The Concepts Of Sublimation And How Sublimation Works
•Download as PPT, PDF•
1 like•1,023 views
Sublimation is the process in which a material changes from a frozen solid to a gas without passing through the intermediate liquid state.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Sublimation by Waqas Siddiqe
Sublimation is the direct change of a substance from the solid to the gas phase without passing through the liquid phase. It is an endothermic process that occurs below the triple point of a substance. During sublimation, heat provides energy for molecules to overcome attractive forces and escape as a gas. Sublimation is used to purify solids by heating them under reduced pressure so the pure substance condenses away from any non-volatile residues. It has applications in fields like pharmaceuticals, fingerprint detection, and producing special effects.
Sublimation
Sublimation is the process where a solid changes from a solid to a vapor without passing through the liquid state.
Sublimation
Sublimation is an endothermic phase transition that occurs at temperatures and pressures below a substance's triple point in its phase diagram.
Sublimation and deposition
Sublimation is the direct change of a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid phase. An example is dry ice, which sublimates from solid carbon dioxide to carbon dioxide gas at room temperature. Deposition is the opposite process where a gas changes directly to a solid without first becoming a liquid, such as snow forming from water vapor in clouds. Sublimation and deposition allow purification of compounds through changing and condensing phases without melting or freezing.
particle presentation by devan
Liquid, solid and gas are the three classical states of matter. Liquids are able to flow and take the shape of containers, unlike solids which maintain a fixed shape and volume. Gases have no definite shape or volume and their particles are spaced far apart. Matter can change between these different states through phase transitions such as freezing, melting, sublimation, crystallization, vaporization and condensation which involve changes to the arrangement of particles when temperature or pressure is altered.
Chemistry
This document defines and describes several chemical separation processes: filtration, sublimation, crystallization, and distillation. It provides brief definitions of each process. Filtration separates solids from liquids by passing the liquid through a filter medium. Sublimation is the direct transition from solid to gas phases without passing through the liquid phase. Crystallization involves the formation of solid crystals from a solution or melt. Distillation separates mixtures based on differences in boiling points, with the more volatile components distilling off first. Examples of each process are also given.
Lyophlization & Elutriation
The document discusses lyophilization and elutriation. Lyophilization, or freeze drying, is a process that removes water from a frozen product under vacuum, allowing ice to change directly to vapor without passing through liquid. It involves freezing, primary drying to remove 98-99% water, and secondary drying to remove remaining bound water. Elutriation separates particles based on size, shape and density using an opposing gas or liquid stream, allowing finer particles to move upward while larger ones sediment downward.
Sublimation, precipitation, freeze drying
Sublimation is the direct transition of a substance from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state, such as with naphthalene forming crystals on a cool surface. Precipitation occurs when combining two soluble salt solutions results in an insoluble salt precipitate falling out of solution. Freeze drying involves freezing a product, lowering pressure, and removing ice by sublimation without heat to evaporate water like conventional dehydration methods.
Recommended
Sublimation by Waqas Siddiqe
Sublimation is the direct change of a substance from the solid to the gas phase without passing through the liquid phase. It is an endothermic process that occurs below the triple point of a substance. During sublimation, heat provides energy for molecules to overcome attractive forces and escape as a gas. Sublimation is used to purify solids by heating them under reduced pressure so the pure substance condenses away from any non-volatile residues. It has applications in fields like pharmaceuticals, fingerprint detection, and producing special effects.
Sublimation
Sublimation is the process where a solid changes from a solid to a vapor without passing through the liquid state.
Sublimation
Sublimation is an endothermic phase transition that occurs at temperatures and pressures below a substance's triple point in its phase diagram.
Sublimation and deposition
Sublimation is the direct change of a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid phase. An example is dry ice, which sublimates from solid carbon dioxide to carbon dioxide gas at room temperature. Deposition is the opposite process where a gas changes directly to a solid without first becoming a liquid, such as snow forming from water vapor in clouds. Sublimation and deposition allow purification of compounds through changing and condensing phases without melting or freezing.
particle presentation by devan
Liquid, solid and gas are the three classical states of matter. Liquids are able to flow and take the shape of containers, unlike solids which maintain a fixed shape and volume. Gases have no definite shape or volume and their particles are spaced far apart. Matter can change between these different states through phase transitions such as freezing, melting, sublimation, crystallization, vaporization and condensation which involve changes to the arrangement of particles when temperature or pressure is altered.
Chemistry
This document defines and describes several chemical separation processes: filtration, sublimation, crystallization, and distillation. It provides brief definitions of each process. Filtration separates solids from liquids by passing the liquid through a filter medium. Sublimation is the direct transition from solid to gas phases without passing through the liquid phase. Crystallization involves the formation of solid crystals from a solution or melt. Distillation separates mixtures based on differences in boiling points, with the more volatile components distilling off first. Examples of each process are also given.
