This white paper discusses the challenges of comparing camera light sensitivity specifications between vendors. It notes that light sensitivity is measured differently than how cameras actually detect light, and many factors like exposure time, gain, sensor size, and lens quality affect low-light performance. There is also no global standard for measuring minimum illumination. Comparisons based just on lux ratings in datasheets can be misleading. The paper demonstrates through examples that a camera's actual low-light performance may differ from its specified minimum illumination rating. It recommends testing cameras in intended conditions rather than relying solely on specifications, to make an informed purchase decision.
The document discusses key components and features of cameras, both film and digital, for capturing images. It covers the aperture, shutter, lenses, film/image sensor, viewfinder, and memory storage. It also discusses lighting aspects like flash, exposure, color, and white balance. Support devices like tripods and handheld use are mentioned. The advantages of RAW file format include retaining more image information and flexibility for post-processing compared to JPEG. File storage options are also reviewed.
Best Practices To Improve Your Digital Photographsguest694f6a5d
This presentation was originally written to go along with a lecture and demo. Because of this aspect you may find some of the material a bit confusing.
This document provides information on Detection, Recognition, and Identification (DRI) standards for thermal imaging sensors. It defines detection as the ability to distinguish an object from the background, recognition as identifying an object's class (e.g. human vs vehicle), and identification as differentiating between specific objects of the same class (e.g. type of vehicle). The Johnson criteria establish thresholds for the minimum number of line pairs required across a target for 50% accuracy in detection, recognition, and identification. Additional factors like sensor resolution, thermal sensitivity, field of view, lens quality, and atmospheric conditions influence achievable detection ranges. Formulas are provided for converting between line pairs and pixels and accounting for real-world factors in determining necessary
This document defines standards for detection, recognition, and identification (DRI) using thermal sensors. It discusses DRI definitions and criteria, including the Johnson criteria which estimates the minimum number of line pairs required across a target for detection, recognition, and identification. Factors that influence DRI ranges are sensor resolution, thermal sensitivity, field of view, lens quality, lighting conditions, distance, and atmospheric conditions. The document provides methods for calculating expected DRI ranges based on a sensor's modulation transfer function while accounting for real-world factors. Standards like detection requiring 8 pixels across a target are presented.
This document provides an overview of the basics of digital photography for a Boy Scout merit badge. It covers key photography terms, digital camera technology, understanding camera settings and features, taking photographs, downloading and editing images, and displaying and printing photos. It also discusses important concepts like exposure, aperture, shutter speed, ISO, and how they work together to create a proper exposure. Additional topics include composition techniques, lighting, file types, and practicing with your camera.
The document discusses computational photography and the future of cameras. It describes how cameras could encode light in time and space using coded apertures and flutter shutters to capture more information from a single photo. This would allow for features like digital refocusing and motion deblurring. It also discusses using masks inside cameras to capture 4D light field data with a 2D sensor, and how this could enable features like refocusing after the photo is taken. Finally, it proposes new types of cameras that could reconstruct 3D shape from a single photo or enable high-speed motion capture using imperceptible projected patterns.
The document discusses key components and features of cameras, both film and digital, for capturing images. It covers the aperture, shutter, lenses, film/image sensor, viewfinder, and memory storage. It also discusses lighting aspects like flash, exposure, color, and white balance. Support devices like tripods and handheld use are mentioned. The advantages of RAW file format include retaining more image information and flexibility for post-processing compared to JPEG. File storage options are also reviewed.
Best Practices To Improve Your Digital Photographsguest694f6a5d
This presentation was originally written to go along with a lecture and demo. Because of this aspect you may find some of the material a bit confusing.
This document provides information on Detection, Recognition, and Identification (DRI) standards for thermal imaging sensors. It defines detection as the ability to distinguish an object from the background, recognition as identifying an object's class (e.g. human vs vehicle), and identification as differentiating between specific objects of the same class (e.g. type of vehicle). The Johnson criteria establish thresholds for the minimum number of line pairs required across a target for 50% accuracy in detection, recognition, and identification. Additional factors like sensor resolution, thermal sensitivity, field of view, lens quality, and atmospheric conditions influence achievable detection ranges. Formulas are provided for converting between line pairs and pixels and accounting for real-world factors in determining necessary
This document defines standards for detection, recognition, and identification (DRI) using thermal sensors. It discusses DRI definitions and criteria, including the Johnson criteria which estimates the minimum number of line pairs required across a target for detection, recognition, and identification. Factors that influence DRI ranges are sensor resolution, thermal sensitivity, field of view, lens quality, lighting conditions, distance, and atmospheric conditions. The document provides methods for calculating expected DRI ranges based on a sensor's modulation transfer function while accounting for real-world factors. Standards like detection requiring 8 pixels across a target are presented.
