The document is a study guide for a theology exam covering topics related to the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. It discusses the corruption within the Catholic Church, the impact of feudalism, monastic reforms like those at Cluny Abbey, relations between popes and secular rulers like Otto I and Henry II, investiture controversies over who had the power to appoint bishops, figures like St. Francis of Assisi and St. Thomas Aquinas, the Crusades, universities, scholasticism, and mendicant orders including the Dominicans and Franciscans.
Detailed summary for the 1st 20 centuries in the History of Christianity.
Starting with the Apostles and how the christian faith spread throughout the world
Martin Luther, a former Catholic priest, sparked the Protestant Reformation in 1517 when he posted his 95 Theses criticizing corrupt Catholic practices like indulgences. When his views were deemed heretical, he was excommunicated by the Pope but gained support of German princes. Ulrich Zwingli also preached reform in Switzerland, arguing for a break from Catholicism. John Calvin further developed Protestant theology, believing in predestination. Meanwhile, King Henry VIII separated England from Rome when the Pope refused to annul his marriage, establishing the Church of England with himself as its head and executing those who remained Catholic. The Reformation challenged Catholic unity but also sparked reforms through the Counter-Reformation and Vatican II
Humanism, Reformation and Counter- Reformationpapefons Fons
Humanism began in the 15th century and focused on human potential and achievements. It revived interest in classical Greek and Roman culture. The invention of the printing press and support from wealthy patrons contributed to its spread. Martin Luther criticized the Catholic Church in 1517 and proposed doctrines like salvation through faith alone and scripture as the sole religious authority, sparking the Protestant Reformation. This led to religious wars until the 1555 Peace of Augsburg allowed rulers to choose the religion of their lands. The Catholic Church responded with reforms and new orders like the Jesuits through the Counter-Reformation to strengthen traditional doctrines and address issues raised by Protestants.
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 and led to the end of religious unity in Western Europe. Martin Luther posted his 95 theses criticizing the Catholic Church in 1517, which sparked the Reformation in Germany. Henry VIII established the Church of England to gain an annulment of his marriage. The Reformation spread to other parts of Europe but had less success in Spain and Italy. The Catholic Church responded with the Counter-Reformation including the Council of Trent and Jesuits. The Reformation resulted in over a century of religious wars and fragmented Christianity in the West.
Martin Luther was born in 1483 in Germany and studied to become a lawyer but had a religious experience that led him to become a monk. As a theology professor, he began to question Catholic doctrines like indulgences and the authority of the Pope. This led him to post his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation. Luther emphasized that scripture has authority over popes and councils and that individuals are saved by faith alone rather than works. He reduced the sacraments to baptism and communion and rejected the idea of transubstantiation in communion.
Detailed summary for the 1st 20 centuries in the History of Christianity.
Starting with the Apostles and how the christian faith spread throughout the world
Martin Luther, a former Catholic priest, sparked the Protestant Reformation in 1517 when he posted his 95 Theses criticizing corrupt Catholic practices like indulgences. When his views were deemed heretical, he was excommunicated by the Pope but gained support of German princes. Ulrich Zwingli also preached reform in Switzerland, arguing for a break from Catholicism. John Calvin further developed Protestant theology, believing in predestination. Meanwhile, King Henry VIII separated England from Rome when the Pope refused to annul his marriage, establishing the Church of England with himself as its head and executing those who remained Catholic. The Reformation challenged Catholic unity but also sparked reforms through the Counter-Reformation and Vatican II
Humanism, Reformation and Counter- Reformationpapefons Fons
Humanism began in the 15th century and focused on human potential and achievements. It revived interest in classical Greek and Roman culture. The invention of the printing press and support from wealthy patrons contributed to its spread. Martin Luther criticized the Catholic Church in 1517 and proposed doctrines like salvation through faith alone and scripture as the sole religious authority, sparking the Protestant Reformation. This led to religious wars until the 1555 Peace of Augsburg allowed rulers to choose the religion of their lands. The Catholic Church responded with reforms and new orders like the Jesuits through the Counter-Reformation to strengthen traditional doctrines and address issues raised by Protestants.
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 and led to the end of religious unity in Western Europe. Martin Luther posted his 95 theses criticizing the Catholic Church in 1517, which sparked the Reformation in Germany. Henry VIII established the Church of England to gain an annulment of his marriage. The Reformation spread to other parts of Europe but had less success in Spain and Italy. The Catholic Church responded with the Counter-Reformation including the Council of Trent and Jesuits. The Reformation resulted in over a century of religious wars and fragmented Christianity in the West.
Martin Luther was born in 1483 in Germany and studied to become a lawyer but had a religious experience that led him to become a monk. As a theology professor, he began to question Catholic doctrines like indulgences and the authority of the Pope. This led him to post his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation. Luther emphasized that scripture has authority over popes and councils and that individuals are saved by faith alone rather than works. He reduced the sacraments to baptism and communion and rejected the idea of transubstantiation in communion.
The document summarizes the key events of the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation. It discusses early reformers like John Wycliffe and John Huss who criticized the Catholic Church. It then focuses on Martin Luther, who wrote the 95 Theses challenging indulgences and was excommunicated. The Peasants' Revolt in Germany and the Peace of Augsburg followed. The movement then spread through figures like Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, and John Knox. Protestantism established itself politically in different countries like Germany, Switzerland, Scotland, and England over time.
This document provides a biography of Pope Pius XI, including:
1) He was born in Italy in 1857 and was educated at the Milan Seminary before being ordained as a priest in 1879.
2) He had an academic background and held positions at the Ambrosian Library in Milan and the Vatican Library before being appointed Cardinal Archbishop of Milan in 1921.
3) He was elected as Pope in 1922, taking the name Pius XI, and issued several encyclicals addressing issues like Catholic Action, communism, and establishing Vatican City state through the Lateran Treaty.
