Hydrogen shows potential as a novel medical therapy due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It can easily diffuse into tissues and organelles like mitochondria and nuclei. Studies show hydrogen reduces oxidative stress and improves conditions like diabetes, Alzheimer's, stroke, lung and heart disease. More research is still needed but hydrogen appears to be a promising and safe therapeutic approach for many human diseases involving oxidative stress.
Case report: A 49-year-old previously healthy man was admitted to the ICU after cardiac arrest following a short history with headache, blurred speech and reduced consciousness. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation perfusion rhythm was regained, but the patient didn`t regain consciousness. The arterial blood gas analysis at the ICU revealed a severe metabolic acidosis with pH at 6.86 and lactate levels of 16 mmol/L. The white blood cells count was also markedly increased (312 * 109/L), and blood smear showed immature cells indicating acute leukemia. The severe metabolic acidosis, at first thought to be due to systemic hypoperfusion, did not improve in spite of fluid and vasopressor resuscitation. A CT scan of the head performed the next day, revealed massive cerebellar haemorrhage, edema in both hemispheres and signs of anoxic brain damage. Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood was consistent with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).
Case report: A 49-year-old previously healthy man was admitted to the ICU after cardiac arrest following a short history with headache, blurred speech and reduced consciousness. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation perfusion rhythm was regained, but the patient didn`t regain consciousness. The arterial blood gas analysis at the ICU revealed a severe metabolic acidosis with pH at 6.86 and lactate levels of 16 mmol/L. The white blood cells count was also markedly increased (312 * 109/L), and blood smear showed immature cells indicating acute leukemia. The severe metabolic acidosis, at first thought to be due to systemic hypoperfusion, did not improve in spite of fluid and vasopressor resuscitation. A CT scan of the head performed the next day, revealed massive cerebellar haemorrhage, edema in both hemispheres and signs of anoxic brain damage. Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood was consistent with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).
Lactate has been viewed as a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism and an indicator of tissue hypoperfusion since the 1900s. This theory is still widely believed. Paul busts the myths surrounding lactic acidosis, anaerobic metabolism, tissue hypoxia and the role of lactate in sepsis.
Key take-away facts include:
- The production of lactate actually consumes hydrogen ions. Lactic acidosis is really lactic alkalosis.
- Lactate is produced physiologically and is a precursor for gluconeogenesis.
- During exercise, skeletal muscle exports lactate as the primary fuel for the heart and brain.
- At VO2max, intracellular oxygen stays the same. Anaerobic metabolism in cells only occur as a pre-terminal event. The exception is in complete arterial occlusion.
- Adrenaline promotes lactate production
- Lactate infusion has been shown to increase cardiac output in septic and cardiogenic shock
- Lactate is a survival advantage!
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) can result from a wide variety of different kidney diseases. Currently, 90% of patients reaching CKD have chronic diabetes mellitus, glomerulonephritis or hypertension. With CKD comes a myriad of problems related to the kidney's inability to excrete waste products leads to symptoms of uraemia. The treatments of CKD require dialysis or kidney transplantation. In this review, an attempt has been made to explain the nutritional management of CKD along with various dialysis treatment and the complications related to the dialysis method. It is important to maintain optimal nutritional status so that the patient will be a good candidate to respond to the treatment effectively.Kidney Patients necessitate following a blanced diet plan to retain normal protein stores and to avoid metabolic complications. This article deals with the therapeutic aspects of nutrition in CKD patients and will improve the quality of life Keywords: ESRD, CKD, Dialysis, Nutritional management.
The Role Of Transition Metals & Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) In Alzheimer's ...Pırıl Erel
This powerpoint discusses the role of transition metals and amyloid plaque formation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and how metal ion chelators may be employed as therapeutic agents for AD. It describes the disorder, how it progresses and what happens to the brain tissue.
Furthermore, within the presentation I describe a drug which chelates metals including a description about the chemical formulation of these drugs and how the drug can be preventative of AD.
Sodium metabolism and its clinical applicationsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Sodium Metabolism and its clinical significance for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
10.01.08: Potassium and Magnesium HomeostasisOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M2 Renal sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M2Renal
Lactate has been viewed as a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism and an indicator of tissue hypoperfusion since the 1900s. This theory is still widely believed. Paul busts the myths surrounding lactic acidosis, anaerobic metabolism, tissue hypoxia and the role of lactate in sepsis.