This document provides an overview of the basics of digital photography for a Boy Scout merit badge. It covers key photography terms, digital camera technology, understanding camera settings and features, taking photographs, downloading and editing images, and displaying and printing photos. It also discusses important concepts like exposure, aperture, shutter speed, ISO, and how they work together to create a proper exposure. Additional topics include composition techniques, lighting, file types, and practicing with your camera.
The document discusses computational photography and the future of cameras. It describes how cameras could encode light in time and space using coded apertures and flutter shutters to capture more information from a single photo. This would allow for features like digital refocusing and motion deblurring. It also discusses using masks inside cameras to capture 4D light field data with a 2D sensor, and how this could enable features like refocusing after the photo is taken. Finally, it proposes new types of cameras that could reconstruct 3D shape from a single photo or enable high-speed motion capture using imperceptible projected patterns.
1. Ramesh Raskar discusses his research in computational photography and creating new types of cameras that go beyond traditional camera capabilities.
2. The goal is to develop imaging platforms that have a deeper understanding of the visual world than humans by capturing and analyzing more information.
3. Examples of this research include cameras that can capture light fields and refocus images after capture, cameras that can remove motion blur in a single photo, and techniques for capturing high-speed motion with imperceptible tags.
This document provides an overview of digital camera technologies and photography basics. It discusses the main types of digital cameras including point and shoot, prosumer, and DSLR. The key difference between these cameras is image quality, which is influenced by sensor size. Larger sensors in DSLRs allow for better image quality compared to smaller sensors in point and shoot cameras. The document also covers digital camera features and functions like megapixels, image stabilization, dust reduction, and exposure settings that allow photographers to control shutter speed, aperture, and ISO.
The document discusses various components and techniques used in camera work including lenses, imaging devices, focal lengths, angles of view, shot types, focus, lighting levels, depth of field, white balancing, shutter speeds, camera mounts, filters, and more. It provides information on technical specifications and how different settings and equipment impact the look and quality of recorded video.
The document discusses the main parts of a television camera, including the lens, imaging device, viewfinder, and camera body. It describes components like the CCD, pixels, and chrominance and luminance channels. Various camera settings and concepts are also explained such as resolution, white balance, gain, and lighting.
This document provides an overview of the basics of exposure for beginners using DSLR cameras. It discusses the three main controls that determine exposure - shutter speed, aperture, and ISO sensitivity. It explains how to achieve correct exposure by balancing these controls and "zeroing out" the camera's light meter. The document also covers other important photography concepts like depth of field, white balance, and the relationship between aperture, focal length, and depth of field. Key topics are explained through examples and sample images.
Geophotography: From Shooting to Post-processing: Making the Most of your Cam...SERC at Carleton College
1. Getting the image right during shooting is important, including composition, use of a polarizer, and properly exposing for highlights.
2. Shooting in RAW format allows more flexibility during post-processing.
3. Minor adjustments during post-processing like levels, exposure, and sharpening can improve the image without making it look manipulated. Practice and experimentation is important.
Through the Lens - Volumes of learning material on Film Making & Photography. Here is the 1st Volume of Through the Lens (Video Camera Techniques). This is for learning purpose not for commercial use. Hope this is will really helps media students. Write to me for to clarify any doubts - ebenezerannadoss@gmail.com
2. [pro forma] camera getting started guide(4)EPAYNE52
The document provides information about the darkroom process and equipment used for developing photographic film. It explains that a darkroom is a dark workspace used to process light-sensitive film and paper. It then describes the main chemicals used - developer, stop bath, fixer, and hypo clear - and their purposes in the developing process. Finally, it outlines some common pieces of darkroom equipment including tanks, reels, measuring cylinders, enlargers, safelights, and timers.
The document discusses various digital photography techniques including aperture, shutter speed, ISO, white balance, and post-processing adjustments. Aperture controls depth of field, shutter speed controls motion blur, and ISO adjusts light sensitivity and image noise. White balance settings alter the color temperature to match lighting conditions. Post-processing allows diptychs demonstrating curves, levels, cropping, dodging and burning, and color adjustments to modify tones and colors. Combined, these techniques give photographers control over visual qualities like focus, motion, brightness, hues, and composition.
This document describes the concept of dual photography, which uses Helmholtz reciprocity to interchange lights and cameras in a scene. It discusses how the transposed transport matrix can be used to generate virtual captured images from virtual projected patterns. It also describes different methods used to capture the transport matrix, including fixed pattern scanning and adaptive multiplexed illumination. Limitations discussed include scenes with significant global illumination effects and situations where the camera and projector are at a large angle.