Lyophlization & Elutriation
The document discusses lyophilization and elutriation. Lyophilization, or freeze drying, is a process that removes water from a frozen product under vacuum, allowing ice to change directly to vapor without passing through liquid. It involves freezing, primary drying to remove 98-99% water, and secondary drying to remove remaining bound water. Elutriation separates particles based on size, shape and density using an opposing gas or liquid stream, allowing finer particles to move upward while larger ones sediment downward.
Sublimation, precipitation, freeze drying
Sublimation is the direct transition of a substance from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state, such as with naphthalene forming crystals on a cool surface. Precipitation occurs when combining two soluble salt solutions results in an insoluble salt precipitate falling out of solution. Freeze drying involves freezing a product, lowering pressure, and removing ice by sublimation without heat to evaporate water like conventional dehydration methods.
15 drying
This document provides an overview of drying in the pharmaceutical industry. It discusses the importance of drying as the last stage of manufacturing before packaging. The key types of drying covered are convective, conductive, and radiative drying. Convective drying can be static bed or dynamic fluidized bed. Conductive drying uses vacuum ovens or tumblers. Radiative drying includes infrared and microwave radiation. Factors that influence drying like moisture content, bound vs unbound water, and equilibrium moisture content are also explained.
Drying rate
1) Drying curves plot drying rate versus remaining water content and can describe the drying process in steps with changing drying rates.
2) There is an initial constant rate period where unbound surface water is removed, followed by a falling rate period where the drying rate decreases as water moves internally through the material.
3) Drying rates determined experimentally can be used to calculate drying times to design drying equipment and operations. Simplified calculations can provide useful estimates by assuming constant temperature and humidity.
Evaporation and Distillation
This document discusses evaporation and distillation. It defines evaporation and describes the mechanism and factors that affect the evaporation process. Various modes of evaporation and evaporators are described, including natural circulation evaporators like evaporating pans and short tube evaporators, and forced circulation evaporators. The advantages of evaporation under reduced pressure are highlighted. Applications of evaporation include concentrating solutions and producing products like salt.
Properties of substance
There are three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. A solid changes to a liquid at the melting point, and a liquid changes to a solid at the freezing point, which is equal to the melting point. A liquid changes to a gas at the boiling point, such as water boiling at 100 degrees Celsius. Evaporation is when a liquid turns to a gas at its surface, while boiling occurs throughout the liquid. Some substances like camphor sublimate, changing directly from solid to gas. Distillation involves heating a liquid to boil it, cooling the vapor to recondense it into a pure liquid. Fractional distillation separates mixed liquids based on their different boiling points.
Evaporation
The document discusses evaporation and the factors that affect the rate of evaporation, including temperature, surface area, humidity, and air movement. It explains that evaporation is a cooling process where fast-moving liquid particles escape at the surface and enter the vapor phase, lowering the temperature of the remaining liquid. Condensation is described as the opposite process of evaporation. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate the energy required for evaporation and the increase in body temperature if that energy was not removed through sweating during exercise.
Evaporation and condensation
Changes in the states of matter can occur through evaporation or condensation. Evaporation is the change of a liquid to a gas state, such as water turning to water vapor, after being heated. Condensation is the opposite change where a gas turns to a liquid state, like water vapor condensing to liquid water again, through the process of cooling.
Introduction to drying, large scale industrial equipment & advanced drying te...
This document discusses drying processes used in the pharmaceutical industry. It defines drying and evaporation and describes the theory of drying, including equilibrium relationships and rate relationships. Various factors that affect the drying process are examined. Different types of drying equipment are classified and selected based on the material and application. Advanced drying technologies like freeze drying and online process monitoring are presented as ways to optimize drying and reduce processing times in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Drying
This document discusses various aspects of drying, including definitions, principles, measurement techniques, and classifications. Drying involves the removal of water or liquid from a solid-liquid mixture to form a dry solid, and differs from evaporation which concentrates solutions. Drying is important for preservation, size reduction, improving product properties, and reducing costs. Drying rates can be constant, falling, or in multiple falling periods. Moisture distributes unevenly in materials in different states. Dryers are classified based on solid handling methods (static, moving, fluidized), heat transfer methods (convection, conduction, etc.), and operating principles. Common dryer types include shelf, tunnel, rotary, fluidized bed, vacuum
Evaporation
Do not depend entirely on this report because some data gathered were erroneous. Please refer to your own experiment and make this as a reference.
Equilibrium Moisture Content - Methods of Determination of EMC, Models of EMC...
Definition of Equilibrium Moisture Content, Factors that effects EMC, Methods to determine EMC by Static & Dynamic methods, Models like Kelvin equation, Chung-frost equation, Henderson equation, Hurkins-Jura equation, it's importance and Hysteresis effect.
Drying freeze-drying
Freeze drying pharmaceuticals uses a process called lyophilization to lower the temperature of the product to below freezing, and then a high-pressure vacuum is applied to extract the water in the form of vapour. The vapour collects on a condenser, turns back to ice and is removed.
Drying by Ankita Yagnik
All about pharmaceutical drying.
Drying presentation for 2nd semester and 4th semester students as per GTU syllabus.