Key take-away facts include:
- The production of lactate actually consumes hydrogen ions. Lactic acidosis is really lactic alkalosis.
- Lactate is produced physiologically and is a precursor for gluconeogenesis.
- During exercise, skeletal muscle exports lactate as the primary fuel for the heart and brain.
- At VO2max, intracellular oxygen stays the same. Anaerobic metabolism in cells only occur as a pre-terminal event. The exception is in complete arterial occlusion.
- Adrenaline promotes lactate production
- Lactate infusion has been shown to increase cardiac output in septic and cardiogenic shock
- Lactate is a survival advantage!
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) can result from a wide variety of different kidney diseases. Currently, 90% of patients reaching CKD have chronic diabetes mellitus, glomerulonephritis or hypertension. With CKD comes a myriad of problems related to the kidney's inability to excrete waste products leads to symptoms of uraemia. The treatments of CKD require dialysis or kidney transplantation. In this review, an attempt has been made to explain the nutritional management of CKD along with various dialysis treatment and the complications related to the dialysis method. It is important to maintain optimal nutritional status so that the patient will be a good candidate to respond to the treatment effectively.Kidney Patients necessitate following a blanced diet plan to retain normal protein stores and to avoid metabolic complications. This article deals with the therapeutic aspects of nutrition in CKD patients and will improve the quality of life Keywords: ESRD, CKD, Dialysis, Nutritional management.
The Role Of Transition Metals & Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) In Alzheimer's ...Pırıl Erel
This powerpoint discusses the role of transition metals and amyloid plaque formation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and how metal ion chelators may be employed as therapeutic agents for AD. It describes the disorder, how it progresses and what happens to the brain tissue.
Furthermore, within the presentation I describe a drug which chelates metals including a description about the chemical formulation of these drugs and how the drug can be preventative of AD.
Sodium metabolism and its clinical applicationsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Sodium Metabolism and its clinical significance for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
10.01.08: Potassium and Magnesium HomeostasisOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M2 Renal sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M2Renal
IT CONTAINS ALL INFORMATION REGARDING TO HYDROGEN
THE PROJECT IS MADE FOR SEMINAR OF CHEMISTRY OF MOLEDINA JUNIOR COLLEGE , PUNE. FROM THE STUDENT OF 11TH SCIENCE, SPECIALLY EFFORTS OF SHAHRUKH ISAQUE PATHAN.
Medical gases, differences and similarities in therapeuticEugeny Nazarov
The presentation outlines the concept of hormoligos as a new approach to understanding the mechanism of action of medical gases using hydrogen, ozone and xenon as an example.
Normal cell metabolism depends on the maintenance of blood pH within very narrow limits (7.35-7.45).
Even relatively mild excursions outside this normal pH range can have deleterious effects. ABG is most frequently performed on critically ill patients to assess acid base status of patients.
ROLE OF FREE RADICAL IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE
Oxidative stress in AD??
Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between t he production and quenching of free radicals from oxygen species. These reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in many chronic diseases including mitochondrial diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, renal disease, arteriosclerosis, diabetes , cancer.
The process of aging is also associated with increased oxidative stress. Through pathological redox reactions ROS can denature biomolecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. This can initiate tissue damage via apoptosis and necrosis.
Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of AD leading to neuronal dysfunction and cell death.
Peripheral markers of oxidative stress are elevated in AD indicating that the damage is not brain-limited.
The increased level of oxidative stress in the AD brain is reflected by
increased protein and DNA oxidation,
Decreased level of cytochrome C oxidase and advanced glycosylation end products.
enhanced lipid peroxidation,
Lipid peroxidation can weaken cell membranes causes ion imbalance and impair metabolism.
Oxidative stress can influence DNA methylation which regulates gene expression.
Internalized beta-amyloid may play a role in this process.
Mitochondrial dysfunction, which is associated with an accumulation of ROS, appears to play a role in the early events of AD pathology.