How to set up your digital camera for optimum jpg shooting. Includes File size, File Quality, ISO, White Balance, reading the Histogram and Exposure compensation
The document discusses different types of input devices used to digitize images, including flatbed scanners, webcams, and mobile phone cameras. It provides advantages and disadvantages of each: flatbed scanners can scan delicate items without damage but are large, webcams are inexpensive but have low quality and privacy concerns, and mobile phone cameras are convenient but have lower quality than dedicated cameras.
The document discusses simulations of linear LED lighting designs using various optical components like diffusers and reflectors. Key findings include:
1) A dense array of low-power LEDs can produce uniform illumination within 3.8mm. Diffusers were tested at this distance.
2) An extruded reflector designed to collimate light vertically produced a 6x110 degree beam, increasing brightness 6x over bare LEDs.
3) Adding a satin ice or holographic diffuser further broadened the beam to 48x64 and 40x84 degrees respectively, while maintaining high light output.
4) Total internal reflection lenses can further improve vertical beam control and brightness over reflectors.
This document provides an introduction to off-camera strobe lighting. It discusses the basic gear needed, including a strobe that can be triggered externally and set to manual power. The document outlines seven basic lighting decisions to consider, such as light placement and quality. It then discusses a typical photojournalist's core equipment and how it can be expanded minimally to greatly improve lighting with the addition of a compact light stand, umbrella, and strobe. The goal is to incorporate lighting gear to always have the ability to use better light on assignments.
Digital cameras come in various types for different needs and budgets, from cheap point-and-shoot cameras to expensive professional SLR models. Key components that impact image quality include the lens, image sensor, and image stabilization system. Camera lenses use different elements and apertures to focus light onto the sensor, and features like zoom range, aperture sizes, and sharpness are important. Larger image sensors generally produce higher quality images but increase camera size and cost. Other factors like resolution, noise, ISO light sensitivity, LCD screens, and manual controls allow photographers flexibility in shooting styles and environments. Understanding these core camera technologies helps choose the right camera.
The document summarizes FLIR T-Series thermal imaging cameras. It describes the ergonomic design that allows tilting and rotating the optical block for comfortable image capture from any angle. It provides details on resolution options and features for different camera models, including touchscreens, connectivity to mobile devices, and measurement tools. The document promotes infrared training courses to maximize the value of investing in a FLIR camera.
Este documento presenta una lista de estudiantes y las materias en las que obtuvieron las mejores calificaciones. La lista muestra los nombres de los estudiantes en la primera columna y las asignaturas de Estadística, Ciencias Naturales, Álgebra, Ciencias Sociales y Tecnología en las columnas siguientes, indicando en qué materia cada estudiante se destacó.
Especial dia da comunicação empresarial: A comunicação que devemos serLLYC
O documento discute como a comunicação empresarial está enfrentando grandes desafios diante das rápidas mudanças nas formas de comunicação e relacionamento. A gestão da reputação corporativa tornou-se essencial para o sucesso dos negócios. Profissionais de comunicação precisam acompanhar as novas demandas do mercado, como conteúdo personalizado e mensuração de resultados, para manter o relacionamento com públicos cada vez mais diversos e imediatos.
En sammenfatning af nogle af de slides der bliver benyttet til slagskurset S.O.S. Sandheden om salg. Kurset afholdes løbende over hele landet og findes samtidig som et omfattende online kursus på hjemmesiden ved samme navn sandhedenomsalg.dk - underviser og forfatter til kurset er Kim Kampp fra House of VIsions - houseofvisions.dk
1. Ramesh Raskar discusses his research in computational photography and creating new types of cameras that go beyond traditional camera capabilities.
2. The goal is to develop imaging platforms that have a deeper understanding of the visual world than humans by capturing and analyzing more information.
3. Examples of this research include cameras that can capture light fields and refocus images after capture, cameras that can remove motion blur in a single photo, and techniques for capturing high-speed motion with imperceptible tags.
This document provides an overview of digital camera technologies and photography basics. It discusses the main types of digital cameras including point and shoot, prosumer, and DSLR. The key difference between these cameras is image quality, which is influenced by sensor size. Larger sensors in DSLRs allow for better image quality compared to smaller sensors in point and shoot cameras. The document also covers digital camera features and functions like megapixels, image stabilization, dust reduction, and exposure settings that allow photographers to control shutter speed, aperture, and ISO.
The document discusses various components and techniques used in camera work including lenses, imaging devices, focal lengths, angles of view, shot types, focus, lighting levels, depth of field, white balancing, shutter speeds, camera mounts, filters, and more. It provides information on technical specifications and how different settings and equipment impact the look and quality of recorded video.