4) As Pope, he provided spiritual leadership during a time of unrest in the 1920s-1930s, confronting threats
The Protestant Reformation began in the 16th century as a religious movement seeking to reform abuses within the Catholic Church, including its luxurious lifestyle, nepotism in appointments, and selling of indulgences. Martin Luther published his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences and asserting that salvation comes through faith alone, not works. This sparked the Reformation. As Protestantism spread, the Catholic Church responded with inquisitions against heretics and the Counter Reformation to preserve Catholicism, while rising nationalism in European nations further divided people along religious lines.
The document discusses the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation. It summarizes that the Catholic Church was facing problems like corruption and secular power among Popes before the Reformation. Martin Luther originally wanted to reform the Catholic Church but was excommunicated and helped establish Lutheranism. This led to other Protestant movements and religious wars between Catholics and Protestants. The Catholic Church responded with the Council of Trent and reforms, establishing stricter rules for clergy and new orders like the Jesuits to strengthen the Church and combat the growing Protestant influence.
Irish monasticism in the 5th century helped convert many Irish to Christianity through the work of Palladius and Patrick. Monasteries served as local political units. In the 6th century, Irish missionaries like Columbanus spread monasticism to Gaul. Benedict designed a structured monastic rule that grew throughout Europe. Pope Gregory the Great organized the Church and sent missionaries like Augustine to Britain. In the 8th century, Boniface consolidated the relationship between the Papacy and Franks while converting Germanic peoples. This led to the Carolingian Renaissance under Charlemagne in the 9th century. However, new invasions threatened Europe in the 10th-11th centuries.
The document discusses the relationship between the Catholic Church and political powers in medieval Europe. It describes how the Church competed with kings and emperors for authority over people's lives. Though the Church advocated for a separation of church and state, in practice it often asserted political power over rulers and shaped laws and social classes. This tension led to recurring conflicts between popes and emperors over who had supreme authority.
Religion and politics were closely intertwined in Europe between 1500-1660. This period saw major religious conflicts, including the Thirty Years' War between Protestants and Catholics. Religious toleration gradually increased over the 17th century, mainly for political reasons to reduce conflict. The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment challenged religious authority and led some to abandon Christianity, seeing the Church as an enemy of progress. However, traditional religion remained vital for many people.
The Protestant Reformation began in the 1500s as a response to perceived abuses in the Catholic Church. Martin Luther challenged Catholic doctrine by teaching that salvation came through faith alone, not good deeds, and that the Bible was the sole religious authority rather than the Church. His ideas gained widespread support and formed the basis of Lutheranism. John Calvin also broke from the Catholic Church and established a theocracy in Geneva based on predestination. Calvinism then spread across Europe, though Calvinists faced opposition in some areas.
The Schism of 1054 marked the final split between the Eastern Orthodox Church led by Patriarch Michael Cerularius of Constantinople and the Western Catholic Church led by Pope Leo IX, as they excommunicated each other over issues such as clerical celibacy and the use of unleavened bread in communion. Tensions between the Greek East and Latin West grew over the centuries due to theological differences rooted in Greek philosophy versus Roman law, as well as cultural views where Byzantines saw Latins as uncivilized and Latins criticized the Byzantine tolerance of Muslims. The ambitions of Cerularius coupled with inflexible views
This document defines key terms related to the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, including convents, monastic life, the papacy, key religious figures like John Calvin and Martin Luther, the founding of the Society of Jesuits, the Council of Trent, the Index of banned works, indulgences, and the Vatican. It provides brief explanations of these important religious concepts and organizations from the 16th century that shaped Christianity.
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther wrote his 95 Theses criticizing corrupt practices in the Catholic Church, especially the selling of indulgences. Luther's ideas spread rapidly with the help of the printing press, though the Catholic Church condemned him and his teachings. In 1521 at the Diet of Worms, Luther refused to renounce his beliefs, and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church. This led to the formation of Lutheranism as the first Protestant denomination and inspired further reforms.
The authority of the Catholic Church grew during this period as popes sought to prevent secular rulers from interfering in church affairs and ensure Christians followed church teachings. Monastic orders like the Benedictines and Cluniacs demanded higher moral standards from clergy and more independence from secular control. Meanwhile, the Investiture Controversy saw Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV clash over who had authority to appoint bishops, demonstrating the increasing political power and influence of the papacy. This period also saw the establishment of the College of Cardinals, religious reforms, and calls for the church to combat heresy through the Inquisition.
1. The document discusses the relationship between the Catholic Church and political leaders in medieval Europe. As the weak central governments of feudal Europe left a power vacuum, the Church grew as a powerful institution that shaped people's lives and expanded its political role.
2. There was an ongoing power struggle between the Church and emperors over who held supreme authority. Pope Gelasius I introduced the concept of separating the Church and state, with the pope wielding the "religious sword" and emperors the "political sword".
3. Conflicts arose as the Church sought to assert its independence from secular rulers, such as between Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over who had the power to
The document provides background information on the Protestant Reformation that occurred in Europe between the 15th and 17th centuries. It discusses key figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII and how they advocated for reforms within the Catholic Church or broke away to form new denominations like Lutheranism and the Church of England. It also examines the responses of the Catholic Church through movements like the Counter-Reformation and councils like the Council of Trent.
A People’s History of Christianity June 28, 2015typeknerd
This document summarizes how Christian ethics changed between the 1800s-1900s to become more focused on social justice issues like tolerance, equality, and freedom. It provides examples of early advocates like Harriet Tubman, who worked to end slavery through the underground railroad. The document also discusses the increasing acceptance of ideas like evolution from pastors like Harry Emerson Fosdick. Figures like Dietrich Bonhoeffer questioned what Christianity would become in a "religionless" modern world.
The document summarizes the historical separation between Judaism and Christianity. Initially, Christianity was considered a sect of Judaism by Romans and afforded the same legal protections as Judaism. However, theological differences emerged in the New Testament, with Christians separating themselves from traditional Jewish beliefs and practices. The destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 AD marked a defining break, as Judaism and Christianity each underwent redefinitions centered on their distinct religious identities and leadership.