ABSTRACT- Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are products of normal cellular metabolism and are known to act as second messengers. Physiological conditions, ROS participate in maintenance of cellular ‘redox homeostasis’ in order to protect cells against oxidative stress through various redox-regulatory mechanisms. Oxidative stress resulting from enhances free-radical formation and/or a defect in antioxidant defences has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its associated complications. Diabetes mellitus comprises a group of metabolic disorders that share the common phenotype of hyperglycemia, association with the biochemical alteration of glucose and lipid peroxidation. Increase level of oxidative stress along with deranging different metabolisms; one of the Long term complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic retinopathy, which is a leading cause of acquired blindness. Many of the recent landmarks in scientific research have shown that in human beings, oxidative stress has been implicated in the progression of major health problems by inactivating the metabolic enzymes and damaging important cellular components, oxidizing the nucleic acids, leading to cardiovascular diseases, eye disorders, joint disorders, neurological diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), atherosclerosis, lung and kidney disorders, liver and pancreatic diseases, cancer, ageing, disease of the reproductive system including the male and female infertility etc. In this review we have the importance of endogenous antioxidant defense systems, the intense medical management; these strategies include dietary measures (antioxidants) their relationship to several pathophysiological processes and their possible therapeutic implications in vivo condition. Key-words- Oxidative stress, Reactive oxygen species, Diabetic mellitus, Diabetic complications, Free radicals, Associated diseases, Lipid peroxidation
There is increasing evidence that free radical-induced oxidative damage may play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Free radicals are reactive oxygen compounds that may attack and damage lipids, proteins, and DNA. The brain is especially sensitive to oxidative damage because of its high content of readily oxidized fatty acids, high use of oxygen, and low levels of antioxidants. Evidence for oxidative damage has been obtained from postmortem brain tissue as well as from living patients with Alzheimer's disease. Antioxidants such as vitamin E show promise that they may help in treating the disease.
Telco Churn Rate Analysis - AEDA Capstone Sook Yen Wong
Working with a team of tech-savvy data scientists, business analysts and IT engineers to develop a Capstone project presentation with Python, SQL, Data Storytelling and Tableau within 2 days! We managed to crack the code with data and provide ideas and solutions to better improve the churn rate for Telco!
Mandarin Oriental's "Fan Campaign" has generated 400% returns since its inception.
Find out how does this advertising strategy helps generate extravagant revenues for Mandarin Oriental :)
Alibaba is one of the top internet company that shines in this digital age.
I learn that simplicity is the key when they work on their company culture.
Great learning from Jack Ma!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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The evolution of molecular hydrogen - A summary
1. SUMMARY: The evolution of molecular hydrogen: a noteworthy potential therapy with clinical
significance
http://www.medicalgasresearch.com/content/pdf/2045-9912-3-10.pdf
Hydrogen is the most abundant and lightest element on Earth. Most hydrogen exist in compound
form, attached to other metallic and non-metallic elements.
Studies on molecular hydrogen have evolved tremendously from its humble beginnings and have
continued to change throughout the years. Hydrogen is extremely unique since it has the capability to
act at the cellular level.
Hydrogen is qualified to cross the blood brain barrier, to enter the mitochondria, and even has the
ability to translocate to the nucleus under certain conditions. This is extremely favorable since many
known antioxidants lack the ability to target organelles and are not as effective in this manner.
Once in these ideal locations of the cell, previous studies have shown that hydrogen exerts
antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties that are beneficial to the
cell.
As intestinal bacteria constantly produce hydrogen gas during fermentation of unabsorbed
carbohydrates, hydrogen is used as a clinical biomarker to investigate the growth of bacteria in the
intestines.
Antioxidant Mechanism
Hydrogen therapy has been found to be effective as antioxidant, as illustrated in the figure below:
When free radicals or ROS accumulates, usually as a result of cellular processes, it leads to oxidative
stress. Oxidative stress can cause serious damage to tissues and can lead to a variety of deiseases.
Hydrogen is able to combine with the hydroxyl radical to form water and hydrogen. The hydrogen
2. generated from the water forming reaction is then able to combine with the superoxide radical, which
causes another reaction and prevents the formation of more peroxide and hydroxyl radicals.
It has been shown that hydrogen is able to increase antioxidant enzymes to help suppress the
disastrous effects of oxidative stress.
Anti-inflammatory
Hydrogen has been reported to improve liver hemodynamics and reduce hepatic portal hypertension,
as well as reduce liver fibrosis by attenuating inflammatory cytokines.
Cytoprotection
Hydrogen has been postulated to be involved in signal transduction modulator, that resulted in
reduction of inflammation in Type I allergies. Another proposed mechanism for hydrogen is its ability
to provide cytoprotection by increasing other antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and
catalase. Hydrogen also has been found to prevent the activation of caspase -3, which through a series
of events can reduce apoptosis cell death.