Osmotic pressure
This presentation discusses osmotic pressure and its related concepts. Osmosis is the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated to a more concentrated solution. Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure required to prevent osmosis, or the flow of water across the membrane. It further defines isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions and outlines methods to determine osmotic pressure. Van't Hoff's law relates osmotic pressure to concentration and temperature. Osmotic pressure has important applications including desalination and maintaining fluid balance in the body.
Physio-chemical processes------(Pharmaceutics)
This document provides an overview of physio-chemical processes including precipitation, ignition, distillation, vaporization, evaporation, and others. It discusses these processes in detail, providing definitions, examples, and applications. Specifically, it discusses precipitation reactions and how insoluble solids are formed, defines ignition as strongly heating an organic substance until only inorganic residue remains, and describes different types of distillation like simple, fractional, and steam distillation used to separate liquid mixtures.
Change of state
When a solid is heated, the particles gain energy and vibrate faster until they break free from their fixed positions, having enough energy to overcome the attractions between particles. This change from solid to liquid is called melting. Each pure substance has a specific melting/boiling point, which is the temperature at which it changes state while the temperature remains constant. Boiling occurs when the most energetic particles in a liquid escape as a gas, and boiling happens throughout the entire liquid rather than just at the surface like evaporation. Sublimation is when a solid changes directly to a gas without first becoming a liquid.
Chapter 10 – states of matter
The document discusses the three main states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It explains the kinetic molecular theory and how it applies to each state. Key points include:
1) Solids have a definite shape and volume, with particles tightly packed in an ordered structure.
2) Liquids have a definite volume but fill the shape of their container. Their particles are closer than gases but still have motion.
3) Gases fill their container completely and have particles with random, rapid motion that are far apart with no intermolecular forces between them.
The document then goes into more details about the properties and characteristics of each state, phase changes, and concepts like vapor pressure
Simple distillation
This document summarizes a chemistry laboratory experiment on simple distillation. The experiment aims to separate a mixture of two miscible liquids with a boiling point difference of at least 25°C. The procedure involves heating the liquid mixture in a round-bottom flask attached to a condenser. Vapors form and travel up the condenser where they cool and drip into a collection flask. The temperature is recorded at each stage of distillation. The results show the primary boiling point, final boiling point, amounts distilled and remaining, and percentage of distilled material.
Chapter 10 – states of matter
The document discusses the three main states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It explains the kinetic molecular theory and how it applies to each state. Key points include:
1) Solids have a definite shape and volume, with particles tightly packed in an ordered structure.
2) Liquids have a definite volume but fill the shape of their container. Their particles are closer than gases but still have motion.
3) Gases have no definite shape or volume, with particles in constant random motion and far apart with no intermolecular forces between them.
The document then goes into more details about the properties and characteristics of each state, phase changes, and concepts like vapor pressure
DRYING TECHNIQUES IN PHARMACY
This document discusses various drying techniques used in the pharmaceutical industry. It begins by defining drying as removing liquid from a material through the application of heat. There are two main types of dryers: dryers for dilute solutions/suspensions, which include drum and spray dryers; and dryers for damp solid materials, such as tray, tunnel, rotary, and fluidized bed dryers. The document then provides details on the design and operation of each type of dryer, emphasizing their applications in drying pharmaceutical products. Factors affecting the drying process and choice of dryer are also reviewed.
Pathogens
This document discusses pathogens and the history of infection control. It defines pathogens as microorganisms like bacteria and viruses that can cause disease. It describes how bacteria and viruses infect the body and make us feel ill. The document then discusses important figures in the history of infection control like Ignaz Semmelweis, who reduced childbed fever deaths by insisting doctors wash their hands with chlorine water before examining patients, and Australian scientists Marshall and Warren, who discovered the bacteria Heliobacter pylori causes stomach ulcers.
Changes of matter
A physical change alters a substance's form or appearance but not its chemical composition, such as water freezing to ice. A chemical change creates new substances through molecular rearrangement, like iron rusting due to oxidation. Chemical changes can be identified by changes in properties such as density, melting point, or reactions producing gas.
More Related Content
What's hot
15 drying
This document provides an overview of drying in the pharmaceutical industry. It discusses the importance of drying as the last stage of manufacturing before packaging. The key types of drying covered are convective, conductive, and radiative drying. Convective drying can be static bed or dynamic fluidized bed. Conductive drying uses vacuum ovens or tumblers. Radiative drying includes infrared and microwave radiation. Factors that influence drying like moisture content, bound vs unbound water, and equilibrium moisture content are also explained.
Drying rate
1) Drying curves plot drying rate versus remaining water content and can describe the drying process in steps with changing drying rates.
2) There is an initial constant rate period where unbound surface water is removed, followed by a falling rate period where the drying rate decreases as water moves internally through the material.
3) Drying rates determined experimentally can be used to calculate drying times to design drying equipment and operations. Simplified calculations can provide useful estimates by assuming constant temperature and humidity.
