1. The Protestant Reformation was a response to criticisms of corruption and doctrinal issues within the powerful Roman Catholic Church in the early 16th century.
2. Martin Luther's 95 Theses challenging the Church's sale of indulgences and doctrine of salvation through faith alone rather than works sparked the movement.
3. The printing press and vernacular Bible translations helped spread Protestant reforms by making scripture accessible to the masses rather than just clergy.
4. The Catholic Church held the Council of Trent to reaffirm traditional doctrines like transubstantiation and counter the Protestant challenge.
Art and Culture - Module 10 - Reformation and Counter-ReformationRandy Connolly
Tenth module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one mainly covers the Reformation and Counter-Reformation of the 16th and early 17th Century. It also covers aesthetic responses to the Reformation, especially Caravaggio and Bernini.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
IMHO, you cannot truly understand the history and theology of the modern Catholic Church until you read John O’Malley’s excellent histories, Trent, What Happened at the Council, and What Happened at Vatican II.
Was the Council of Trent a reactionary council? This is a common perception, that the Council of Trent initiated the Catholic Counter-Reformation to defend the Catholic Church from the influences of the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther, and that the Vatican II Council was a rejection of Trent, steering the Catholic Church in a more liberal direction. Father O’Malley’s history leads to a different conclusion, that the actual Council of Trent, as opposed to the later impressions of Trent, is really a progressive council that is a precursor to Vatican II. Indeed, the documents of Vatican II and the subsequent Catholic Catechism both cite the Council of Trent extensively.
The post Reformation polemics are to blame for this misunderstanding of the nature of the Council of Trent. In Father O’Malley’s words, “When Pope Pius IV confirmed the council’s decrees, he forbade the printing of commentaries or notes on them without explicit permission of the Holy See.” The Pope really had no choice, the Catholic Church was besieged, had the Pope not restricted access to the minutes of the Council of Trent, protestants would have taken out of context and distorted the debates to discredit the Church. But this prevented balanced scholarship on Trent for four hundred years, until long after Pope Leo XIII opened the Vatican Archives in 1880.
Please read our blog on the Council of Trent:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/council-of-trent-the-reform-council-foreshadowing-vatican-ii/
Please click on the Amazon links to purchase these books and support our channel:
Trent: What Happened at the Council, by John W. O'Malley
https://amzn.to/3B748US , Kindle: https://amzn.to/2XVjFZF
What Happened at Vatican II Paperback, by John W. O'Malley
https://amzn.to/3lY5xJb , Kindle: https://amzn.to/2XVjFZF
And the Learn25 video lectures:
https://www.learn25.com/product/the-council-of-trent-answering-the-reformation-and-reforming-the-church/
Purgatory... part 4...the councils... florence and lateran vEdward Hahnenberg
Part 4 examines the ecumenical councils of Florence and Lateran V and their contribution, or lack thereof, to codifying Purgatory as dogma in the Catholic Church.
Art and Culture - Module 10 - Reformation and Counter-ReformationRandy Connolly
Tenth module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one mainly covers the Reformation and Counter-Reformation of the 16th and early 17th Century. It also covers aesthetic responses to the Reformation, especially Caravaggio and Bernini.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
IMHO, you cannot truly understand the history and theology of the modern Catholic Church until you read John O’Malley’s excellent histories, Trent, What Happened at the Council, and What Happened at Vatican II.
Was the Council of Trent a reactionary council? This is a common perception, that the Council of Trent initiated the Catholic Counter-Reformation to defend the Catholic Church from the influences of the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther, and that the Vatican II Council was a rejection of Trent, steering the Catholic Church in a more liberal direction. Father O’Malley’s history leads to a different conclusion, that the actual Council of Trent, as opposed to the later impressions of Trent, is really a progressive council that is a precursor to Vatican II. Indeed, the documents of Vatican II and the subsequent Catholic Catechism both cite the Council of Trent extensively.
The post Reformation polemics are to blame for this misunderstanding of the nature of the Council of Trent. In Father O’Malley’s words, “When Pope Pius IV confirmed the council’s decrees, he forbade the printing of commentaries or notes on them without explicit permission of the Holy See.” The Pope really had no choice, the Catholic Church was besieged, had the Pope not restricted access to the minutes of the Council of Trent, protestants would have taken out of context and distorted the debates to discredit the Church. But this prevented balanced scholarship on Trent for four hundred years, until long after Pope Leo XIII opened the Vatican Archives in 1880.
