The Commonwealth
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The Commonwealth government of the Philippines faced many challenges during World War II, including problems with national security, social issues, and the economy. When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941, the Philippines were also drawn into the war in the Pacific. Manila was occupied, and the battles of Bataan and Corregidor led to the deaths of many Filipino and American soldiers. The Philippine government went into exile under President Quezon, while the Japanese established a new government under Jose P. Laurel. Guerrilla groups resisted the Japanese occupation. After years of fighting, U.S. forces returned under General MacArthur in 1944 and liberated the Philippines by 1945, reestablishing the Commonwealth government.
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The Commonwealth
- 1. The Commonwealth and World War II
- 2. - A transitiongovernment - ManuelQuezon facedthese problemswith courage& optimism The Commonwealth Gov’t
- 3. 1. National security -National Defense Law -General Douglas MacArthuras Field Marshal -”mosquito fleet” Problems of the Commonwealth
- 4. 2. Social problems -colorums -Sakdal Uprising -policy of social justice
- 5. 3. Economic Problems -retail trade industry +free trade [free of duty] -joint preparatory committee
- 6. 4. OtherProblems -language problem +Institute ofNational Language -Japanese in Davao +Immigration Act
- 8. 1935-1941 In a span of five years, the Commonwealth government had achieved relative progress in commerce and industry, transportation and communication, public welfare, and art and literature.
- 9. • Foreign trade – amounted to only P 346M rose to P520M in the first year of Commonwealth period. – Was made possible through the ports of Manila, Mindanao, and Southern Luzon.
- 10. • Transportation and Communication – Inter-island shipping was encouraged – Railway lines were improved – Number of buses, cars, vessels, and taxicabs increased in great deal – Airfields were constructed – Telephone and wireless services were improved – Radio broadcasting was inaugurated in Manila
- 11. • National Economic Council – “to advise the government on economic matters” – National development Company was reorganized – Established the government companies such as the National Food Products Corporation, National Rice and Corn Corporation, etc
- 12. • Public Welfare – Government strengthened certain agencies like Bureau of Public Welfare, Associated Charities, and the National Relief Administration – Welfareville, Settlement House, Child Welfare Division for people with mental illness, children from poor families and delinquent children – full or part time jobs given by the National Relief Administration (also distributed goods to the victims of natural calamities) – Women’s suffrage
- 13. • Arts and Literature – Was encouraged by government through contests and competitions for artists and writers – Quezon established the Commonwealth Literary Contests in Tagalog, English, and Spanish which was recommended by the Philippine Writers League – Contests included writings for biographies, history poetry, short stories, novels, dramas, and essays – Increased literary activities – Many talented writes were encouraged to write in three languages
- 14. • Pearl Harborin Hawaii • US & UK vs.Japan The War in the Pacific
- 15. The Occupationof Manila • Manila as an open city • Destruction ofproperties
- 16. The Fall of Bataan &Corregidor • Quezontook oath • Bataan Death March–transit of Filipino and American prisoners to Capas, Tarlac • General Jonathan Wainwright
- 17. • Gen.Masaharu Homma +Central Administrative Organization Government Reorganization
- 18. Educational Policy • Opening of schools +uncertain warconditions discouraged
- 19. The Second Republic • Offer of independence • Jose P. Laurel • Mango/avocado tea • Scarcityof rice
- 20. Guerrilla Warfare • Anti-Japanese • Luis Tarucof Hukbalahap • Facilitated MacArthur’s return
- 21. The Government-In-Exile • Reorganization of the Commonwealth in US • Death of Quezonin NewYork • Succeededby VP SergioOsmena
- 22. The Return of MacArthur • US attacked the Japanese in the PH • Guerrillas had beenwinning against the Japanese • Prisoners ofwar in UST werefreed
- 23. CommonwealthReestablished - Tacloban as temporary capital - Proclamation of MacArthur of liberation on July 4
- 24. End of War (andppt) - “Superfortresses” - Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Japan surrendered on USS Missouri at Tokyo Bay