The document discusses the basic unit of life - the cell. It describes how Robert Hooke first observed cells using a cork and Anton van Leeuwenhoek later observed microbes under a microscope. The main parts of animal, plant, and bacterial cells are then outlined, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and other organelles. Bacterial cells are described as prokaryotes lacking membrane-bound structures but containing a cell wall, cytoplasm, flagella, nucleoid, and other components.

1. THE CELL
A discussion about the basic and
the fundamental unit of life.

2. ROBERT HOOKE
•He discovered the
cell by using a
cork. He saw tiny
chambers in the
cork and called it
cells.

4. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
• The father of Microbiology.
He invented the first
compound microscope and
observed tiny living
organisms which was later
called as the microbes or
microogranisms.

5. CELLS
The cells are the building blocks of
life just as atom is the basic
building blocks of all matter.

6. CELLS
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIAL CELL

7. PARTS OF THE CELL
1. CELL MEMBRANE
- Both found in animal and plant cells. Also present in bacterial cells.
- Outer edge of an animal cell and serves as the boundary between the inside
of the cell with all of its organelles and the extracellular matrix.
- It is composed of lipid bilayers.

9. PARTS OF THE CELL
2. CELL WALL
- Only found in Plant Cells which is a rigid layer which is composed of
polysaccharides cellulose, pectin and hemicellulose.
- It is located outside the cell membrane.
- The function is to protect and provide structural support to the cell.

11. PARTS OF THE CELL
3. NUCLEUS
- Commonly found at the center region of the cell.
- Present in both animal and plant cell.
- Its function is to directs all the activities of the cell and it also contains the
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
- Also known as the control center of the cell.

13. PARTS OF THE CELL
4. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
- Eukaryotic cells contain a “true nucleus” and the nuclear membrane is the
structure that defines the boundaries of the nucleus.
- Its function is similar to the cell membrane except that it surrounds the
nucleus within the cell.

14. PARTS OF THE CELL
5. CYTOPLASM/CYTOSOL
- A cytosol is a thick, gel-like fluid that fills the space of the cell and which the
organelles are suspended.
- The name of the total contents of the cell, minus the nucleus, is the
cytoplasm.

16. PARTS OF THE CELL
6. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
- Composed of interconnected membranous channels called cisternae and is
connected to the nuclear membrane.
- It functions in the transportation and modification of molecules.
- It has two types, the smooth and the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

18. PARTS OF THE CELL
6.1. SMOOTH AND ROUGH ER
- SMOOTH ER- modifies lipids and steroids (has no ribosomes attached)
- ROUGH ER- modifies and transports the proteins made by the attached
ribosomes for use or further modification (has ribosomes attached)

20. PARTS OF THE CELL
7. GOLGI APPARATUS/GOLGI BODIES
- Also made of cisternae that are not interconnected.
- Its function is for packaging and shipping.
- It takes molecules produced by the cells, such as proteins and lipids, and
packs them into vesicles so that they can be shipped around or outside the
cell.

22. PARTS OF THE CELL
8. RIBOSOMES
- Ribosomes are made of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein and are either
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or suspended in the cytosol.
- Ribosomes facilitate protein synthesis.

24. PARTS OF THE CELL
9. MITOCHONDRIA
- Are large organelles that have both an inner and outer membrane.
- It is the site of cellular respiration in cells, where oxygen and glucose are
connected into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which cells use for energy.
- Also known as the powerhouse of the cell.

26. PARTS OF THE CELL
10. CENTRIOLES/CENTROSOMES
- Centrosomes contain centrioles.
- Centrioles are the gatherings of microtubules that help with cell division
during mitosis,
- The centrosomes organize and synthesize microtubules.

28. PARTS OF THE CELL
11. CYTOSKELETON
- Composed of a network of filaments and microtubules that allows the
organelles of the cell to remain in place and gives the cell strength and shape.

30. PARTS OF THE CELL
12. VACUOLES
- Are small storage pockets formed of a single membrane layer containing gas
or fluid found within cells.
- Large Central Vacuoles are only present in Plant Cells.

32. PARTS OF THE CELL
13. VESICLES
- Are similar to vacuoles but are part of the transportation system of the cell.
- Specialized vesicles can also be involved in cellular metabolism.

34. PARTS OF THE CELL
14. LYSOSOMES
- Are specialized vesicles in which protein and enzymes are contained.
- The lysosomes breakdown macromolecules into their components for
further use by the cell.

36. PARTS OF THE CELL
15. PEROXISOMES
- Are common in animal cells and perform oxidative digestion.

38. PARTS OF THE CELL
15. CHLOROPLAST
- An elongated organelle found in plant cells enclosed by phospholipid
membrane
- Each chloroplast contains a green pigment known as chlorophyll which is
required for the process of photosynthesis.

42. BACTERIAL CELL
• Bacteria are prokaryotes , lacking well-defined nuclei and
membrane-bounded organelles and with chromosomes composed
of a single closed DNA circle.

43. BACTERIAL CELL

44. PARTS OF A BACTERIAL CELL
1. CAPSULE
- Some species of bacteria have a third protective covering, a
capsule made of polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates).
- The role of capsule is keep the bacterium from drying out and
protect it from phagocytosis (engulfing) by larger microorganisms.
- Capsule is also a major virulence factor (can cause disease).

46. PARTS OF A BACTERIAL CELL
2. CELL WALL
- Each bacterium is enclosed by a rigid cell wall composed of
peptidoglycan, a protein-sugar molecule (polysaccharide).
- The cell wall gives the cell its shape and surround the cytoplasmic
membrane, protecting it from the outside environment.

48. PARTS OF A BACTERIAL CELL
3. CYTOPLASM
- The cytoplasm is where the functions for cell growth, metabolism,
and replication are carried out.
- It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients,
wastes, and gases and it contains cell structures such as the
ribosomes, a chromosome, and plasmids.

50. PARTS OF A BACTERIAL CELL
4. CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
- A layer of phospholipids and proteins which encloses the interior
of the bacterium, regulating the flow of materials in and out of
the cell.
- This is a structural trait bacteria share with all other living cells; a
barrier that allow them to selectively interact with their
environment.

52. PARTS OF A BACTERIAL CELL
5. FLAGELLA/FLAGELLUM
- Are whip-like structures that provide a means of locomotion for
those bacteria that have them.
- They can be found at either or both ends of a bacterium or all
over its surface.

54. PARTS OF A BACTERIAL CELL
6. NUCLEOID
- It is a region in cytoplasm where the strands of DNA is located.
- It is a not a membrane bound nucleus, but simply an area of the
cytoplasm where the strands of DNA are found.

56. PARTS OF A BACTERIAL CELL
7. PILI/PILUS
- Small hair-like projections emerging from the outside cell surface.
- These outgrowths assist the bacteria in attaching to the other cells
and surfaces, such as teeth, intestines, and rocks.

58. PARTS OF A BACTERIAL CELL
8. RIBOSOMES
- Microscopic factories found in all cells, including bacteria.
- They translate the genetic code from the molecular language of
nucleic acid to that of amino acids- building blocks of protein.

60. PARTS OF A BACTERIAL CELL
9. PLASMIDS
- Are small extrachromosomal genetic structures carried by many
strains of bacteria.
- Like the chromosomes, plasmids are made of a circular piece of
DNA.