Please read our blog on the Council of Trent:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/council-of-trent-the-reform-council-foreshadowing-vatican-ii/
Please click on the Amazon links to purchase these books and support our channel:
Trent: What Happened at the Council, by John W. O'Malley
https://amzn.to/3B748US , Kindle: https://amzn.to/2XVjFZF
What Happened at Vatican II Paperback, by John W. O'Malley
https://amzn.to/3lY5xJb , Kindle: https://amzn.to/2XVjFZF
And the Learn25 video lectures:
https://www.learn25.com/product/the-council-of-trent-answering-the-reformation-and-reforming-the-church/
Purgatory... part 4...the councils... florence and lateran vEdward Hahnenberg
Part 4 examines the ecumenical councils of Florence and Lateran V and their contribution, or lack thereof, to codifying Purgatory as dogma in the Catholic Church.
Let us vote on each of the sayings on Jesus, a red bead for each truly authentic saying of Jesus, a pink bead when the saying sure sounds like Jesus, gray, maybe, a black bead for a saying Jesus could not have said, although centuries of biblical scholars thought and taught otherwise.
Using this voting method, the self-appointed members of the Jesus Seminar in 1985 pronounced that only fifteen sayings were truly said by Jesus, while another seventy-five sayings were probably words of Jesus. There were a few eminent scholars in the group, most were middling academics, none were from the most eminent theological universities. But it was great television, great headlines, great press, controversial conspiracies, grabbing ten minutes of fame for this or that ignorant expert.
The original attendees of the Jesus Seminar have mostly been forgotten, with only a spare mention by Dr Wikipedia, but unfortunately the historical Jesus baton was passed to Bart Ehrman, one of the foremost textual critics of the New Testament, which means his specialty is examining the ancient Greek manuscript texts for variants. Dr Timothy Johnson wrote a book disputing the claims of the historical Jesus, The Real Jesus, which will be our main source. This book first looks back to the history of the church since the Reformation, and in the United States since World War II and the GI Bill, to understand how such beliefs can become widespread.
In addition to Professor Johnson's book, The Real Jesus, we will be consulting other works. If you wish to purchase these books, these links will help support our channel with a small affiliate commission:
The Real Jesus: The Misguided Quest for the Historical Jesus and the Truth of the Traditional Gospels, by Luke Timothy Johnson
https://amzn.to/3b0f77J
The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth, by Ben Witherington III
https://amzn.to/3C82S4O
Scripture in Tradition: The Bible and Its Interpretation in the Orthodox Church, by John Breck
https://amzn.to/3E5Kmuh
The History of Christian Theology, Audiobook, by Phillip Cary, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/3m3l8qu
The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant, by John Dominic Crossan
https://amzn.to/3CaZaYi
Meeting Jesus Again for the First Time: The Historical Jesus and the Heart of Contemporary Faith, by Marcus Borg
https://amzn.to/3puaHyk
The History of the Bible: The Making of the New Testament Canon, Audiobook, by Bart D. Ehrman, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/3C6zQT2
The Greatest Controversies of Early Christian History, Audiobook, by Bart D. Ehrman, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/2Zgcps4
These are my blogs on this topic:
https://wp.me/pachSU-5Z
https://wp.me/pachSU-63
https://wp.me/pachSU-7O
https://wp.me/pachSU-97
Powerpoint created by Dr. Rex Butler at the New Orleans Theological Seminary. Available at:
http://www.nobts.edu/faculty/atoh/BulterR/CH2_Unit_1b.Martin_Luther.ppt
Let us vote on each of the sayings on Jesus, a red bead for each truly authentic saying of Jesus, a pink bead when the saying sure sounds like Jesus, gray, maybe, a black bead for a saying Jesus could not have said, although centuries of biblical scholars thought and taught otherwise.
Using this voting method, the self-appointed members of the Jesus Seminar in 1985 pronounced that only fifteen sayings were truly said by Jesus, while another seventy-five sayings were probably words of Jesus. There were a few eminent scholars in the group, most were middling academics, none were from the most eminent theological universities. But it was great television, great headlines, great press, controversial conspiracies, grabbing ten minutes of fame for this or that ignorant expert.