Evaporation and Distillation
This document discusses evaporation and distillation. It defines evaporation and describes the mechanism and factors that affect the evaporation process. Various modes of evaporation and evaporators are described, including natural circulation evaporators like evaporating pans and short tube evaporators, and forced circulation evaporators. The advantages of evaporation under reduced pressure are highlighted. Applications of evaporation include concentrating solutions and producing products like salt.
Properties of substance
There are three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. A solid changes to a liquid at the melting point, and a liquid changes to a solid at the freezing point, which is equal to the melting point. A liquid changes to a gas at the boiling point, such as water boiling at 100 degrees Celsius. Evaporation is when a liquid turns to a gas at its surface, while boiling occurs throughout the liquid. Some substances like camphor sublimate, changing directly from solid to gas. Distillation involves heating a liquid to boil it, cooling the vapor to recondense it into a pure liquid. Fractional distillation separates mixed liquids based on their different boiling points.
Evaporation
The document discusses evaporation and the factors that affect the rate of evaporation, including temperature, surface area, humidity, and air movement. It explains that evaporation is a cooling process where fast-moving liquid particles escape at the surface and enter the vapor phase, lowering the temperature of the remaining liquid. Condensation is described as the opposite process of evaporation. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate the energy required for evaporation and the increase in body temperature if that energy was not removed through sweating during exercise.
Evaporation and condensation
Changes in the states of matter can occur through evaporation or condensation. Evaporation is the change of a liquid to a gas state, such as water turning to water vapor, after being heated. Condensation is the opposite change where a gas turns to a liquid state, like water vapor condensing to liquid water again, through the process of cooling.
Introduction to drying, large scale industrial equipment & advanced drying te...
This document discusses drying processes used in the pharmaceutical industry. It defines drying and evaporation and describes the theory of drying, including equilibrium relationships and rate relationships. Various factors that affect the drying process are examined. Different types of drying equipment are classified and selected based on the material and application. Advanced drying technologies like freeze drying and online process monitoring are presented as ways to optimize drying and reduce processing times in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Drying
This document discusses various aspects of drying, including definitions, principles, measurement techniques, and classifications. Drying involves the removal of water or liquid from a solid-liquid mixture to form a dry solid, and differs from evaporation which concentrates solutions. Drying is important for preservation, size reduction, improving product properties, and reducing costs. Drying rates can be constant, falling, or in multiple falling periods. Moisture distributes unevenly in materials in different states. Dryers are classified based on solid handling methods (static, moving, fluidized), heat transfer methods (convection, conduction, etc.), and operating principles. Common dryer types include shelf, tunnel, rotary, fluidized bed, vacuum
Evaporation
Do not depend entirely on this report because some data gathered were erroneous. Please refer to your own experiment and make this as a reference.
Equilibrium Moisture Content - Methods of Determination of EMC, Models of EMC...
Definition of Equilibrium Moisture Content, Factors that effects EMC, Methods to determine EMC by Static & Dynamic methods, Models like Kelvin equation, Chung-frost equation, Henderson equation, Hurkins-Jura equation, it's importance and Hysteresis effect.
Drying freeze-drying
Freeze drying pharmaceuticals uses a process called lyophilization to lower the temperature of the product to below freezing, and then a high-pressure vacuum is applied to extract the water in the form of vapour. The vapour collects on a condenser, turns back to ice and is removed.
Drying by Ankita Yagnik
All about pharmaceutical drying.
Drying presentation for 2nd semester and 4th semester students as per GTU syllabus.
Osmotic pressure
This presentation discusses osmotic pressure and its related concepts. Osmosis is the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated to a more concentrated solution. Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure required to prevent osmosis, or the flow of water across the membrane. It further defines isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions and outlines methods to determine osmotic pressure. Van't Hoff's law relates osmotic pressure to concentration and temperature. Osmotic pressure has important applications including desalination and maintaining fluid balance in the body.
Physio-chemical processes------(Pharmaceutics)
This document provides an overview of physio-chemical processes including precipitation, ignition, distillation, vaporization, evaporation, and others. It discusses these processes in detail, providing definitions, examples, and applications. Specifically, it discusses precipitation reactions and how insoluble solids are formed, defines ignition as strongly heating an organic substance until only inorganic residue remains, and describes different types of distillation like simple, fractional, and steam distillation used to separate liquid mixtures.
Change of state
When a solid is heated, the particles gain energy and vibrate faster until they break free from their fixed positions, having enough energy to overcome the attractions between particles. This change from solid to liquid is called melting. Each pure substance has a specific melting/boiling point, which is the temperature at which it changes state while the temperature remains constant. Boiling occurs when the most energetic particles in a liquid escape as a gas, and boiling happens throughout the entire liquid rather than just at the surface like evaporation. Sublimation is when a solid changes directly to a gas without first becoming a liquid.
Chapter 10 – states of matter
The document discusses the three main states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It explains the kinetic molecular theory and how it applies to each state. Key points include:
1) Solids have a definite shape and volume, with particles tightly packed in an ordered structure.