The document provides an overview of the causes and key events of the Protestant Reformation. It discusses corruption in the Catholic Church, the impact of Renaissance humanism, influential religious reformers like Wycliffe and Huss, and resentment from secular rulers over papal power. It then focuses on Martin Luther and his 95 Theses opposing indulgences in 1517, which helped spark the Reformation. Other reformers like Zwingli and Calvin established new Protestant doctrines and sects. The spread of Lutheranism and religious wars in Germany are also summarized.
The Protestant Reformation began as a call for reform within the Catholic Church by Christian humanists such as Erasmus, who believed the Church should focus more on living virtuously rather than just following beliefs. Martin Luther further called for reform and questioned Catholic doctrines like the selling of indulgences, leading to his excommunication. This sparked the growth of Protestantism and divisions in Christianity between Catholic and Protestant churches across Europe.
Papua theology a new paradigm in theologyAt Ipenburg
This document outlines a proposal for a new approach to systematic theology called "theology from below." It evaluates existing contextual theologies like liberation theology and suggests focusing on how ordinary Christians practice their faith and struggle for freedom. It discusses how modern society challenges traditional top-down models of theology and argues theology should study how people are inspired by gospel values today rather than legitimizing institutional church positions. The document uses the example of West Papua, where theologians study hymns and movements to understand local Christian faith under oppression.
The document outlines three styles of contemporary theology - sitting, walking, and kneeling. The sitting style is theoretical and academic, focusing on doctrine and truth. The walking style is praxis-oriented and aimed at liberation, focusing on the poor and marginalized. The kneeling style is contemplative, focusing on prayer and worship both personally and communally.
The document summarizes the key events of the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation. It discusses early reformers like John Wycliffe and John Huss who criticized the Catholic Church. It then focuses on Martin Luther, who wrote the 95 Theses challenging indulgences and was excommunicated. The Peasants' Revolt in Germany and the Peace of Augsburg followed. The movement then spread through figures like Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, and John Knox. Protestantism established itself politically in different countries like Germany, Switzerland, Scotland, and England over time.
This document provides a biography of Pope Pius XI, including:
1) He was born in Italy in 1857 and was educated at the Milan Seminary before being ordained as a priest in 1879.
2) He had an academic background and held positions at the Ambrosian Library in Milan and the Vatican Library before being appointed Cardinal Archbishop of Milan in 1921.
3) He was elected as Pope in 1922, taking the name Pius XI, and issued several encyclicals addressing issues like Catholic Action, communism, and establishing Vatican City state through the Lateran Treaty.
4) As Pope, he provided spiritual leadership during a time of unrest in the 1920s-1930s, confronting threats
The Protestant Reformation began in the 16th century as a religious movement seeking to reform abuses within the Catholic Church, including its luxurious lifestyle, nepotism in appointments, and selling of indulgences. Martin Luther published his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences and asserting that salvation comes through faith alone, not works. This sparked the Reformation. As Protestantism spread, the Catholic Church responded with inquisitions against heretics and the Counter Reformation to preserve Catholicism, while rising nationalism in European nations further divided people along religious lines.
The document discusses the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation. It summarizes that the Catholic Church was facing problems like corruption and secular power among Popes before the Reformation. Martin Luther originally wanted to reform the Catholic Church but was excommunicated and helped establish Lutheranism. This led to other Protestant movements and religious wars between Catholics and Protestants. The Catholic Church responded with the Council of Trent and reforms, establishing stricter rules for clergy and new orders like the Jesuits to strengthen the Church and combat the growing Protestant influence.
Irish monasticism in the 5th century helped convert many Irish to Christianity through the work of Palladius and Patrick. Monasteries served as local political units. In the 6th century, Irish missionaries like Columbanus spread monasticism to Gaul. Benedict designed a structured monastic rule that grew throughout Europe. Pope Gregory the Great organized the Church and sent missionaries like Augustine to Britain. In the 8th century, Boniface consolidated the relationship between the Papacy and Franks while converting Germanic peoples. This led to the Carolingian Renaissance under Charlemagne in the 9th century. However, new invasions threatened Europe in the 10th-11th centuries.
The document discusses the relationship between the Catholic Church and political powers in medieval Europe. It describes how the Church competed with kings and emperors for authority over people's lives. Though the Church advocated for a separation of church and state, in practice it often asserted political power over rulers and shaped laws and social classes. This tension led to recurring conflicts between popes and emperors over who had supreme authority.
Religion and politics were closely intertwined in Europe between 1500-1660. This period saw major religious conflicts, including the Thirty Years' War between Protestants and Catholics. Religious toleration gradually increased over the 17th century, mainly for political reasons to reduce conflict. The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment challenged religious authority and led some to abandon Christianity, seeing the Church as an enemy of progress. However, traditional religion remained vital for many people.
The Protestant Reformation began in the 1500s as a response to perceived abuses in the Catholic Church. Martin Luther challenged Catholic doctrine by teaching that salvation came through faith alone, not good deeds, and that the Bible was the sole religious authority rather than the Church. His ideas gained widespread support and formed the basis of Lutheranism. John Calvin also broke from the Catholic Church and established a theocracy in Geneva based on predestination. Calvinism then spread across Europe, though Calvinists faced opposition in some areas.
The Schism of 1054 marked the final split between the Eastern Orthodox Church led by Patriarch Michael Cerularius of Constantinople and the Western Catholic Church led by Pope Leo IX, as they excommunicated each other over issues such as clerical celibacy and the use of unleavened bread in communion. Tensions between the Greek East and Latin West grew over the centuries due to theological differences rooted in Greek philosophy versus Roman law, as well as cultural views where Byzantines saw Latins as uncivilized and Latins criticized the Byzantine tolerance of Muslims. The ambitions of Cerularius coupled with inflexible views
This document defines key terms related to the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, including convents, monastic life, the papacy, key religious figures like John Calvin and Martin Luther, the founding of the Society of Jesuits, the Council of Trent, the Index of banned works, indulgences, and the Vatican. It provides brief explanations of these important religious concepts and organizations from the 16th century that shaped Christianity.