The document discusses the main parts of a television camera, including the lens, imaging device, viewfinder, and camera body. It describes components like the CCD, pixels, and chrominance and luminance channels. Various camera settings and concepts are also explained such as resolution, white balance, gain, and lighting.
This document provides an overview of the basics of exposure for beginners using DSLR cameras. It discusses the three main controls that determine exposure - shutter speed, aperture, and ISO sensitivity. It explains how to achieve correct exposure by balancing these controls and "zeroing out" the camera's light meter. The document also covers other important photography concepts like depth of field, white balance, and the relationship between aperture, focal length, and depth of field. Key topics are explained through examples and sample images.
Geophotography: From Shooting to Post-processing: Making the Most of your Cam...SERC at Carleton College
1. Getting the image right during shooting is important, including composition, use of a polarizer, and properly exposing for highlights.
2. Shooting in RAW format allows more flexibility during post-processing.
3. Minor adjustments during post-processing like levels, exposure, and sharpening can improve the image without making it look manipulated. Practice and experimentation is important.
Through the Lens - Volumes of learning material on Film Making & Photography. Here is the 1st Volume of Through the Lens (Video Camera Techniques). This is for learning purpose not for commercial use. Hope this is will really helps media students. Write to me for to clarify any doubts - ebenezerannadoss@gmail.com
2. [pro forma] camera getting started guide(4)EPAYNE52
The document provides information about the darkroom process and equipment used for developing photographic film. It explains that a darkroom is a dark workspace used to process light-sensitive film and paper. It then describes the main chemicals used - developer, stop bath, fixer, and hypo clear - and their purposes in the developing process. Finally, it outlines some common pieces of darkroom equipment including tanks, reels, measuring cylinders, enlargers, safelights, and timers.
The document discusses various digital photography techniques including aperture, shutter speed, ISO, white balance, and post-processing adjustments. Aperture controls depth of field, shutter speed controls motion blur, and ISO adjusts light sensitivity and image noise. White balance settings alter the color temperature to match lighting conditions. Post-processing allows diptychs demonstrating curves, levels, cropping, dodging and burning, and color adjustments to modify tones and colors. Combined, these techniques give photographers control over visual qualities like focus, motion, brightness, hues, and composition.
This document describes the concept of dual photography, which uses Helmholtz reciprocity to interchange lights and cameras in a scene. It discusses how the transposed transport matrix can be used to generate virtual captured images from virtual projected patterns. It also describes different methods used to capture the transport matrix, including fixed pattern scanning and adaptive multiplexed illumination. Limitations discussed include scenes with significant global illumination effects and situations where the camera and projector are at a large angle.
How to set up your digital camera for optimum jpg shooting. Includes File size, File Quality, ISO, White Balance, reading the Histogram and Exposure compensation
The document discusses different types of input devices used to digitize images, including flatbed scanners, webcams, and mobile phone cameras. It provides advantages and disadvantages of each: flatbed scanners can scan delicate items without damage but are large, webcams are inexpensive but have low quality and privacy concerns, and mobile phone cameras are convenient but have lower quality than dedicated cameras.
The document discusses simulations of linear LED lighting designs using various optical components like diffusers and reflectors. Key findings include:
1) A dense array of low-power LEDs can produce uniform illumination within 3.8mm. Diffusers were tested at this distance.
2) An extruded reflector designed to collimate light vertically produced a 6x110 degree beam, increasing brightness 6x over bare LEDs.
3) Adding a satin ice or holographic diffuser further broadened the beam to 48x64 and 40x84 degrees respectively, while maintaining high light output.
4) Total internal reflection lenses can further improve vertical beam control and brightness over reflectors.
This document provides an introduction to off-camera strobe lighting. It discusses the basic gear needed, including a strobe that can be triggered externally and set to manual power. The document outlines seven basic lighting decisions to consider, such as light placement and quality. It then discusses a typical photojournalist's core equipment and how it can be expanded minimally to greatly improve lighting with the addition of a compact light stand, umbrella, and strobe. The goal is to incorporate lighting gear to always have the ability to use better light on assignments.
Digital cameras come in various types for different needs and budgets, from cheap point-and-shoot cameras to expensive professional SLR models. Key components that impact image quality include the lens, image sensor, and image stabilization system. Camera lenses use different elements and apertures to focus light onto the sensor, and features like zoom range, aperture sizes, and sharpness are important. Larger image sensors generally produce higher quality images but increase camera size and cost. Other factors like resolution, noise, ISO light sensitivity, LCD screens, and manual controls allow photographers flexibility in shooting styles and environments. Understanding these core camera technologies helps choose the right camera.
The document summarizes FLIR T-Series thermal imaging cameras. It describes the ergonomic design that allows tilting and rotating the optical block for comfortable image capture from any angle. It provides details on resolution options and features for different camera models, including touchscreens, connectivity to mobile devices, and measurement tools. The document promotes infrared training courses to maximize the value of investing in a FLIR camera.