Signal modulation
A few metabolic pathways such as TNF-α/NFkβ pathway as well as the Ras-ERK1/2-MEK1/2 and Akt
pathways that are involved in immune response and ROS production has been shown to be inhibited
by hydrogen. Since most metabolic syndrome involved the pathways mentioned above, the ability of
hydrogen in suppressing the metabolic pathways is essential in the treatment and prevention of major
metabolic syndrome.
Administration of Hydrogen
Hydrogen is most commonly applied as a gas, water, saline, and can be applied in a variety of other
mediums.
Uses of hydrogen therapy in the USA
3. There are also few side effects involving hydrogen, thus making hydrogen a perfect medical gas
candidate for the convention of novel therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular, cerebrovascular,
cancer, metabolic, and respiratory diseases and disorders.
Hydrogen water was able to improve renal dysfunction caused by neuronephrotoxicity, renal
ischemia and reperfusion injury. It was achieved by reducing oxidative stress as well as loweing
serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen levels, pro-inflammatory cytokines, MDA levels and more.
A dialysis solution containing a high concentration of dissolved hydrogen gas was created and
administered to 21 hemodialysis patients three times a week for a period of six months. Results
showed that after treatment with hydrogen, high blood pressure generally decreased for the patients
and some instances patients reached normotensive statuses. There were also decreases in MCP and
MPO, which are chemokines and enzymes secreted by monocytes and neutrophils respectively. In
conclusion, hydrogen rich mediums seem to improve the damaging or even reverse in some instances
the damaging effects stemming from renal dysfunction and nephrotoxicity; and may have a potential
in combating nephritis and nephritic syndrome.
Hydrogen was postulated to be able to play a therapeutic role in insulin resistant and diabetes
mellitus. Patients with diabetes mellitus commonly develop skin lesions due to oxidative stress. High
levels of blood glucose causes an overproduction of ROS, that results in oxidative damage that causes
skin lesions. Hydrogen treatment was observed that hydrogen was able to reduce the loss of
membrane potential that is related to skin lesion in diabetes mellitus patients. A study using
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was carried out to analyze the effects of hydrogen saline on
erectile dysfunction, a condition commony found in men with diabetes mellitus. Hydrogen might have
restored nitric oxide vasodilation and erectile dysfunction via endothelial nitric oxide synthase and
increased nitric levels in the corpus cavernosum for the treatment group. Treatment with hydrogen
rich saline also revealed that hydrogen restored expression of the anti-apoptotic factor, bcl-2, and
decreased protein expression of bax, a pro-apoptotic factor, in the corpus cavernosum, when
compared to the controls and diabetic groups.
Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis is believed to be driven by the production and deposition of
the amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta). Amyloid-beta peptide induces apoptosis through oxidative stress
that are resulting from several metabolic pathways involving amyloid-beta peptide. Immunotherapy
directed against this peptide has the potential to halt and/or reverse disease progression of this
disease. A reduction amyloid-beta peptide and inflammatory response related to Alzheimer’s disease
4. was reported by Li et al after hydrogen rich saline was administered by rat subjects who has an
intracerebral ventricular injection of amyloid-beta peptide. Major findings concluded that hydrogen
rich salin was able to improve long-tem potentiation, learnin, and memory most likely by reducing
inflammation and oxidative stress.
Cerebrovascular disease
Cerebrovascular disease is the most common life threatening neurological event in the U.S.
Intracranial atherosclerosis is responsible for approximately 40,000 of these attacks per year,
representing 10 percent of all ischemic strokes. The development of such disease involved the
metabolic activity of caspase-2 and caspase-3 molecules in the brain. Cai et al. found that hydrogen
gas was able to reduce neurological cell death by quelling free radicals that trigger pathways that lead
to the activation of caspase-3, a key mediator of neuronal programmed cell death. Researches done on
hypoxic ischemia and other neonatal brain disorders with hydrogen gas administration showed
potential in neurological improvements after brain injury. Sato et al. speculates that administration of
hydrogen rich water may be able to protect neurons against ROS by translocating to the nucleus and
affecting gene transcirption or by acting on inhibiting the production of ROS by mitochondria itself.