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther wrote his 95 Theses criticizing corrupt practices in the Catholic Church, especially the selling of indulgences. Luther's ideas spread rapidly with the help of the printing press, though the Catholic Church condemned him and his teachings. In 1521 at the Diet of Worms, Luther refused to renounce his beliefs, and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church. This led to the formation of Lutheranism as the first Protestant denomination and inspired further reforms.
The authority of the Catholic Church grew during this period as popes sought to prevent secular rulers from interfering in church affairs and ensure Christians followed church teachings. Monastic orders like the Benedictines and Cluniacs demanded higher moral standards from clergy and more independence from secular control. Meanwhile, the Investiture Controversy saw Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV clash over who had authority to appoint bishops, demonstrating the increasing political power and influence of the papacy. This period also saw the establishment of the College of Cardinals, religious reforms, and calls for the church to combat heresy through the Inquisition.
1. The document discusses the relationship between the Catholic Church and political leaders in medieval Europe. As the weak central governments of feudal Europe left a power vacuum, the Church grew as a powerful institution that shaped people's lives and expanded its political role.
2. There was an ongoing power struggle between the Church and emperors over who held supreme authority. Pope Gelasius I introduced the concept of separating the Church and state, with the pope wielding the "religious sword" and emperors the "political sword".
3. Conflicts arose as the Church sought to assert its independence from secular rulers, such as between Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over who had the power to
The document provides background information on the Protestant Reformation that occurred in Europe between the 15th and 17th centuries. It discusses key figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII and how they advocated for reforms within the Catholic Church or broke away to form new denominations like Lutheranism and the Church of England. It also examines the responses of the Catholic Church through movements like the Counter-Reformation and councils like the Council of Trent.
A People’s History of Christianity June 28, 2015typeknerd
This document summarizes how Christian ethics changed between the 1800s-1900s to become more focused on social justice issues like tolerance, equality, and freedom. It provides examples of early advocates like Harriet Tubman, who worked to end slavery through the underground railroad. The document also discusses the increasing acceptance of ideas like evolution from pastors like Harry Emerson Fosdick. Figures like Dietrich Bonhoeffer questioned what Christianity would become in a "religionless" modern world.
The document summarizes the historical separation between Judaism and Christianity. Initially, Christianity was considered a sect of Judaism by Romans and afforded the same legal protections as Judaism. However, theological differences emerged in the New Testament, with Christians separating themselves from traditional Jewish beliefs and practices. The destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 AD marked a defining break, as Judaism and Christianity each underwent redefinitions centered on their distinct religious identities and leadership.
The document provides an overview of the causes and key events of the Protestant Reformation. It discusses corruption in the Catholic Church, the impact of Renaissance humanism, influential religious reformers like Wycliffe and Huss, and resentment from secular rulers over papal power. It then focuses on Martin Luther and his 95 Theses opposing indulgences in 1517, which helped spark the Reformation. Other reformers like Zwingli and Calvin established new Protestant doctrines and sects. The spread of Lutheranism and religious wars in Germany are also summarized.
The Protestant Reformation began as a call for reform within the Catholic Church by Christian humanists such as Erasmus, who believed the Church should focus more on living virtuously rather than just following beliefs. Martin Luther further called for reform and questioned Catholic doctrines like the selling of indulgences, leading to his excommunication. This sparked the growth of Protestantism and divisions in Christianity between Catholic and Protestant churches across Europe.
Papua theology a new paradigm in theologyAt Ipenburg
This document outlines a proposal for a new approach to systematic theology called "theology from below." It evaluates existing contextual theologies like liberation theology and suggests focusing on how ordinary Christians practice their faith and struggle for freedom. It discusses how modern society challenges traditional top-down models of theology and argues theology should study how people are inspired by gospel values today rather than legitimizing institutional church positions. The document uses the example of West Papua, where theologians study hymns and movements to understand local Christian faith under oppression.
The document outlines three styles of contemporary theology - sitting, walking, and kneeling. The sitting style is theoretical and academic, focusing on doctrine and truth. The walking style is praxis-oriented and aimed at liberation, focusing on the poor and marginalized. The kneeling style is contemplative, focusing on prayer and worship both personally and communally.
The document lists courses for several programs: Christian Counseling, Music Ministry, Pastoral Counseling, Theology & Biblical Studies, and Ministry & Education. For each program, the course code, title, degree type, category (GENED for general education or PROG for program), and credits are provided. The core courses cover topics like theology, biblical studies, counseling, leadership, and ministry skills. Each program requires 60 credits of coursework to complete.
The document lists over 30 European castles from 13 different countries, providing the name of each castle along with its location and date of origin which spans from the 11th century to the late 19th century. It concludes by noting that while there is no pay, one could work mowing grass at any of the castles given their pleasant surroundings.
The document discusses the relationship between science, religion, and ethics as moral guides. It presents the views that religion addresses spiritual mysteries while science examines physical cause and effect. For religious people, their religion and ethics are closely linked. However, humanity's shared reason and intelligence should be the foundation for morality rather than differences in religions. While science provides facts, it cannot answer all life's questions or determine right and wrong. Both religion and science are necessary but different perspectives for understanding the world. Extremism in either religion or science should be avoided.
The document compares the economies of the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia. It provides information on each country's economic system, natural resources, land use, key industries, literacy and education rates, unemployment, GDP, GDP per capita, and some of their main economic problems. The UK and Germany have mixed market economies while Russia is transitioning from a command to a mixed system. All three countries have large natural resource deposits but Russia has difficulties exploiting theirs due to its climate and terrain.
The Medieval Catholic Church was the central authority in Western Europe and taught that people were inherently sinful and dependent on God's grace to reach heaven. People participated in sacraments like baptism, communion, and confession that were administered by the Church. While Christianity could be complex, monks and nuns helped spread the religion through missionary work, teaching literacy, and operating hospitals. The Church held significant political and social power through the 1100s when calls for reform began regarding issues like corruption among clergy.
