The document summarizes the key structures and their functions in eukaryotic cells. It describes how eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped into those that provide covering and protection like the plasma membrane. Others are involved in manufacturing and distributing proteins like the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Additional structures store and breakdown substances such as lysosomes and vacuoles. Mitochondria and plastids aid in energy processing.

1. MOTIVATION

2. THE EUKARYOTIC CELL
 All eukaryotic cells have similar structures in one way or another.
 Eukaryotes contain various structure that perform specific activities inside the
cell.

3. THE EUKARYOTIC CELL
Structures of eukaryotic cells can be grouped according to their
functions:
Covering and protection
Manufacturing and distribution of proteins
Storage and breakdown of substance
Energy processing
Structural support, movement and cell-to-cell communication

4. COVERING AND PROTECTION
Plasma Membrane
It forms a flexible boundary between the cell’s content and its surrounding
environment.
Its main function is to control the passage of materials in and out of the cell.

5. MANUFACTURE AND DISTRIBUTION
OF PROTEINS
Nucleus – (from the Latin word nuculeus which means “kernel”) is the
most noticeable organelle in the cell.
- contains most of the DNA.
- the genetic material, when the cell is not dividing, is stored as
Chromatin(a complex molecule form by DNA and protein).
- DNA molecules consist of short sequence called Genes.

6. MANUFACTURE AND DISTRIBUTION
OF PROTEINS
Ribosomes – are the “proteins factories "of the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum – (from the Greek word endo
which means “within”, plasma which means
“molded”, and
reticulum which means “net”)
Two types of ER:
1. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(SER) – does not
contain ribosome
2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum RER) – contain
Ribosome

7. MANUFACTURE AND DISTRIBUTION
OF PROTEINS
Golgi Apparatus – was named after Camillo Golgi who discovered its
presence in 1898
- it composed of smooth flattened membranous sacs
called cisternae.
- “sorts and ships”, packaging station of the cell

8. STORAGE AND BREAKDOWN OF
SUBSTANCE
Lysosomes – known as “suicide bags”
Functions:
1. Breaking down the contents of a food vacuole.
2. Breaking down a worn out cell organelle.
3. Destroying cells as part of the normal development
of an organism.
4. Destroying engulfed foreign materials.

9. STORAGE AND BREAKDOWN OF
SUBSTANCEVacuoles – commonly used for storing substance.
Kinds of vacuoles:
1. Food vacuole
2. Central vacuole – large vacuole found in plant cells;
acts as a vital storage for numerous
substance.
3. Contractile vacuole – specialized vacuole used for
expelling water accumulated inside the cell.
4. Glyoxysome – found in some seeds; used for breaking
down stored fats, which provides energy for
developing plant embryo.

10. ENERGY PROCESSING
Mitochondria – are also called the ‘’energy power house’’ of the cell.
- they supply energy to the cell by undergoing cellular
respiration.
- contains DNA and ribosomes
Plastids:
Chloroplasts - contains chlorophyll and in which
photosynthesis takes place.

11. IDENTIFYING THE PARTS

13. ACTIVITY