Este documento presenta una lista de estudiantes y las materias en las que obtuvieron las mejores calificaciones. La lista muestra los nombres de los estudiantes en la primera columna y las asignaturas de Estadística, Ciencias Naturales, Álgebra, Ciencias Sociales y Tecnología en las columnas siguientes, indicando en qué materia cada estudiante se destacó.
Especial dia da comunicação empresarial: A comunicação que devemos serLLYC
O documento discute como a comunicação empresarial está enfrentando grandes desafios diante das rápidas mudanças nas formas de comunicação e relacionamento. A gestão da reputação corporativa tornou-se essencial para o sucesso dos negócios. Profissionais de comunicação precisam acompanhar as novas demandas do mercado, como conteúdo personalizado e mensuração de resultados, para manter o relacionamento com públicos cada vez mais diversos e imediatos.
En sammenfatning af nogle af de slides der bliver benyttet til slagskurset S.O.S. Sandheden om salg. Kurset afholdes løbende over hele landet og findes samtidig som et omfattende online kursus på hjemmesiden ved samme navn sandhedenomsalg.dk - underviser og forfatter til kurset er Kim Kampp fra House of VIsions - houseofvisions.dk
Alcoholism is a chronic illness characterized by habitual excessive alcohol intake that interferes with physical and mental health. It progresses through four stages - from adaptive drinking to loss of control and dependence, with attempts to stop drinking causing severe withdrawal symptoms. Long-term effects include liver disease, cirrhosis, cancer, and neurological damage. Treatment options include medication-assisted therapy combining prescription drugs and counseling, psycho-social therapy through talk therapy, intensive in-patient programs isolating patients for 28 days, and intensive out-patient programs allowing patients to receive treatment while with family.
Ciclo de vida de un proyecto lpuf.pptxv1Luzpiedad1
Este documento presenta un mapa conceptual del ciclo de vida de un proyecto de tecnología educativa. El mapa conceptual muestra las diferentes etapas de un proyecto, incluyendo la iniciación, la planificación, la ejecución, el control y la clausura.
El documento describe el nacimiento complicado de una niña y su deterioro en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales, con pocas esperanzas de supervivencia. Los padres prepararon un funeral, pero el hermano de la niña, Michael de 3 años, insistió en cantarle. A pesar de las reglas, la madre llevó a Michael a la unidad de cuidados intensivos, donde él le cantó una canción a su hermana moribunda.
Este documento presenta la sesión de aprendizaje número 1 del área de Física para décimo grado en el Colegio Saludcoop Norte. La sesión busca realizar un recorrido histórico sobre el campo de estudio de la Física e identificar a los principales científicos y sus descubrimientos. También establece las diferencias entre la Física y la Química. Las actividades propuestas incluyen trabajar en grupos para sondear los conocimientos previos de los estudiantes, realizar presentaciones multimedia
KIA Motors built a new production plant in Slovakia in 2006. They worked with ANECT to design an advanced IP-based infrastructure for server monitoring, security, and IPTV. This included a surveillance solution using Axis network cameras to monitor equipment and ensure worker safety. ANECT installed over 100 Axis cameras across the plant to provide video monitoring. The solution provides reliable, high quality video streaming and remote camera control, allowing KIA Motors to closely monitor operations and ensure safety.
This document contains a series of words and letters with the repeated phrases "Say it. Connect it. Write it." at the top and bottom. There does not appear to be a clear narrative or meaning conveyed in the document. It seems to be a random listing of letters, words, and nonsensical phrases.
This white paper discusses how the transition to high definition television (HDTV) standards is impacting the video surveillance market. HDTV provides much higher resolution than traditional analog TV through standards like 1080p and 720p. These HDTV standards ensure high image quality, resolution and frame rates that are valuable for surveillance applications requiring clear identification. As compression technologies advanced, it became possible to efficiently transmit the high data of HDTV, leading to its adoption in video surveillance cameras.
Human resources management in modern statistics - Janusz Dygaszewicz, Central...Светла Иванова
Modern statistics means modern management of statistical surveys at each implementation stage, with an optimum use of resources, along with approximating the completion of the official statistics mission by increasing the effectiveness of the statistical production process.
Modern statistics is also a set of notions characterising individual phases and processes involved in the creation of statistical data in line with customers' needs and the principles of the activities optimisation and allocation of resources, and also the rational use of resources.
The innovativenes of statistics is reflected in the current adjustment of statistical production to the Generic Statistical Business Process Model (GSBPM), with the Integrated Statistical Business Process Model (ISBPM) being its equivalent in Poland.