The document summarizes the key causes and events that led to the Protestant Reformation in Europe in the 16th century. It discusses that by the 15th century, the Roman Catholic Church had become very powerful but was also facing criticism over corrupt practices. Martin Luther then challenged the Church's authority by posting his 95 Theses criticizing the selling of indulgences in 1517, which spread widely due to the printing press. Luther's teachings emphasized faith over works and that the Bible was the sole religious authority, threatening the Church's power and leading to the broader Protestant Reformation.
The document summarizes the rise and spread of Christianity from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Late Middle Ages. During this period, Christianity grew from a small persecuted sect to the dominant religion of Europe. It established a church hierarchy with the Pope at its head and adopted core beliefs and sacraments. The Crusades were a series of military expeditions called by the Pope in the 11th-13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from Muslim rule, though they ultimately failed in their goal.
Panado,Hazel Joy BSED-SS 2-E-HISTORY.pptxHazelPanado
Christianity spread throughout Europe over many centuries, beginning in the Roman Empire in the 1st century AD. It was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in 380 AD. Missionaries and monks helped spread Christianity to areas outside the empire, converting nobles and royalty who then helped spread it to the general population. By the 15th century, most of Europe had been Christianized. Major figures like Augustine of Canterbury and Saint Boniface played important roles in establishing and spreading the religion.
The document provides a brief history of the Catholic Church from the time of Christ and the Apostles to the Council of Trent in the 16th century. It describes how the Apostles' faith was renewed after Christ's resurrection, allowing them to spread the Gospel to all ends of the earth. It discusses the early persecutions faced by Christians in the Roman Empire, ending with the Edict of Milan in 313 AD which legalized Christianity. It then covers the rise of monasticism, the Great Schism between the Western and Eastern churches, the Protestant Reformation, and the Council of Trent which responded to Protestant reforms.
This document provides an overview of the Byzantine Empire and Western Europe between 200-850 CE. It discusses how the Roman Empire split into three civilizations: the Byzantine Empire, Western Europe/Western Christendom, and the Islamic World. It then focuses on the Byzantine Empire, noting its strong military and legal systems, use of Greek language and culture, and role in preserving classical knowledge. Constantinople was highlighted as the wealthy capital. The document also discusses the development of Christianity and the Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire.
This document discusses the state of the Catholic Church in England before the Protestant Reformation. It presents differing views on whether the Church was in need of reform or still satisfied people's needs. Some historians like John Foxe argued the Church was unpopular and corrupt, while others note that most people's lives still centered around the Church. The document also examines popular religious practices, criticisms of clergy, and early figures who opposed some Catholic doctrines, like humanists and reformers John Colet. It introduces Martin Luther's challenges to Catholic theology and indulgences, and how his ideas began spreading to England through figures like William Tyndale.
The document outlines 10 significant events or periods in Church history:
1. Pentecost, considered the birthday of the Church, when the Holy Spirit descended upon the Apostles.
2. The conversion of St. Paul, who went from persecuting Christians to becoming one of Christianity's most important early missionaries.
3. The Edict of Milan in 313 AD which granted religious freedom to Christians in the Roman Empire, ending persecution.
4. The Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD which defined that Jesus Christ is fully human and fully divine.
5. How monasticism helped preserve civilization as the Roman Empire fell, with monks recording knowledge and teachings.
The Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) marked a major turning point in the Catholic Church. Pope John XXIII called the Council to make the Church more relevant to the modern world. Over 2,500 bishops and theological experts attended. While some criticized that Vatican II led to decline, others saw it energizing and empowering the Church. The Council produced 16 documents to guide the Church, including constitutions on the Church, divine revelation, the liturgy, and the Church in the modern world. It aimed to update the Church for a changing world, rather than dogmatically defining new beliefs.
Early Modern Society, Politics And ReligionStrathallan
Early 16th century Europe was politically unstable with five main power blocs vying for influence - France, Iberia, the Italian states, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. The Catholic Church was also criticized for issues like simony, pluralism, and clergy acting immorally. Most people firmly believed in the existence of heaven, hell, and purgatory and that the Church and priests provided the only path to salvation and assurance about the afterlife. Growing anticlericalism and desire for reform among the laity would help spark the Protestant Reformation.
The English Reformation started when Henry VIII decided to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon after she failed to produce a male heir. However, divorce was not allowed by the Roman Catholic Church, so Henry broke ties with Rome and declared himself head of the Church of England. This led him to dissolve the monasteries and confiscate church lands and wealth, which increased his power but angered Roman Catholic leaders. The Reformation transformed the English church from answering to the Pope to being governed by the monarch.
The document discusses the Protestant Reformation in England, which was started due to various religious and political factors. Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing Catholic Church practices, sparking the Reformation. In England, King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn and needed to break from papal authority to do so. This led Parliament to pass acts establishing the Church of England with the King as its head and dissolving the monasteries, bringing religious, social, and economic changes to England.
The document discusses how the Dutch influenced Sri Lankan culture when they took control of the island in 1658. They introduced the common law system that is still used today and left impressive architectural structures. They also established the Burgher community, whose members have significantly contributed to Sri Lankan culture despite their small numbers. Other Dutch influences include borrowed words in the Sinhala language and certain foods. Roman-Dutch law was also established by the Dutch and later adopted by the British when they gained control of the island. This legal system had a large impact on transforming Sri Lankan society.
The document provides an overview of important events and figures from the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Reformation. It discusses Martin Luther and his 95 Theses criticizing Catholic Church practices. It also mentions the importance of translating the Bible into vernacular languages and figures like Erasmus who supported reform. The Council of Trent was convened to define Catholic doctrine in response to Protestantism. Important religious orders like the Jesuits were formed as part of the Catholic revival. The document also reviews political developments that influenced the Reformation such as the rise of strong monarchical states in Europe.
