dystrophies(2)
Macular
Dystrophies
Melanocytoma Myelinated
Nerve Fibers
Oblique Insertion
294. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Cystoid Macular Edema
Same old Pt. with
cystoid macular
edema in the left
eye.
(a)Fundusoscopy
imaging
(b) infrared imaging
(c) Fluorescence
Angiography.
OCT shown cystoid macular edema
a b c
Originates in a disturbance of vascular permeability in the perifoveal
capillaries and/or in the retinal pigment epithelium that appears as an
accumulation of fluid in the outer plexiform layer of the retina
Age-Related
Macular
Degeneration
AIDS-Related
Retinal
Disorders
Astrocytoma
Atrophy Of
Optic Nerve
Coats Disease Cystoid
Macular Edema
Degenerative
Myopia
Degenerative
Retinoschisis
Diabetic
Retinopathy
Hemangioma Hypertensive
Retinopathy
Macular
Dystrophies(2)
Macular
Dystrophies
Melanocytoma Myelinated
Nerve Fibers
Oblique Insertion
295. 1 Next→Pg. 2
Degenerative Myopia
The fundus in degenerative myopia is characterized
by abnormal chorioretinal atrophy (arrows in image)
Age-Related
Macular
Degeneration
AIDS-Related
Retinal
Disorders
Astrocytoma
Atrophy Of
Optic Nerve
Coats Disease Cystoid
Macular Edema
Degenerative
Myopia
Degenerative
Retinoschisis
Diabetic
Retinopathy
Hemangioma Hypertensive
Retinopathy
Macular
Dystrophies(2)
Macular
Dystrophies
Melanocytoma Myelinated
Nerve Fibers
Oblique Insertion