The introduction of the CSPA-compliant corporate architecture also determines the actual development directions for statistical production, and the resulting needs to further expand the competences of statisticians.
This document provides information about global paperboard substrates that can be considered as alternatives to domestic U.S. paperboard for folding carton applications. It discusses various paperboard grades including solid bleached sulfate (SBS), coated recycled board (CRB), folding boxboard (FBB), coated unbleached kraft (CUK), and their international equivalents. It also profiles major paperboard producers around the world and notes some advantages and disadvantages to considering imported paperboard.
Este documento discute as características e necessidades das crianças índigo. Essas crianças são altamente sensíveis e intuitivas, mas podem ter dificuldades em ambientes rígidos e autoritários. Os pais e professores precisam adaptar sua abordagem para apoiar melhor o desenvolvimento dessas crianças, respeitando suas diferenças em vez de tentar forçá-las a se encaixar.
Doy a conocer una presentación del Mapa Conceptual sobre Gerencia de Proyectos y Ciclo de vida en Prezi pasado a PDF dando a conocer los pasos a seguir para lograr un PROYECTO.
This document discusses key concepts around video surveillance resolution:
1. Resolution traditionally referred to the ability to resolve details, but now usually refers to pixel count in surveillance cameras. Pixel count determines the potential quality, but other factors like low light performance also impact image quality.
2. Common resolutions for surveillance cameras include 1080p, 720p, 5MP, and 4K. Higher resolutions can capture more details but performance can vary depending on lighting conditions.
3. The sensor resolution may be higher than the maximum stream resolution available. Integrators also sometimes set cameras to stream at lower resolutions than maximum.
4. Compression greatly impacts resolution - high compression can significantly reduce bandwidth needs but also impact visible image quality
This presentation was originally written to accompany a lecture and demonstration so you may find some of this a bit "off". Power through it and see what you can take from it.
The document provides guidance on selecting the best industrial camera for a system. It recommends a 3-step process: 1) Identify key camera parameters and prioritize requirements, 2) Compare specifications of existing cameras and develop a shortlist, 3) Evaluate top cameras by measuring image quality and system performance. The process aims to find the camera best matching needs within budget and supplier considerations.
Digital technology refers to using advanced information and communication technologies to collect, store, analyze and share information. It involves using digital and analog technologies. Digital images are stored as a grid of pixels using sensors, while analog images use film and chemical processing. Digital images have advantages like easy editing and storage, while film provides better image quality and the ability to physically examine prints. The size of a camera's image sensor impacts the resolution, depth of field, low-light performance, and image quality. Larger sensors generally provide better image quality.
PH1 Digital Photography Glossary of Basic Terms.docxBHARATGELOT1
This document provides an overview of digital photography, including sections on characteristics of good photographs, a glossary of digital photography terms, how digital cameras work, and factors affecting digital camera quality. The key points are:
- A digital camera works by capturing light with an image sensor like a CCD or CMOS sensor, converting the light information to digital signals, compressing the image data, and storing it on a memory card.
- Camera resolution, measured in megapixels, determines the size of prints that can be made from digital photos - higher megapixel counts allow for larger prints.
- Other factors like lens quality, aperture, zoom range, and camera software also impact overall photo quality from a
The document discusses photographic principles, including the evolution of cameras from pinhole cameras to modern digital SLRs. It covers key camera components like lenses, shutters, and sensors. Exposure is controlled through the aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. Lenses use different focal lengths to capture different angles of view. Autofocus works by comparing the contrast between adjacent pixels to achieve focus. Image stabilization compensates for angular and shift camera shake. Intelligent recognition allows cameras to detect faces and scenes. A variety of equipment is needed for taking, processing, and developing photos.
Sekonic C-700, colometer je prístroj nielen na meranie farebnej teploty. Chromatické diagramy je možné v širokej miere využiť pri kontrole a monitorovaní kvality vo výrobe osvetlenia, ako aj pri sledovaní podmienok osvetlenia kancelárií, vozoviek, kontrole dodržiavania vládnych noriem vo vzdelávacích a verejných miestach, presnom osvetlení na zdravotníckych pracoviskách, osvetlení výrobných liniek...
An SLR camera uses an aperture, lens, viewfinder, ISO, shutter, and film to capture images. The aperture regulates the amount of light passing through the lens using f-stops from f/1.2 to f/32. The lens uses multiple elements to minimize aberrations and capture accurate images. The viewfinder allows photographers to frame shots and see what the lens sees, ideally at least 95% of the frame. ISO measures the camera's light sensitivity, with lower numbers indicating less sensitivity and finer grain. Shutter speed controls the duration the shutter is open from fractions of a second to seconds. Film is loaded and unloaded from the camera body.