By the 4th century, Christianity had become dominant in the Roman Empire and the Church played an increasing role in the new European civilization. Local parishes were led by priests and bishops, and people demonstrated their faith by building magnificent Gothic cathedrals between the 11th-12th centuries, featuring pointed arches, stained glass windows, and sculptures. The Pope grew in power and established the Roman Catholic Church and its laws, wielding authority over kings. Monks lived dedicated religious lives in monasteries and played an important social role through missionary work, education, medicine, and agriculture.
Similar to Religion 3 quarter 3 exam study guide (17)
Why is this So? ~ Do Seek to KNOW (English & Chinese).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma teaching of Kamma-Vipaka (Intentional Actions-Ripening Effects).
A Presentation for developing morality, concentration and wisdom and to spur us to practice the Dhamma diligently.
The texts are in English and Chinese.
Sanatan Vastu | Experience Great Living | Vastu ExpertSanatan Vastu
Santan Vastu Provides Vedic astrology courses & Vastu remedies, If you are searching Vastu for home, Vastu for kitchen, Vastu for house, Vastu for Office & Factory. Best Vastu in Bahadurgarh. Best Vastu in Delhi NCR
A Free eBook ~ Valuable LIFE Lessons to Learn ( 5 Sets of Presentations)...OH TEIK BIN
A free eBook comprising 5 sets of PowerPoint presentations of meaningful stories /Inspirational pieces that teach important Dhamma/Life lessons. For reflection and practice to develop the mind to grow in love, compassion and wisdom. The texts are in English and Chinese.
My other free eBooks can be obtained from the following Links:
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/presentations
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/documents
The Book of Ruth is included in the third division, or the Writings, of the Hebrew Bible. In most Christian canons it is treated as one of the historical books and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel.
The Enchantment and Shadows_ Unveiling the Mysteries of Magic and Black Magic...Phoenix O
This manual will guide you through basic skills and tasks to help you get started with various aspects of Magic. Each section is designed to be easy to follow, with step-by-step instructions.
A375 Example Taste the taste of the Lord, the taste of the Lord The taste of...franktsao4
It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - MessageCole Hartman
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
The forces involved in this witchcraft spell will re-establish the loving bond between you and help to build a strong, loving relationship from which to start anew. Despite any previous hardships or problems, the spell work will re-establish the strong bonds of friendship and love upon which the marriage and relationship originated. Have faith, these stop divorce and stop separation spells are extremely powerful and will reconnect you and your partner in a strong and harmonious relationship.
My ritual will not only stop separation and divorce, but rebuild a strong bond between you and your partner that is based on truth, honesty, and unconditional love. For an even stronger effect, you may want to consider using the Eternal Love Bond spell to ensure your relationship and love will last through all tests of time. If you have not yet determined if your partner is considering separation or divorce, but are aware of rifts in the relationship, try the Love Spells to remove problems in a relationship or marriage. Keep in mind that all my love spells are 100% customized and that you'll only need 1 spell to address all problems/wishes.
Save your marriage from divorce & make your relationship stronger using anti divorce spells to make him or her fall back in love with you. End your marriage if you are no longer in love with your husband or wife. Permanently end your marriage using divorce spells that work fast. Protect your marriage from divorce using love spells to boost commitment, love & bind your hearts together for a stronger marriage that will last. Get your ex lover who has remarried using divorce spells to break up a couple & make your ex lost lover come back to you permanently.
Visit https://www.profbalaj.com/love-spells-loves-spells-that-work/
Call/WhatsApp +27836633417 for more info.
1. Kristen Kummen
3/20/12
Theology 3 /Pipitone
Religion 3: Quarter 3 Exam Study Guide
note: if it’s highlighted, I was too lazy to answer it
1. What caused corruption within in Catholic Church? How can we say that despite the corruption, the institution
remained/remains holy?
2. How did feudalism affect the Church?
It increased the interaction between the ecclesiastical and secular leaders in rural parts of Europe. Also, it lead
to Church leaders abusing their authority: bishops & abbots receiving extra income from royal benefices.
3. What is feudalism?
-a contract system between kings & land-owning vassals and wider population
-involved exchange of labor, services, military service for military production
4. Why was Cluny so monumental?
greater emphasis on spiritual life of individual monk
What made it so special?
reinstated& lengthened the Divine Office; reduced amount of time spent in manual labor so more time could
be devoted to prayer
What is the privilegium?
How did Cluny govern itself that made it unique? Why did Cluny end? What was important about the
spirituality within Cluny? What did the reforms emphasize?
a. Pope Benedict VIII
b. William the Pious
5. Otto I?
He was a Saxon ruler who formed the Holy Roman Empire
6. Otto & Pope Sylvester?
They had an alliance. Benefits for each:
- Otto: raised him to the level of Charlemagne, legal basis for bringing part of the old middle kingdom under
his control
- Pope: the Church received temporal protection; peace and stability is necessary for the Church’s mission
7. Emperor Henry II and Queen St. Cunegond?
8. The Lay Investiture Controversy?
main question: who should appoint bishops, secular or religious leaders?
a. William the Conqueror
he headed the last successful invasion of England in 1066
b. Gregory VII
the Reformer
i. The DictatusPapae
asserted that the Pope possessed special powers bestowed by God
-to convene & ratify a council
-to define tenets of the faith
-to appoint, transfer, & remove bishops from office
-to depose temporal rulers
ii. Emperor Henry IV
He denies the decree of Gregory VII and appoints bishops of Milan. After a showdown,
Gregory VII gives Henry a hearing, hears his confession, absolves and then restores loyal
throne. Within a year, Henry again challenges the Pope and installs Clement the III
c. Concordat of Worms
Brought about resolution:
- Spiritual investiture left to the Church alone
-Temporal investiture left to the civil authorities
2. Kristen Kummen
3/20/12
Theology 3 /Pipitone
d. The English Investure
i. St. Thomas Becket
ii. Henry II
iii. Claremont Constitutions
9. Frederick I?
10. Frederick II and Innocent III?
They duke it out. Frederick took throne at 17, and he promised to respect sovereignty of Papal states and try
not the unify Germany and Italy. After Innocent III dies, Frederick goes back on his promise, tries to crush
Papal States by invading and driving Pope Gregory IX from Rome. Many saw Freddy as the anti-christ.