The original attendees of the Jesus Seminar have mostly been forgotten, with only a spare mention by Dr Wikipedia, but unfortunately the historical Jesus baton was passed to Bart Ehrman, one of the foremost textual critics of the New Testament, which means his specialty is examining the ancient Greek manuscript texts for variants. Dr Timothy Johnson wrote a book disputing the claims of the historical Jesus, The Real Jesus, which will be our main source. This book first looks back to the history of the church since the Reformation, and in the United States since World War II and the GI Bill, to understand how such beliefs can become widespread.
In addition to Professor Johnson's book, The Real Jesus, we will be consulting other works. If you wish to purchase these books, these links will help support our channel with a small affiliate commission:
The Real Jesus: The Misguided Quest for the Historical Jesus and the Truth of the Traditional Gospels, by Luke Timothy Johnson
https://amzn.to/3b0f77J
The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth, by Ben Witherington III
https://amzn.to/3C82S4O
Scripture in Tradition: The Bible and Its Interpretation in the Orthodox Church, by John Breck
https://amzn.to/3E5Kmuh
The History of Christian Theology, Audiobook, by Phillip Cary, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/3m3l8qu
The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant, by John Dominic Crossan
https://amzn.to/3CaZaYi
Meeting Jesus Again for the First Time: The Historical Jesus and the Heart of Contemporary Faith, by Marcus Borg
https://amzn.to/3puaHyk
The History of the Bible: The Making of the New Testament Canon, Audiobook, by Bart D. Ehrman, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/3C6zQT2
The Greatest Controversies of Early Christian History, Audiobook, by Bart D. Ehrman, The Great Courses
https://amzn.to/2Zgcps4
These are my blogs on this topic:
https://wp.me/pachSU-5Z
https://wp.me/pachSU-63
https://wp.me/pachSU-7O
https://wp.me/pachSU-97
Powerpoint created by Dr. Rex Butler at the New Orleans Theological Seminary. Available at:
http://www.nobts.edu/faculty/atoh/BulterR/CH2_Unit_1b.Martin_Luther.ppt
Learn about the protestant reformation in the 16th and 17th century. The downfall of the Roman Catholic church, Martin Luther and the effects are covered.
Not mine. My Professor made this.
The Five Solas -- Class 1, Sola ScripturaChuck Noren
The Five Solas is a series of classes exploring the five major slogans of the Protestant Reformation. In this class, we look at Sola Scriptura or the Bible Alone. This traces some of its origins, its development during the Reformation, and how it applies today.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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3. • In art history, the 16th century sees the styles we call the
High Renaissance followed by Mannerism, and—at the
end of the century—the emergence of the Baroque style.
• Naturally, these styles are all shaped by historical forces,
the most significant being the Protestant Reformation’s
successful challenge to the spiritual and political power of
the Church in Rome.
• For the history of art this has particular significance since
the use (and abuse) of images was the topic of debate.
• In fact, many images were attacked destroyed during
this period, a phenomenon called iconoclasm.
4. • Today there many types of Protestant Churches.
• For example, Baptist is currently the largest denomination in
the United States but there are many dozens more.
• How did this happen? Where did they all begin? To
understand the Protestant Reform movement, we need to go
back in history to the early 16th century when there was only
one church in Western Europe—what we would now call the
Roman Catholic Church—under the leadership of the Pope in
Rome.
• Today, we call this “Roman Catholic” because there are so
many other types of churches (ie Methodist, Baptist, Lutheran,
Calvinist, Anglican—you get the idea).
• The Protestant Reformation was a response to criticisms of
the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformation led to changes
in politics as well as religion. (Hillerbrand, 1968)
5. • in the year 1500, the Church (what we now call the
Roman Catholic Church) was very powerful (politically
and spiritually) in Western Europe (and in fact ruled over
significant territory in Italy called the Papal States).
• the Holy Roman Empire (largely made up of German
speaking regions ruled by princes, dukes and electors),
the Italian city-states, England, as well as the
increasingly unified nation states of France and Spain
(among others).
-The Church and the State-
6. • The power of the rulers of these areas had increased in the
previous century and many were anxious to take the
opportunity offered by the Reformation to weaken the power
of the papacy (the office of the Pope) and increase their own
power in relation to the Church in Rome and other rulers.