2) Liquids have a definite volume but fill the shape of their container. Their particles are closer than gases but still have motion.
3) Gases fill their container completely and have particles with random, rapid motion that are far apart with no intermolecular forces between them.
The document then goes into more details about the properties and characteristics of each state, phase changes, and concepts like vapor pressure
Simple distillation
This document summarizes a chemistry laboratory experiment on simple distillation. The experiment aims to separate a mixture of two miscible liquids with a boiling point difference of at least 25°C. The procedure involves heating the liquid mixture in a round-bottom flask attached to a condenser. Vapors form and travel up the condenser where they cool and drip into a collection flask. The temperature is recorded at each stage of distillation. The results show the primary boiling point, final boiling point, amounts distilled and remaining, and percentage of distilled material.
Chapter 10 – states of matter
The document discusses the three main states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It explains the kinetic molecular theory and how it applies to each state. Key points include:
1) Solids have a definite shape and volume, with particles tightly packed in an ordered structure.
2) Liquids have a definite volume but fill the shape of their container. Their particles are closer than gases but still have motion.
3) Gases have no definite shape or volume, with particles in constant random motion and far apart with no intermolecular forces between them.
The document then goes into more details about the properties and characteristics of each state, phase changes, and concepts like vapor pressure
DRYING TECHNIQUES IN PHARMACY
This document discusses various drying techniques used in the pharmaceutical industry. It begins by defining drying as removing liquid from a material through the application of heat. There are two main types of dryers: dryers for dilute solutions/suspensions, which include drum and spray dryers; and dryers for damp solid materials, such as tray, tunnel, rotary, and fluidized bed dryers. The document then provides details on the design and operation of each type of dryer, emphasizing their applications in drying pharmaceutical products. Factors affecting the drying process and choice of dryer are also reviewed.
What's hot (20)
Introduction to drying, large scale industrial equipment & advanced drying te...
Introduction to drying, large scale industrial equipment & advanced drying te...
Equilibrium Moisture Content - Methods of Determination of EMC, Models of EMC...
Equilibrium Moisture Content - Methods of Determination of EMC, Models of EMC...
Viewers also liked
Pathogens
This document discusses pathogens and the history of infection control. It defines pathogens as microorganisms like bacteria and viruses that can cause disease. It describes how bacteria and viruses infect the body and make us feel ill. The document then discusses important figures in the history of infection control like Ignaz Semmelweis, who reduced childbed fever deaths by insisting doctors wash their hands with chlorine water before examining patients, and Australian scientists Marshall and Warren, who discovered the bacteria Heliobacter pylori causes stomach ulcers.
Changes of matter
A physical change alters a substance's form or appearance but not its chemical composition, such as water freezing to ice. A chemical change creates new substances through molecular rearrangement, like iron rusting due to oxidation. Chemical changes can be identified by changes in properties such as density, melting point, or reactions producing gas.
Physical Science 2.3 : Changes of State
This document describes the different changes of state that can occur when a substance gains or loses energy. It defines melting as a solid changing to a liquid, freezing as a liquid changing to a solid, evaporation as a liquid changing to a gas, boiling as a liquid changing to a gas throughout, condensation as a gas changing to a liquid, and sublimation as a solid changing directly to a gas. For each change of state, it explains what must happen energetically for the change to occur, such as particles overcoming attractions or slowing down particle movement.
States of Matter - Changing States
Learn about the changing states of the 3 states of matter.
Learn about: Melting, Boiling and Evaporation, Condensation, Freezing and Sublimation.
Changes of state
The document discusses the processes of melting, boiling, freezing and condensation. It explains that during these state changes, heat is absorbed or released in the form of latent heat, causing the temperature to remain constant. Impurities affect the freezing/melting and boiling points of substances by lowering or raising the temperature at which these state changes occur. Pressure also influences state changes, with higher pressure lowering melting/boiling points.
Changes in Matter
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Body Defense Mechanism
The document summarizes the body's defense mechanisms against infection. It discusses three lines of defense: physical and chemical barriers that block pathogens from entering the body, defensive cells and proteins that attack invading pathogens, and the immune system. The immune system has both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides broad and immediate defense through physical barriers and cells. Adaptive immunity has targeted responses through humoral immunity using antibodies or cell-mediated immunity using T cells.
Simple Machines Presentation
Simple machines are tools that make work easier. They include the lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, and screw. Each machine allows us to lift, pull, push, cut or hold objects with less effort than using just our muscles alone.
Force and motion
Forces and motion are discussed in this document. It defines a force as a push or pull and explains that all motion is due to forces acting on objects. Motion is defined as a change in an object's position over time. Balanced and unbalanced forces are compared, with unbalanced forces being able to cause motion. Common forces like gravity, friction, and air resistance are described. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts around forces.
Force.Ppt
Force is a push or pull that can cause motion or acceleration. It is measured in Newtons and all forces are interactions between objects. The net force is calculated by adding forces in the same direction and subtracting forces in opposite directions, with an unbalanced net force producing motion.
