This document summarizes Catholic reforms and orders in 16th century Spain and France. It discusses Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros and Queen Isabella's reforms in Spain, including monastic reforms and support for education. It also describes the founding of new Catholic orders like the Discalced Carmelites by Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross, and the Society of Jesus by Ignatius Loyola. Finally, it outlines the decisions of the Council of Trent to strengthen the Catholic church, and policies like the Inquisition and Index to promote orthodoxy.

1. Redemption Sounds

2. A Call for Reform
Francisco Jimenez (Ximenez) de Cisneros:
 An austere Franciscan.
 Personal confessor of Isabella, of Castile.
 Was imprisoned for ten years as a result of his
decision to shun the corrupt practices of his day.
 Became learned in biblical language; was also
familiar with humanist writings.
 Reluctantly accepted the office of archbishop.
 Founded the University of Alcala; printed a Greek
New Testament and led in the composition of the
Compultensian Polyglot.

3. Queen Isabella:
 Became queen in 1474.
 Saw the Church in her realm as being in dire
need of reform.
 Desired to bring about necessary reform.
 Sought and got permission from the pope to fill
ecclesiastical vacancies.
 Worked closely with Cardinal Jimenez in
bringing about reforms

4. Some Reforms of Isabella and Jimenez:
 Monastic reforms were done by personally
visiting some of the most lax ones and making a
stern call for a return to monastic vows.
 Got political support from the pope in monastic
reforms.
 Encouraged learning among the clergy.
 Gave support to custom and moral reforms.
 Unfortunately they also engaged in forced
conversions among the Jews and the Moors.
 Jimenez eventually became the Grand Inquisitor
of the Spanish Inquisition.

5. Reforming Orders
The Discalced Carmelites:
 Founded by Teresa of Avila; later joined by John of the
Cross.
 Teresa is said to have received a series of visions from
Jesus directing her to leave the convent of which she
was a part and from a new one.
 Emphasized the importance of devotion.
 Promoted strict obedience to the monastic rules of the
Carmelites.

6.  Teresa taught a form of mysticism:
 Outlined ways of attaining sanctification
 Prayer of recollection
 Union - soul overcome with love for the
divine
 Ecstasy - soul married with Christ
 Teresa is the only Catholic woman to found
monastic orders for both men and women.

7. The Society of Jesus:
 Founded by Ignatius Loyola.
 Had a spiritual experience as a result of reading
devotional writings while convalescing from a
wounded leg.
 He had a desire to find inner peace since his heart
was troubled by his sense of his sinfulness.
 Pledged himself to loyal service to the Church; saw
that as the avenue whereby he would find peace.

8.  Wrote the Spiritual Exercises as a guide for his
adherents.
 Intended that his order be a missionary one.
 Members took vows of “poverty, chastity, and
obedience to the pope.”
 Jesuits became very focused upon promoting
education, fighting against heresy and foreign
missionary activities.
 His order was highly organized and efficient;
became a most powerful tool of the papacy in its
offensive against Protestantism.

9. The Council of Trent
 Council of Trent 1545-1563
• Called by Pope Paul III
• 1545-1547 - various doctrinal questions
 Declared Bible alone not final authority for faithful
 Justification
 Seven sacraments reaffirmed
 Reformers of ecclesiastical abuses formulated

10. The Council of Trent
Important decisions of Trent:
 Declared that a council does not have authority above
the pope.
 Issued decrees bringing about clerical reforms:
 Bishops were to live within their sees.
 Outlawed pluralism.
 Formulated a clear list of obligations of the clergy.
 Introduced regulations to deal with relics,
indulgences, etc.
 Ordered that seminaries be established for the
purpose of training priests.

11. Theological decrees:
 Thomism was declared to be the official theology
of the Church.
 Accepted the Vulgate as being the authoritative
translation of the Church as regards matters of
dogma.
 Tradition was declared as having authority equal
to Scripture.
 The seven sacraments were reaffirmed along
with the attendant sacramental theology.
 Transubstantiation was reaffirmed. Communion
in both kinds was seen as not being a necessity.

12. Soteriology:
 Saw original sin as being the retention of the
consequences of sin.
 Justification comes about through collaboration
between good works and grace.
 Defended the Augustinian view that justification is the
process of regeneration and renewal within human
nature which brings about a change in both the outer
status and the inner nature of the sinner.
 Justification includes the idea of regeneration. Not
only remission of sins but sanctification and renewal
of the inner person through reception of grace and
gifts by which an unrighteous person becomes
righteous.

13. Ultimate results:
 Did not restore unity within the Christian
Church.
 Strengthened the papacy.
 Marked a change in Catholicism; birth of the
modern version.
 Strengthened the belief system of Roman
Catholicism.

14. • 1564 – Papal bull issued
 summary of council
 known as Tridentine Profession of Faith
 all clergy, teachers and converts required to subscribe
 Swear “true obedience to the Pope”

15. The Inquisition and The Index
 Inquisition
• Originated in struggle against Albigenses in southern
France - early thirteenth century
• Established by papal license – 1480 – in Spain under
Thomas Torquemadas (1420-1498)
• Roman Inquisition 1542 and abolished in 1854
Guilty until proven innocent
Never confronted by accusers; tortured for
confession
Punished by loss of property, imprisonment, death

16. The Inquisition and The Index
 Index
• Develop a list of books that were banned from
reading list of faithful
• 1559 - Paul IV issued first Roman Index of prohibited
books
Books of Erasmus and some Protestants editions
of the Bible appeared in the list
Special congregation of Index created in 1571

17. Catholic Resurgence
Treaty of Cateare-Cambresis - 1559
•Alliance between Spain and France - mutual
commitment to extricate heresy
•In France, Protestants were known as Huguenots, a
strong minority
•Rival nobility were split between Catholic and
Huguenots

18. Catholic Resurgence
•Rival nobility were split between Catholic and
Huguenots
•House of Valois – Catholics
•House of Bourbons – Protestant
•House of Guise – Catholics
•House of Chatillon - Protestant

19. Catholic Resurgence
•1562 - Edict of January
Huguenots granted right to worship in certain
localities
•1562, March, House of Guise attacked Huguenots
war between Protestants and Catholics - nine years

20. Catholic Resurgence
• Catherine sought peace; marriage of Margaret to
Henry of Navarre-Huguenot
1572 – Massacre of Bartholomew, Paris
• 1598 - Henry Navarre becomes king, returns to
Catholicism
Edict of Nantes
Revocation of Edict of Nantes