• some time the church had been seen as an institution
plagued by internal power struggles (at one point in the late
1300s and 1400s church was ruled by three Popes
simultaneously).
• Popes and Cardinals often lived more like Kings than
spiritual leaders. Popes claimed temporal (political) as well
as spiritual power. They commanded armies, made political
alliances and enemies, and, sometimes, even waged war.
7. • Simony (the selling of church offices) and nepotism
(favoritism based on family relationships) were rampant.
Clearly, if the Pope was concentrating on these worldly
issues, there wasn't as much time left for caring for the
souls of the faithful.
• The corruption of the Church was well known, and
several attempts had been made to reform the Church
(notably by John Wyclif and Jan Hus), but none of these
efforts was successfully challenged Church practice until
Martin Luther’s actions in the early 1500s.
8. Lucas Cranach the Elder,Martin Luther, Bust in Three-
Quarter View, 1520 (The Museum of Fine Arts,
Houston)
9. • Indulgences
• Faith Alone
• Scripture Alone
• The Counter-Reformation
• The Council of Trent
10. • Martin Luther was a German monk and Professor of
Theology at the University of Wittenberg.
• Luther sparked the Reformation in 1517 by posting, at
least according to tradition, his "95 Theses" on the door
of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany—these
theses were a list of statements that expressed Luther's
concerns about certain Church practices—largely the
sale of indulgences, but they were based on Luther’s
deeper concerns with church doctrine.
• Protestant contains the word "protest" and that
reformation contains the word "reform" —this was an
effort, at least at first, to protest some practices of the
Catholic Church and to reform that Church.
11. • The sale of indulgences was a practice where the church
acknowledged a donation or other charitable work with a piece
of paper (an indulgence), that certified that your soul would
enter heaven more quickly by reducing your time in purgatory.
• If you committed no serious sins that guaranteed your place
in hell, and you died before repenting and atoning for all of
your sins, then your soul went to Purgatory—a kind of way-
station where you finished atoning for your sins before being
allowed to enter heaven.
• Pope Leo X had granted indulgences to raise money for the
rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.
• These indulgences were being sold by Johann Tetzel not far
from Wittenberg, where Luther was Professor of Theology.
• Luther was gravely concerned about the way in which getting
into heaven was connected with a financial transaction. But
the sale of indulgences was not Luther’s only disagreement
12. • Martin Luther was very devout and had experienced a spiritual crisis.
He concluded that no matter how "good" he tried to be, no matter how
he tried to stay away from sin, he still found himself having sinful
thoughts.
• He was fearful that no matter how many good works he did, he could
never do enough to earn his place in heaven (remember that, according
to the Catholic Church, doing good works, for example commissioning
works of art for the Church, helped one gain entrance to heaven).
• This was a profound recognition of the inescapable sinfulness of the
human condition. After all, no matter how kind and good we try to be, we
all find ourselves having thoughts which are unkind and sometimes
much worse.
• Luther found a way out of this problem when he read St. Paul, who
wrote "The just shall live by faith" (Romans 1:17). Luther understood this
to mean that those who go to heaven (the just) will get there by faith
alone—not by doing good works. In other words, God’s grace is
something freely given to human beings, not something we can earn.
• For the Catholic Church on the other hand, human beings, through
good works, had some agency in their salvation.
14. • Luther (and other reformers) turned to the Bible as the only reliable
source of instruction (as opposed to the teachings of the Church).
• The invention of the printing press in the middle of the 15th century
(by Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany) together with the translation of
the Bible into the vernacular (the common languages of French,
Italian, German, English, etc.) meant that it was possible for those
that could read to learn directly from Bible without having to rely on a
priest or other church officials.
• Before this time, the Bible was available in Latin, the ancient
language of Rome spoken chiefly by the clergy. Before the printing
press, books were handmade and extremely expensive.
• The invention of the printing press and the translation of the bible into
the vernacular meant that for the first time in history, the Bible was
available to those outside of the Church. And now, a direct
relationship to God, unmediated by the institution of the Catholic
Church, was possible.
15. • When Luther and other reformers looked to the words of the Bible
(and there were efforts at improving the accuracy of these new
translations based on early Greek manuscripts), they found that
many of the practices and teachings of the Church about how we
achieve salvation didn’t match Christ’s teaching.