Step Into Security Webinar - IP Security Camera Techniques for Video Surveill...Keith Harris
This document provides information on IP security camera techniques for video surveillance. It discusses choosing the right cameras by looking at camera types (IP vs analog, indoor vs outdoor), sensors, resolutions, and lenses. It also covers determining camera settings such as frame rates, compression, and light sensitivity. The goals are to help select cameras and settings that meet surveillance needs. It includes poll questions to gauge attendee knowledge.
2015.05.02 bas photography workshop – the science of seeing (through the camera)Partha Ray
1. The sensor size and quality determines the camera's dynamic range and signal-to-noise ratio, with larger full-frame sensors having higher dynamic range and lower noise levels than smaller sensors.
2. The sensor consists of millions of light-sensitive pixels that collect photons as electrons, similar to collecting rainwater in buckets. Higher pixel counts mean smaller individual pixels.
3. Exposure is optimized when pixels are filled to capacity without overflowing, while maintaining some minimum level of electrons in the darkest areas above sensor noise levels. ISO, aperture, and shutter speed work together to achieve this.
This document provides an introduction to digital photography, including an overview of digital cameras and their advantages over film cameras. It discusses basic camera components like sensors and storage as well as different types of digital cameras. It also covers lenses, megapixels, image stabilization, and basic camera controls like aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. The goal is to educate newcomers to digital photography about selecting and using a digital camera.
Smartphone Camera(Elements of smartphone camera)Sikandar Khan
This is all about basic camera elements of the smartphone and focusing technique.A basic idea of smartphone camera with some features like Dual Tone Flash.
Suggestion please post on:
unosikandar@gmail.com
The document discusses image sensors and compares CCD and CMOS sensor technologies. It describes how image sensors work by converting light into electrical signals and digital data. CCD sensors were once dominant but CMOS sensors now provide faster readouts and are less expensive to manufacture, though they can cause issues like skew and partial exposure. The document examines key attributes of image sensors like resolution, frame rate, power consumption, and dynamic range that are important for applications in consumer cameras, medical imaging, and surveillance. Choosing the best sensor requires weighing these various attributes against the needs of the specific application.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document provides an overview of digital photography basics, including:
- Definitions of photography as the art of capturing light and images on a sensitized surface
- Characteristics of light such as quality, direction, contrast, and color temperature
- Key components of the exposure triangle - shutter speed, aperture, and ISO sensitivity
- How aperture affects depth of field and shutter speed works with aperture for proper exposure
- Common cameras types like point-and-shoot and DSLR, their features and differences
- Advantages and disadvantages of digital photography compared to film
- Factors to consider when choosing a digital camera, more megapixels do not necessarily mean better.
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Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
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2. table of contents
1. introduction 3
2. the puzzle of light sensitivity 3
3. Do not be fooled! 5
4. Making the smarter choice 6
3. 1. Introduction
Light is fundamental to the quality of an image. As a rule, provided it is not overexposed, the image will
be better the more light that is available in the scene. If the amount of light is insufficient, the image will
be noisy or dark. The amount of light that is required to produce a good-quality image depends on the
camera and how sensitive to light it is. In other words, the darker the scene, the more sensitive to light
the camera has to be.
Light sensitivity, or minimum illumination, refers to the smallest amount of light needed for the camera
to produce an image of useable quality. Minimum illumination is presented in lux (lx), which is a measure
of illuminance, often inappropriately referred to as light intensity. Thus, one might argue that the lower
the lux rating indicated by the vendor, the more sensitive the camera. However, it is not quite that simple.
There is a paradox to the minimum illumination issue. While light sensitivity is often a key deciding fac-
tor when deciding between products and vendors, it is a challenging aspect of camera technology and
one of the most difficult to depict.
This paper aims to bring some nuance to the discussion on light sensitivity, to highlight the traps and
explain why in-the-field testing is preferred over datasheet comparisons and necessary to make an in-
formed purchase decision.
2. The puzzle of light sensitivity
The process of measuring light sensitivity is complicated and inconclusive. There are several reasons for
this.
First, illuminance is measured using a lux meter. Although the measuring method in it itself is accurate,
lux readings are deceptive in regards to describing a camera’s light sensitivity because lux meters and
cameras do not collect the same light information. So when we talk about illuminance or lux, we refer
to how a scene is lit, not how the light is collected by the camera.
Whereas a lux meter records the amount of visible light that hits, or illuminates, a given area (incident
light), a camera records the amount of light reflected from the objects in the covered area (reflected
light). Thus, the lux readings of two people occupying the same space, where one is dressed in white and
the other in black, would turn out identical. However, the amount of light captured by a camera covering
the same scene may be lower or higher, partly because the person dressed in black reflects less light than
the person dressed in white. Also, glossy objects reflect more light than dull objects and weather condi-
tions affect lighting and reflection as well. While snow will intensify the reflected light, rain will absorb
much of the reflected light.