For Parkinson disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine, hydrogen rich water seemed to be effective in
reducing oxidative stress that eventually leads yo neuronal apoptosis. Hydrogen supplemented room
air ventilation has also been found to exhibit the potential of neuro protection. Main mechanism
involved is by reducing the activity cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the hippocampus after transient
global cerebral ischemia. As a result, ROS production is controlled and neuronal damage is reduced. Hi
et al. demonstrated that hydrogen gas is able to cross over the blood-brain barrier, reducing brain
edema and decrease neurological dysfunction by reducing ROS and oxidative stress in rats after a
traumatic brain injury. More clinical studies however, has to be done in order to further evaluate the
effectiveness of hydrogen in moderate and severe cerebrovascular disease.
Chronic Lower Respiratory issues
A studies on lung injuries induced by intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (occurs when arteries
leading to your intestines become narrowed or blocked, reducing blood flow. The decreased blood
flow can cause pain and can permanently damage your intestine.) revealed that hydrogen saline is
able to reduce edema inflammatory cell infiltration and hemorrhage. Another study on hyperoxia lung
injuries using hydrogen rich saline resulted in pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS, that lead to
reduces lung injury and lung cell apoptosis.
Inflammation responses involving pro-inflammatory cytokine molecules such as TNF-α and IL-1
during hyperoxia lung injuries have been found reduced upon administration of hydrogen saline too.
Similar to cerebrovascular disease, caspase-3 molecules that were involved in acute pulmonary
ischemia and reperfusion was found to be reduced upon administration of hydrogen rich saline.
Hydrogen saline has been proven to be promising treatments for lower respiratory and lung
associated diseases by preventing the accumulation of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines. More
results are required to investigate the mechanism of molecular hydrogen effects on pulmonary
associated diseases.
Malignant neoplasms (Cancer)
Elevated levels of ROS and down regulation of ROS scavengers and antioxidant enzymes are
associated with various human diseases including various cancers. ROS influences central cellular
processes such as proliferation a, apoptosis, senescence which are implicated in the development of
cancer. A few studies involving human tongue carcinoma cells HSC-4 and human fibrosarcoma cells
incubated with hydrogen rich water shows a significant decrease in colonies. Another studies found the
ability of hydrogen rich water in protecting mice from radiation induced thymic lymphomas by
reducing ROS. This is in a controversial situation where ROS has been found to be contributed to the
5. development and killing cancerous cells. More studies are needed to uncover the mechanism of
hydrogen therapy in dealing with cancer.
Cardiovascular
Clinical trials related to cardiovascular disease done on animal models shown various promising
results when hydrogen rich water is administrated.
Chronic cardiac disease is shown to be the results of hydroxyl radical damage on the heart muscles
and related organs. An experiement was done by pre-treating mice with hydrogen rich water prior to
radiation induced heart damage. 80% of the mice with hydrogen treatment lived after 13 days post
radiation. 90% of the mice in control group without hydrogen rich water treatment did not survive on
the radiation. Prominent oxidative stress markers such as melanodialdehyde (MDA0 and eight-
hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was relatively lower compared to the non-treatment counterparts.
A study by Hayashida et al. shown that hydrogen gas was able to reduce myocardial infarct sizes
resulted from ischemia reperfusion injury. This has been proposed to be achieved by the inhibition of
caspase-3 and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Hydrogen rich salin has shown to exhibit ant-
inflammatory and cytoprotective properties by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and
decreasing myocardial cell damage too.
Future aspect of Hydrogen Treatment
Hydrogen has been used to aid decompression sickness in divers for years. No safety issue has arisen
from any of the commercially used hydrogen therapy so far.
Hydrogen therapy has been shown effective in its free radical scavenging ability, especially towards
hydroxyl radicals, OH.
More human clinical trials are expected to cover extensively the efficacy of hydrogen therapy in
various common human chronic diseases. Previous antioxidant clinical trials have failed to achieve
desirable outcome and hence more comphrehensive study of hydrogen as antioxidant has to be done
to investigate the effects of excess accummulation, the reducing potential, dosage, dose duration and
safety of the antioxidant.
Although hydrogen appears to be faultless at times, there still are several deficiencies or snares that
need to be investigated by future studies. Comprehensive research and experiments that alludes to
molecular hydrogen being a novel therapeutic treatment is desperately needed.