• This included many of the Sacraments, including Holy Communion
(also known as the Eucharist).
• According to the Catholic Church, the miracle of Communion is
transubstantiation—when the priest administers the bread and
wine, they change (the prefix "trans" means to change) their
substance into the body and blood of Christ.
• Luther denied that anything changed during Holy Communion.
• Luther thereby challenged one of the central sacraments of the
Catholic Church, one of its central miracles, and thereby one of the
ways that human beings can achieve grace with God, or salvation.
16. • The Church initially ignored Martin Luther, but Luther's ideas
(and variations of them, including Calvinism) quickly spread
throughout Europe.
• He was asked to recant (to disavow) his writings at the Diet of
Worms (an unfortunate name for a council held by the Holy
Roman Emperor in the German city of Worms).
• When Luther refused, he was excommunicated (in other
words, expelled from the church).
• The Church's response to the threat from Luther and others
during this period is called the Counter-Reformation ("counter"
meaning against).
• Many Catholics recognized the need for reform of the Church,
and their work renewed the faith of Catholics. (Hillerbrand,
1968)
17. • In 1545 the Church opened the Council of Trent to deal
with the issues raised by Luther.
• The Council of Trent was an assembly of high officials in
the Church who met (on and off for eighteen years)
principally in the Northern Italian town of Trent for 25
sessions.
18. • 1. The Council denied the Lutheran idea of justification by
faith. They affirmed, in other words, their Doctrine of Merit,
which allows human beings to redeem themselves through
Good Works, and through the sacraments.
• 2. They affirmed the existence of Purgatory and the usefulness
of prayer and indulgences in shortening a person's stay in
purgatory.
• 3. They reaffirmed the belief in transubstantiation and the
importance of all seven sacraments
• 4. They reaffirmed the authority of both scripture the teachings
and traditions of the Church
19. • 5. They reaffirmed the necessity and correctness of
religious art (see below)
Session of the Council of Trent in Matthias Burglechner, "Tyrolischer Adler,"
vol.IX
20. • At the Council of Trent, the Church also reaffirmed the
usefulness of images—but indicated that church officials
should be careful to promote the correct use of images and
guard against the possibility of idolatry.
• The council decreed that images are useful "because the
honour which is shown them is referred to the prototypes
which those images represent" (in other words, through the
images we honor the holy figures depicted).
• they listed another reason images were useful, "because the
miracles which God has performed by means of the saints,
and their salutary examples, are set before the eyes of the
faithful; that so they may give God thanks for those things;
may order their own lives and manners in imitation of the
saints; and may be excited to adore and love God, and to
cultivate piety."
21. • The Reformation was a very violent period in Europe,
even family members were often pitted against one
another in the wars of religion.
• Each side, both Catholics and Protestants, were often
absolutely certain that they were in the right and that the
other side was doing the devil’s work.
• The artists of this period—Michelangelo in Rome, Titian
in Venice, Durer in Nuremberg, Cranach in Saxony—
were impacted by these changes since the Church had
been the single largest patron for artists.
22. • And now art was now being scrutinized in an entirely new
way.
• The Catholic Church was looking to see if art
communicated the stories of the Bible effectively and
clearly (see Veronese’s Feast in the House of Levi for
more on this).
• Protestants on the other hand, for the most part lost the
patronage of the Church and religious images
(sculptures, paintings, stained glass windows etc) were
destroyed in iconoclastic riots.
23. • It is also during this period that the Scientific Revolution
gained momentum and observation of the natural world
replaced religious doctrine as the source of our understanding
of the universe and our place in it.
• Copernicus up-ended the ancient Greek model of the heavens
by suggesting that the sun was at the center of the solar
system and that the planets orbited around it.
• At the same time, exploration, colonization and (the often
forced) Christianization of what Europe called the “new world”
continued.
• By the end of the century, the world of the Europeans was a
lot bigger and opinions about that world were more varied and
more uncertain than they had been for centuries.
24. From this history of reformation we could concluded that the
cause of reformation was:
• Decentralization of European societies (rise of the Nation-state)
• Negative view of Catholic leadership as a result of the Black
Death
• Weaknesses in the Catholic Church including dueling papacies
in Avignon and Rome
• Corruption of the Catholic Church, particularly the sale of
indulgences and simony
• Scientific developments that contradicted Church doctrine