a. What was Innocent’s goal of his papacy?
to control and maintain the balance of power throughout Europe
11. St. Bernard of Clairvaux?
first abbot of new Cistercian monastery at Clairvaux, France
a. His prayer life
hermit
12. The Carthusians?
a model priest and a civil servant
a. The emphasis within the spiritual life
severe mortification & perpetual silence
13. St. Bruno?
14. Cistercians?
special emphasis on austerities, farming, simplicity of life
a. What does the color of the white habit mean?
poverty & simplicity
15. The Crusades?
8 expansive military operations carried out by the Church in defense of the Holy Land; goal was to defend
Christianity from Muslim expansion.
a. Bl. Urban II
He preached the First Crusade in 105 in central France to try to rouse support from Westerners to aid
the Eastern Christians.
b. Who fought in the Crusades?Christian people
c. Why were the majority of the Crusades not successful? pg. 332, 333
Corruption & extremely unorganized
d. How did St. Francis affect the Crusades? What was the point of including him in the book?
St. Francis was a prime example of how peace was an overlooked option;
e. Who are the Knights Templar?Knights whose specific mission was to protect pilgrims traveling to
Jerusalem.
i. What is apostasy?Rejection of believing in God
f. How many Knights of Templar gave up their life to protect Christian pilgrims?
20,000
g. Knights Hospitalers
Grew out of an already existing work of charity consisting of the care of sick pilgrims; made a major
contribution in the defense of Jerusalem, and served as a medical corps to the Crusaders
h. The Legacy of the Military Orders…what was their function? Were they successful?
Instituted to ensure the protection of Christian pilgrims, Church and holy places in Holy lands. Yes,
they were successful.
16. The Inquisition
a. Purpose
Called in response to heretical activities that threatened civil order; the Albegensians. Were
organized to defend both the state and Church.
b. Mistreatment of people…the Jews
i. Pope Innocent III spoke out against the behavior
Pope Innocent III called for the Inquisition to protect people, society and Christianity
3. Kristen Kummen
3/20/12
Theology 3 /Pipitone
c. Albigensians
i. Their beliefs
Believed that two gods governed the universe: one spiritual and good, the other physical and
evil.
ii. Why are they contra family?
Had evil practices, anti-Christians, violent, and promoted the following: abortion,
homosexuality, and suicide
iii. Why is that an assault on the Christian Church?
d. Spanish Inquisition
Reconquering of Spain by the Christians against the Muslims and the Jews
i. Time Frame purpose
Was used to promote and retain Spanish unity under a common Christian religion
17. The University?
a. The origin of the university
b. The effects of the university
The work of many academics would shed new light on the many mysteries of the Faith; helped lead
Europe into a period of exceptional intellectual growth
c. The influence of the Church on academics
All students who went to universities could then leave the school and continue on to study more
intensively for a doctorate degree in law, medicine, or theology.
18. Scholasticism? With access to Aristotles works, universities fostered a new style of inquiry in philosophy
known as Scholasticism, or “science of the schools”.
a. The relationship between faith and reason
St. Thomas explained that they do not need to be opposed to one another; utilizing Aristotle’s
philosophy, he was able to discuss in a cogent way Christ’s dual nature as God and man as his
presence in the Eucharist.
b. The Papal Encylical, Fides et Ratio
19. St. Thomas Aquinas (know this information like you would a special friend…I’d rather not)? Why is he referred
to as the Angelic Doctor?St. Thomas used philosophy to shed light on the mysteries of the Christian doctrine,
explaining theology in a philosophical context.
a. Why is his work important?
He combined the works of Aristotle and truths of Christianity
20. Bl. Dun Scotus?
a. Immaculate Conception
21. St. Francis of Assisi? (know him like an old friend blahblahblah nonsense)His courage & peaceful attempts to
try to calm the controversy over the Holy Lands should remind us of the power of peace. Through the personal
holiness of St. Francis, the Sultan gratned St. Francis access to the Holy Lands
22. St. Bonaventure? He made a new provision that allowed individual Franciscans to receive donations meant for
the well-being of the order. The money would not be held by the Franciscans in common, as it was with other
monastic orders. Rather, St. Bonaventure made it so that everything received by the Franciscans would be
given to the Holy See,which would then see to the preservation of the order according to its own good will.
23. St. Dominic? He set to convert the Albegensians back to the Church.
a. What is the real name of the Dominicans?
Order of Preachers
b. What is the habit like?
to live a life of poverty, without a staff and no money
c. What is the legacy of the Dominican Orders?
to life an ascetical life modeled after the life of Christ
24. The Middle Ages and the Arts?With emphasis on Christ, the Light of the World, Christians began to look for a
new style of architecture that could provide a space that held light, music and air in a suitable way.
4. Kristen Kummen
3/20/12
Theology 3 /Pipitone
a. What was the purpose of Medieval Church art? (pg. 384)
To convey stories from the Gospels and depict the facial expressions to try and reveal the inner souls
of the saints through subtle artistic representation
25. What were/are the mendicant orders known for? These orders remained a constant reminder that, despite
the potential glory of the human capacity to understand, ultimately, as John Paul II reminded, it is “training
and spiritual life”, faith and love of God that leads to greater knowledge and understanding of Christ
26. What is Dante’s major work? (pg. 384)Divine Comedy
27. The Avignon Papacy?
a. Pope Celestine V
b. Boniface VII and Philip IV
i. Why was Philip a pain?
ii. How did “theologians” in Paris hurt the papacy and the Church rather than help it?
