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His 108, lecture 2 (1)
- 1. HIS 108 Review, Lecture I
- 2. HIS 108 Review, Lecture I • First humans in Africa • Siberian Land Bridge – 12-15,000 years ago – or 18-40,000 years ago – 7000 years ago • Rising sea submerged bridge • Paleo-Indians – Spear hunting • North America a crossroad for immigrants
- 3. HIS 108 Review, Lecture I • Pre-Columbian Indians (pre 1500) • 5000 BC in Mexico – Agricultural/ sedentery – Permanent farming towns – Mayas/Toltecs-2000-1500 BC – 200-900 AD in Meso America • Cities • 900-Toltecs— – Late 13th Century---Aztecs
- 4. HIS 108 Review Lecture 1 • Aztec Empire – Arrived from the NW – Filled the basin of Mexico – 1325 Tenochtitlan – 5million people, roads with rest stops – Gold, silver, pearls, copper, agricultural products • In Columbia, a similar empire, the Chibchas/Incas – Diplomacy, alliances with tribes, military prowess • 1519—The Spanish arrive
- 5. HIS 108 Lect. 1 Review • Earliest • North American Indians – Pacific Northwest Culture – The southwest, Hohokam Culture – The Ohio River Valley/ Adena Hopewell Culture • Later, 900-1350 – Mississippian Culture – Elaborate regional centers – Cahokia, 1050-1250 (height of influence)
- 6. HIS 108 Lecture 1 Review • Southwest, 500-1400 • Several groups, – Inexplicably Disappeared in the 14th Century • Most well known—Anasazi • Indians in 1500 – 10 million Indians—trading networks – Diversity of response to environments – Major regional groups • Eastern Woodlands • Great Plains tribes • Western tribes
- 7. HIS 108 Lect. 1 review • Eastern Woodlands (lived along rivers) – Seneca, Onondaga, Mohawks, Oneida, Cayuga, Cherokee, Tuscarora – Algonquians (New England to Great Lakes) – Great Plains • West and South • Seven tribes of the Iroquois – Seneca, Onondaga, Mohawks, Oneida, Cayuga, Cherokee, Tuscarora • Muskogean Language Speaking – Muskogean, Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws – Great Plains Indians--Blackfeet, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Commanche, Apache, Sioux, • Western tribes—Chinook, Tillamook, Pomo, Chumash
- 8. HIS 108, Lecture 1 review • Expansion of Europe – Enables by new technologies – Full-rigged sailing ships – Powerful weapons – Desire to explore – Spread of Christianity • Voyages of Columbus • Feb 18, 1519 • Hernan Cortes
- 9. HIS 108 Lectures 1 review • Cortes (1519) – Dreams of gold/glory – Eleven ships, 600 soldiers – Landed in Vera Cruz – With Conquistadores • Attacked four NA tribes • Expected plunder/slaves • Had ships burned • 3 month, 200 mile march to Tenochtitlan • Some uprisings • Socioeconomic system--The economienda – Favored officers given land
- 10. Hernan Cortes
- 11. Lecture 1 cont (where we left off) • Mid-1500s – The Conquistadores succeeded by second generation bureaucrats • 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon – Exploration of Florida and Newfoundland – Settled Carolina Coast • 1539 Hernando De Soto – Florida’s west coast – Carolinas to Mississippi – Died near Natchez, Mississippi
- 12. Ponce de Leon’s Route
- 13. Hernando De Soto’s Expeditionn
- 14. Lecture 1 cont. • 1560s—French response – Huguenots • French protestants in SC and Florida • 1565 – St. Augustine—first European town, a fort, a hospital, fish market. 100 shops, houses • Spanish SW—New Mexico, churches
- 15. Lecture 2, • The Protestant Reformation • Europe – The Catholic Church—Pope – Martin Luther, 1483-1546, German monk, priest and professor – 95 theses • Sinners cannot win salvation • Not by good work • Not by indulgences
- 16. Lecture 2 • Martin Luther – Priesthood of all Believers – Lutheranism spread • (some merely wanted to seize the land of the Church) – 1555 religious wars – Most of northern Germany became Lutheran
- 18. Lecture 2 • Challenges to the Spanish empire – The French, 1524 • The Italian Giovanni de Verrazano • Sought passage to Asia – Found Cape Fear NC – Jacques Cartier • St. Lawrence Gulf between Canada and NY – The Defeat of the Spanish Armada – May 28, 1588 • King Phillip II Left Lisbon for and met the British
- 19. Lecture 2/Chapter 2 • Britain and Its Colonies – The Anglican Church (mixed protestant/catholic) – The Royal Family – Magna carta (1215) —civil liberties • Everyone is equal before the law • Nobody is above the law – Sense of enterprise • Joint-stock companies • Private risks and capital in maritime enterprises and colonial settlement • 16th C. larger companies gain monopolies and in even govt. power in some regions • First instruments of colonization in America
- 20. Lecture 2 • Parliament and the Stuarts • 1603 Queen Elizabeth died, Tudor line ran out • 1603 cousin James VI of Scotland became James I of England – Promoted divine right – Inherited a divided church with puritan dissenters – Sought to banish the Puritans • 1625 Charles I – Preferred a centralized kingdom