Forces Ppt
The document discusses different types of forces including air resistance, applied, spring, frictional, gravitational, electrical, normal, and magnetic forces. It provides brief definitions and explanations of each force. For example, it states that air resistance is friction between an object and air caused by molecules bumping into moving objects. Frictional forces result from molecular adhesion and surface roughness when two materials are in contact. Gravitational force is defined by Newton's law of universal gravitation. Magnetic force differs from gravitational and electrical forces in that its potential energy comes from an electrical field over time.
Force and Motion Review ppt
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to force and motion, including definitions and formulas. It defines a force as a push or pull and notes they have both size and direction. It explains net forces result from combining multiple forces and discusses balanced and unbalanced forces. Key terms like motion, speed, velocity, acceleration, inertia, and Newton's Three Laws of Motion are defined. Formulas for speed, acceleration, weight, and examples of applications of the three laws are also presented.
Force & Motion
This document discusses key concepts around motion and forces including:
1) It defines speed, velocity, and the difference between the two.
2) It explains that unbalanced forces cause changes in an object's velocity or acceleration, while balanced forces do not cause changes.
3) It describes different types of friction including static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction and factors that affect friction.
Types of Pathogens
This document summarizes different types of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasitic worms, and prions. It defines pathogens and reservoirs, and describes how pathogens are transmitted directly from person to person or indirectly through vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Examples are provided of diseases caused by different pathogens and their symptoms, including pneumonia from bacteria, the common cold from viruses, athlete's foot from fungi, malaria from protozoa, intestinal infections from parasitic worms, and mad cow disease from prions.
Body defense mechanism and immunity
The document provides an overview of the immune system, including definitions of immunity, classifications of immunity as natural or innate versus acquired, and mechanisms of the immune response. It describes physical and chemical barriers, white blood cells, inflammation, humoral immunity, cellular immunity, complement system, and abnormal immune responses. It also discusses nursing assessment and management related to immune function and health education topics.
Viewers also liked (15)
Similar to The Concepts Of Sublimation And How Sublimation Works
AVI.pptx
The document discusses phase transitions in substances as they are heated or cooled. It explains:
- When a solid is heated, it absorbs heat until it reaches its melting point, at which temperature the solid melts and absorbs a large amount of heat called the latent heat of fusion.
- Amorphous solids undergo a glass transition rather than a first-order phase transition like melting. At the glass transition temperature Tg, the heat capacity increases but there is no latent heat absorbed.
- Sublimation is when a solid transitions directly to a gas without passing through the liquid phase, such as when dry ice (solid CO2) turns to gas.
- The vapor pressure of
Phases of matter
The document defines the four phases of matter as solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. It provides examples of each phase and explains their properties. Specifically, it states that in a solid, molecules are close together and cannot move around, in a liquid molecules are close and move slowly, in a gas molecules are far apart and move freely at high speeds, and in a plasma the matter is ionized. It then discusses the processes by which matter changes between phases, such as melting, boiling, subliming, freezing, condensation, and deposition.
Phases and phase transitions, 12(3)
1. A phase is any uniform sample of matter that is distinct from other phases in contact, such as liquid water in equilibrium with its vapor.
2. Phase diagrams illustrate the relationship between states of matter under varying temperatures and pressures. Crossing a two-phase curve represents a phase transition.
3. Common phase transitions include melting, freezing, boiling, condensation, sublimation, and deposition which are defined by the direction of heat transfer and changes in density.
Lecture 13.4- Phase Diagrams
Water exists on Earth in three states: as a liquid, solid (ice), and gas (water vapor). It undergoes constant changes between these states as part of the water cycle through the atmosphere and oceans. A phase diagram graphs the conditions of temperature and pressure that determine whether a substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas. It shows points like the triple point where all three phases can coexist in equilibrium and melting/freezing points where solids and liquids are in equilibrium.
Change of state of matter
The document discusses how the state of matter can be changed by changing temperature or pressure. It explains that matter can exist as solids, liquids, or gases, and provides examples like water existing as ice, liquid water, or steam. Changing temperature can cause melting, boiling, condensation, or freezing as matter transitions between states. Similarly, changing pressure can liquefy gases by compressing and cooling them, or change solid carbon dioxide into a gas by decreasing pressure. In summary, temperature and pressure are the two factors that determine the physical state of a substance.
Mohini kataria copy
This document provides an overview of refrigeration concepts and components. It defines key terms like temperature, pressure, heat, latent heat and refrigerants. It describes the basic refrigeration circuit, including the evaporator, compressor, condenser and expansion process. It explains how refrigerants absorb heat during evaporation to produce cooling, and how the compressor pressurizes the refrigerant to drive the process.
3.2
Particles gain thermal energy as they change from solid to liquid to gas. There are specific temperatures at which phase changes occur: melting point for solid to liquid, freezing point for liquid to solid, boiling point for liquid to gas. Boiling occurs when a liquid changes to a gas below and at its surface, while evaporation only occurs at the surface. Condensation is the reverse process of vaporization, where gas particles lose thermal energy and form a liquid. Sublimation bypasses the liquid state as solid particles directly change to a gas.