28. St. Catherine of Siena?
29. The Western Schism?
a. The Causes, the effects, the outcomes
b. The Council of Constance
c. The Popes (know that chart Pipi drew & discussed)
30. The decline of Scholastic Philosophy and Theology and the rise of heresy, i.e. John Wycliff and Jan Hus?
a. Apologetics
b. The Bible
c. The Faith Alone Heresy
d. Sola Scriptura Heresy
31. Gallicanism?
32. Black Death?
33. The Eucharist?
34. What are the conditions or essential characteristics that must be maintained for a council to be valid? (pg.
413)Must have three essential characteristics:
1.) It must be called by the pope
2.) It must be presided over by the pope or his legate
3.) Its dogmatic decrees are considered valid only if they are accepted and approved by the pope
35. Avignon and Western Schism Packet
36. Protestant Packet
&Here’s More From Rach Camps/Clark
• The order that helped the poor; means “to beg”:
Mendicants
• Father of canon law:
Gregory the VII
• Selling of divine offices:
Simony
• Ended lay investiture problem that plagued the church:
Concordat of Worms
• Collapse of this empire made feudalism more popular:
Carolingian
• Document that tried to get revenues from the church, Thomas Becket opposed it:
Clermont Constitutions
• Refused to hear confessions of Henry the IV:
Gregory the VII
• Political office of Thomas Becket:
Chancelor of England
• Appointing family members to positions:
Nepotism
5. Kristen Kummen
3/20/12
Theology 3 /Pipitone
• Gregory the second said the powers from God rest in him in what document:
DidactusPapae
• Pope that tried to force kings to follow him:
Boniface
• At the council of Constance, the anti-pope forced to resign and the new real pope that was elected is:
Martin the V
• Antipopes:
John the XXIII Alexander V and Benedict XIII
• St. Catherine of Sienna encouraged these two Popes to go back to Rome:
Gregory the XI and Urban VI
• Pope that tried to work out peace with France:
Benedict XI
• Captured and beaten; died three days later:
Boniface
• Pope saw his papacy as the guard of Christendom:
Innocent III
• Religious order called “order of preachers”:
Dominicans (OP)
• Befriended salkin and converted him:
St. Francis of Assisi
• Catherine of Sienna:
Dominican tertiaries
• Archbishop of Bari, Italy; took name after angry mob:
Urban VI
• Reasons why Crusades failed:
leaders obsessed with fame, defensive military campaigns
• Exhumed body of dead pope and put him on trial:
Pope Stephen VI
• Inquisition:
result of Albigensians
• Studied and was a chairman of a university:
Thomas Aquinas
• Minister and general for Franciscans for 16 yrs:
St. Boniventure
• Answered directly to pope; one order:
Cistercians
• Religious order founded holy sites; took three vows:
military orders
• People received stigmata:
Catherine of Sienna, and Francis of Assisi
• Purpose of Spanish Inquisition:
reunited Spain under one Christian religion
• Group stormed and demanded a pope of their nationality
Italy
• Satire novel written by Dante
Dante’s Inferno (divine Comedy)
• Council called to end western schism
Council of Constance
• What town did Francis of Assisi call a wolf to stop attacking
Gubbio
St. Catherine of Siena had to work out peace deals in
- Florence
Pope returned to Rome after a long period of time in France
6. Kristen Kummen
3/20/12
Theology 3 /Pipitone
- Gregory XI
Philosophy in which man seeks out pleasure over all else
-Hedinism
2 types of Indulgences
-Partial and Plenary
Person who was picked as an anti-Pope by Pisa
-Alexander V
Early heretic of Protestants
-John Wycliff
Council that settled the Western Schism
-Constance
What council formally excommunicated Martin Luther?
-Constance
1st person to advocate predestination
-John Wycliff
Half the land in this empire was owned by the Church
-Bohemia
Human achievements over God
-humanism
Focused on military instead of being Pope
-Julius II
Simony
-Selling of Church offices
Nepotism
-Family members elected to positions
Before becoming an Augustinian monk, Luther was
-a lawyer
Luther was faculty at this university
-Wittenburgh
Decree that ended LayVestiture program
-Concordat of Worms
Collapse of this empire left unfavorable conditions for feudalism
-Carolingian
Practice of selling ecclesiastical offices/pardons
-Simony
Person know as father of Canon Law
-St. Gregory VII
Thought his vocation as empire was to revive Roman empire
-Frederick I
Type of order known for helping poor, means “to beg”
-Mendicants
Political office of Thomas Becket
-Chancellor of England
Degree set by Gregory VII
-DidachePapae
This person refused to hear confession of Henry IV
-Gregory VII
Council of Constance, French antipope lost support, this person elected as ultimate pope
-Martin V
St. Catherine of Siena told these two pope’s to go back to Rome
-Urban VI and Gregory XI
This Pope told Christian kingdoms to respect authority, papae pageantry
-Boniface
7. Kristen Kummen
3/20/12
Theology 3 /Pipitone
Captured, slapped, held for 3 days
-Boniface
Resisted, found dead
-Benedict XI
Led Church into Secular affairs
-Innocent III
“The order of preachers”
-Dominicans
Befriended Sultan and converted him to true faith
-St. Francis of Assisi
Archbishop Barry
-Urban VI
Council Pope’s authority is superior to Council’s
-Trent
Exhumed body of previous pontiff, fingers chopped off of the body
-Stephen VI
Inquisition began to
-fight against Albigensians
Chairperson of Theology Dept
-St. Thomas Aquinas
Limits to reason and logic, argued theres should be intuitive knowledge
-
Person was minister general of Franciscans, wrote biography of St. Francis of Asissi
-St. Bonaventure
French movement, King Philip called to move against Boniface VIII
-Gallicanism
How many Crusades
-8
What year does Spanish Inquisition end?
-1884
Purpose for Crusades
-protect holy lands, defensive war
Martin Luther joined
-Augustinians
Luther summoned to be at this meeting
-
Two valid sacraments to Luther
-Eucharist and Baptism
Religious group answered directly to Pope
-Clooney
Founded order of Carthusians
-Bruno
Person’s pontificate, desired to maintain balance throughout Europe
-Catherine
Wrote the Sattire Novel
-Dante, “Divine Comedy”
Showed Aristotle’s thought was okay
-St. Thomas Aquinas