- 21. Lecture 2 • 1629-40, Charles I – Disbanded Parliament, levied taxes, persecuted Presbyterian Scots • 1638 Scotland rebelled – Charles raised taxes for defense – Parliament refused, condemned the Chief Minister to death • 1642 Charles I tried to arrest five members of Parliament—Civil War
- 22. Lecture 2 • 1646 The Parliament army captured Charles I – Tried him for high treason – Labeled a “tyrant, trader, murderer and public enemy” • 1649 Charles I beheaded – Oliver Cromwell – Commander of the Parliamentary Army • Became King – Cromwell-acted like a military commander – Ruled at first through a parliamentary council during “The Commonwealth’
- 23. Charles I portrait by Gerrit von Honthorst,
- 24. Lecture 2 • Cromwell – Dissolved the parliament as Lord Protector • “The Protectorate” – Extended religious toleration to all except Catholics and Anglicans – Growing resentment • 1858 Cromwell died—his son too weak to rule • The Army took control • Permitted parliamentary elections • 1660 “The Restoration,” – Stuart dynasty under Charles II • accepts that he should rule with Parliament • 1685 his cousin James II (The Duke of York) succeeds him—less flexible
- 25. Lecture 2 • James II, an avowed Catholic – Modeled himself after Louis XIV • 1688--Had a son, a Catholic heir – Military and political leaders invited Mary Stuart and William of Orange to rule as joint monarchs – James II fled to France – Parliament reasserted its right to rule the Monarch(y) – Thus ended the “Glorious Revolution” – Power of the Crown came not from God but from people – Changed the Anglican Church into one that acknowledged dissenters • 1689-drafted a Bill of Rights
- 26. Lecture 2 • William and Mary – Forfeited the right to suspend laws or to maintain a standing army • SETTLING THE CHESAPEAKE – During these same years – Britain formed its oversees colonies – Weakened Spain and France • 1606—King James I formed the Virginia Co (joint stock) • Charged it to bring Christianity to the Indians – army, levy taxes.
- 27. Lecture 2 • The desire to bring Christianity mixed with a lust for profit – Desired citrus fruits, gold, olive oil, mineral products – Free from dependence on Spain – Transport jobless to America – Virginia became a place to grow tobacco • May 6, 1607--First Permanent Colony • 105 men, boys • Chesapeake Bay • River with NW Bend, the James
- 28. Lecture 2 • Virginia named after Elizabeth, The Virgin Queen – Settled in low-lying peninsula with brackish water, malaria, drought, dissension, death – They were saved when they learned to grow corn – Powhata—Chief of the Algonquians, traded with them, • The Powhatan Federation (2 dozen tribes) • 1609 More colonists arrived--women • New charter, ineffective council with a strong governor • Captain John Smith (27) “those who will not work shall not eat.”
- 29. Lecture 2 • 1609-10 “The Starving Time” • Ate a variety everything from horses to rodents • 1612 John Rolfe started growing tobacco • 1616 Virginia Co. Changed its land policy • Work for the company and earn land, • Shortage of labor • Indentured servants (1/2 of white immigrants) • 1618 reforms under Sir Edwin Sandys--MP
- 30. Lecture2 • Englishmen with a share of the company received 50 acres. • Relaxed the military regime • Settlers—”rights of Englishmen” and a legislature • Women arrived, men paid for 125 pounds of tobacco– (cost of their voyage) • July 30, 1619, first General Assembly of Virginia
- 31. Lecture 2 • 1622 Indians tried to revolt • Killed ¼ of the settlers • English made swift reprisals – Eliminated Indian population from 24,000 Algonguins to approximately 2,000 by 1669 – Most immigrants also died • Reduced from 14,000 to approximately 1.132
- 32. Lecture 2 • 1642, Sir William Berkeley, Gov. – More growth/stability/tobacco prices rose – Large plantations evolved – Freed servants claimed less fertile lands worked for the large planters – Grew dependent • 1676 ¼ of white males were landless – Roamed, squatted, worked odd jobs, poached, petty crimes – Led to stringent laws—vagrancy---stripped landless of political rights-increased social friction
- 33. Lecture 2 • Mid 1670s, Bacons Rebellion • Shimmering tensions, depressed tobacco prices, rising taxes, roaming livestock, fred servants, tangled events • 1676—Nathaniel Bacon (29, Cambridge graduate) defied Berkeley and assumed command of vigilantes – Common folk versus aristocrats? – Or, a spoiled rich boy who hated Indians?
- 34. Nathaniel Bacon
- 35. Lecture 2 • Resolved to kill Indians – Berkeley, wanted to protect the Deerskin monopoly – Bacon ordered Berkeley captured/arrested • Burned Jamestown • Bacon fell ill, died • Planters became more cooperative—crafted the idea that slaves might be a viable option • Maryland and New England