Vapour and humidity
This document discusses vapor, humidity, and evaporation. It defines key terms like evaporation, saturated vapor pressure, relative humidity, and dew point. It explains that evaporation occurs when molecules at a liquid's surface gain enough kinetic energy to escape into the air. Temperature, surface area, concentration, and air flow all impact evaporation rates. Relative humidity compares the actual water vapor in air to the maximum it could hold at that temperature. Dew forms when air reaches its dew point and water vapor condenses on surfaces.
Chapter 18
This document provides an overview of the water cycle and atmospheric moisture. It discusses the three states of water, the processes of evaporation, condensation, and sublimation. It describes how temperature and pressure affect the amount of water vapor air can hold. Cloud formation results from air rising and cooling, releasing water as condensation. Precipitation forms as cloud droplets grow very large. The document also discusses atmospheric stability and various mechanisms that cause air to rise and form clouds.
Chapter 18
This document provides an overview of the water cycle and atmospheric moisture. It discusses the three states of water, the processes of evaporation, condensation, and sublimation. It describes how temperature and pressure affect the amount of water vapor air can hold. Cloud formation results from air rising and cooling, releasing water as condensation. Precipitation forms as cloud droplets grow very large. The document also discusses atmospheric stability and various mechanisms that cause air to rise and form clouds.
Fluids
The document discusses several key concepts related to fluids:
1) It defines states of matter and phase changes between solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
2) It explains density as mass per unit volume and how pressure depends on depth and fluid density according to the formula P=ρgh.
3) It describes Archimedes' principle which states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of the fluid it displaces.
THERMODYNAMICS-I PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTACES
- A pure substance can exist as a compressed liquid, saturated liquid, saturated vapor, or superheated vapor depending on its temperature and pressure.
- The boiling point of a liquid increases with pressure. At the critical point, the saturated liquid and vapor phases become indistinguishable.
- On a pressure-volume (P-V) diagram, the boiling points form a sloping saturated liquid line, while points of complete vaporization form the saturated vapor line. These lines join at the critical point to form a dome-shaped region.
Heat
This document discusses various physical changes that can occur when heat is applied to materials:
- Melting occurs when a solid reaches its melting point and phases into a liquid. Boiling is when a liquid reaches its boiling point and forms gas bubbles.
- Evaporation changes a liquid to a gas without reaching the boiling point. Vapourization refers more broadly to both evaporation and boiling.
- Sublimation bypasses the liquid phase by going directly from solid to gas. The reverse is deposition.
- Condensation is the reverse of evaporation where a gas condenses to a liquid. Freezing is the reverse of melting where a liquid solidifies.
- Water absor
Pure substances
the content in this ppt pdf of properties of pure substances gives the idea of Pv, Tv, PT etc diagram and calculation of enthalpy in various region helps in dealing with Rankine and different other cycle. asy to understand about the saturation temperature and pressure.
Matter in our surroundings
This document provides an overview of the key topics in the chapter on matter from a 9th grade science textbook. It defines matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. It describes the three common states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - and their characteristic properties. It also discusses less common states like plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. The document outlines various processes by which matter can change states, like melting, boiling, sublimation, and evaporation. It explains how temperature and pressure can affect a substance's state and cause changes between solid, liquid, and gas. In closing, it reviews the factors that influence the rate of evaporation.
Refrigeration
1. Classical thermodynamics states that absolute zero can never be reached by compressing and expanding a gas, as temperature can only be lowered to a fraction of the original value through this process.
2. Techniques like evaporative cooling and using lasers to slow atoms allow temperatures below 1 Kelvin to be achieved.
3. While absolute zero can theoretically never be reached, these techniques get closer to it with each improvement.
Unit 2 states of matter
States of Matter and properties of matter: State of matter, changes in the state of matter, latent heats, vapour pressure, sublimation critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols – inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glassy states, solid- crystalline, amorphous & polymorphism.
Physicochemical properties of drug molecules: Refractive index, optical rotation, dielectric constant, dipole moment, dissociation constant, determinations and applications
Unit 2 states of matter
States of Matter and properties of matter: State of matter, changes in the state of matter, latent heats, vapour pressure, sublimation critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols – inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glassy states, solid- crystalline, amorphous & polymorphism.
Physicochemical properties of drug molecules: Refractive index, optical rotation, dielectric constant, dipole moment, dissociation constant, determinations and applications
Science primary 4: Changing State of Water
Water exists in three states - solid, liquid, and gas - and can change between these states when it gains or loses heat. It freezes into ice at 0°C when it loses heat, melts back into liquid water when it gains heat above 0°C. Water boils into steam at 100°C when sufficient heat is added, and condenses back to a liquid when steam cools below 100°C losing heat. The rate of evaporation depends on factors like wind, temperature difference, and surface area.
Bradley witham lesson 4
This lesson describes the vertical structure of the atmosphere and how temperature changes with altitude affect atmospheric stability and vertical air movement. It introduces adiabatic diagrams to explain conditions that encourage or limit pollutant dispersion. Unstable conditions with air parcels rising allow dispersion, while stable conditions or inversions with warmer air trapped above cooler air limit dispersion. Neutral conditions neither encourage nor limit vertical air movement.
Similar to The Concepts Of Sublimation And How Sublimation Works (20)
Recently uploaded
Mutation Testing for Task-Oriented Chatbots
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and Milvus
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Leveraging the Graph for Clinical Trials and Standards
Katja Glaß
OpenStudyBuilder Community Manager - Katja Glaß Consulting
Marius Conjeaud
Principal Consultant - Neo4j
GraphRAG for LifeSciences Hands-On with the Clinical Knowledge Graph
Tomaz Bratanic
Graph ML and GenAI Expert - Neo4j
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their Mainframe
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectors
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
JavaLand 2024: Application Development Green Masterplan
My presentation slides I used at JavaLand 2024
Principle of conventional tomography-Bibash Shahi ppt..pptx
before the computed tomography, it had been widely used.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation Parameters
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Artificial Intelligence and Electronic Warfare
Artificial Intelligence and Electronic WarfarePapadakis K.-Cyber-Information Warfare Analyst & Cyber Defense/Security Consultant-Hellenic MoD
AI & Electronic WarfareProgramming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup Slides
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
Harnessing the Power of NLP and Knowledge Graphs for Opioid Research
Gursev Pirge, PhD
Senior Data Scientist - JohnSnowLabs
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte Webinar
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Recently uploaded (20)
Deep Dive: AI-Powered Marketing to Get More Leads and Customers with HyperGro...
Deep Dive: AI-Powered Marketing to Get More Leads and Customers with HyperGro...
9 CEO's who hit $100m ARR Share Their Top Growth Tactics Nathan Latka, Founde...
9 CEO's who hit $100m ARR Share Their Top Growth Tactics Nathan Latka, Founde...
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and Milvus
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and Milvus
Leveraging the Graph for Clinical Trials and Standards
Leveraging the Graph for Clinical Trials and Standards
GraphRAG for LifeSciences Hands-On with the Clinical Knowledge Graph
GraphRAG for LifeSciences Hands-On with the Clinical Knowledge Graph
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their Mainframe
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their Mainframe
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectors
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectors
JavaLand 2024: Application Development Green Masterplan
JavaLand 2024: Application Development Green Masterplan
Principle of conventional tomography-Bibash Shahi ppt..pptx
Principle of conventional tomography-Bibash Shahi ppt..pptx
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation Parameters
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation Parameters
Overcoming the PLG Trap: Lessons from Canva's Head of Sales & Head of EMEA Da...
Overcoming the PLG Trap: Lessons from Canva's Head of Sales & Head of EMEA Da...
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup Slides
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup Slides
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
Harnessing the Power of NLP and Knowledge Graphs for Opioid Research
Harnessing the Power of NLP and Knowledge Graphs for Opioid Research
The Concepts Of Sublimation And How Sublimation Works
- 1. The Concepts of Sublimation and How Sublimation Works
- 2. Sublimation is the process in which a material changes from a frozen solid to a gas without passing through the intermediate liquid state.
- 3. Substances such as water and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be charted on a pressure versus temperature plot to reveal their state of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) at a given temperature and pressure. At a typical atmospheric pressure, we know that water is a solid at temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius, a liquid from 0 to 100 degrees Celsius, and a gas at higher temperatures. Atmospheric pressure, however, can change, particularly with altitude. Higher altitudes yield lower atmospheric pressures.
- 4. We can experimentally observe that water doesn't always change phase at the same temperatures. For instance, with lower pressures, liquid water changes to a gas at temperatures lower than 100 degrees Celsius. If the pressure is dropped low enough, water reaches what's known as a triple point, the pressure and temperature at which a substance can exist in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms. Below the triple point, solid water sublimates, changing directly into a gas with a temperature increase, and never passing through the liquid phase. CO2 has a triple point at a pressure higher than 1 atmospheric pressure, meaning that at Earth's standard atmospheric pressure, CO2 will sublimate as it heats from a solid to a gas.
- 5. Related products: Sublimation Ink, Sublimation Transfer Paper. T-Shirt Transfer Paper. Roll to Roll Heat Transfer Machine, Flat Heat Press Machine,Desktop and Large Format Printer,3D Vacuum Heat Press Machine.
- 6. More info pls visit: http://www.sublihouse.com/ Company Name: Didital Technology Co., Ltd. Add: No. 323 Central Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Tel: 86-02583228884 Fax: 86-02583228894 Email: sales@sublihouse.com QQ:741727477 Site: www.sublihouse.com
- 7. More info pls visit: http://www.sublihouse.com/ Company Name: Didital Technology Co., Ltd. Add: No. 323 Central Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Tel: 86-02583228884 Fax: 86-02583228894 Email: sales@sublihouse.com QQ:741727477 Site: www.sublihouse.com