Figure 1. The difference between incident light measured by a lux meter and reflected light captured by a camera.
3
4. Second, many natural scenes have fairly complex illumination, with backlit situations, shadows and
highlights that affect how the camera interprets the scene. Backlight, for instance, will put your object
in darkness, restricting your chances of positive identification. In outdoor surveillance, the sunlight shifts
in both intensity and direction during the day. Therefore, you need to consider that one lux reading does
not indicate the light condition for a scene as a whole, nor does it say anything about the direction of
the light.
Figure 2. At left, an example of how 5 lux appear in reality, in the middle 80 lux, and at right 4000 lux.
Keep in mind that when a lux value is measured in a scene, it only represents the illuminance at the
object in focus. In the images above, for example, the lux value represents the illuminance at the point
of the tree or in front of the building. The brighter sky and the darker ground are not taken into ac-
count.
Third, there are a number of factors that influence the light sensitivity of a camera. These include expo-
sure time, f-stop, the size and quality of the sensor, the quality of the lens and color temperature. The
IRE level is also brought into the mix, although it is an analog value that persists in the digital world
through interpretation and despite the fact that it is not applicable.
Many of these factors can be manipulated so that the camera will collect more light. In fact, some ven-
dors are not shy about manipulating values to make their products seem better. For example, an increase
of the exposure time (slowing down the shutter speed) will allow for more light to reach the sensor. It is
a convenient way of improving image quality and achieving good values with still images. However, if
there is motion in the scene, the video image will be blurry and the object unidentifiable. This does not
stop vendors from using this trick when providing test images and data. Always be aware of vendors
claiming still images as evidence of their camera’s motion video performance in low-light conditions.
Gain does not influence the camera’s light sensitivity, but it is an amplifier of the video signal. Increasing
the gain level boosts the video signal and makes the image brighter. As a trade-off, the noise in the im-
age is increased as well. It would be similar to turning up the volume on a radio with poor reception; you
would not only hear more music but also more static and interference.
Figure 3. At left, a scene taken at 500 lux with low gain. At right, a similar scene also taken at 500 lux but with high
gain. The images illustrate how an increase of the gain will amplify the video signal and make the image brighter at
the sacrifice of increased noise in the image.
4
5. Last, but perhaps most importantly, there is currently no global standard for measuring minimum illumi-
nation on the market, which means that not even the market leaders share the same method, making it
a challenge for any vendor to achieve fair values and for customers to trust them.
3. Do not be fooled!
The consequence of the challenges described above is that a comparison between products from differ-
ent vendors based on their lux ratings, f-numbers or sensor sizes is flawed by default. A camera purchase
established on such an inadequate review is prone to be a bad one. A camera with a minimum illumina-
tion rating specified as 5 lx, F10, can have the same performance in low-light conditions as a camera
specified as 0.05 lx, F1.0. The same properties can be expressed in many different ways and different
vendors use different benchmarks. As a result, the job of reviewing products from competing vendors is
much more complicated than comparing their technical data.
Some will even optimize performance during testing by using optional lenses or expensive, high-end
lenses that the average customer would be resistant to purchase. Do not forget to compare the provided
minimum illumination value and f-number with the actual f-number of the standard lens, if one is deliv-
ered with the camera. Axis’ camera offerings are all-inclusive; the cameras are always delivered with a
lens and our tests are consistently completed with the standard lens alternative and the default set-
tings.
As an experiment, we used the Axis method1 of measuring minimum illumination to compare a few of
our products with similar products from other vendors. All the images below are captured using the
cameras’ default settings and the differences between the lux ratings specified in the product data-
sheets and the test results speak for themselves.
Fixed network cameras
AXIS P1346 Network Camera Competitor product 1 Competitor product 2
Test image2 Datasheet3 Test image2 Datasheet3 Test image2 Datasheet3
0.5 lx 0.6 lx (color) 0.5 lx 0.3 lx (color) 0.1 lx 0.2 lx (color)
AXIS M1031-W Network Camera Competitor product 1 Competitor product 2
Test image2 Datasheet3 Test image2 Datasheet3 Test image2 Datasheet3
1 lx 1 lx (color) 1 lx 1 lx (color) 1 lx 0.5 lx (color)
1 A technical note on Measurement of Minimum Illumination (MMI)
The Axis Method can be found at www.axis.com/corporate/corp/tech_papers.htm
2 Illumination during testing
3 Minimum illumination specified in product’s datasheet
5
6. Fixed dome network cameras
AXIS M3114-R Network Camera Competitor product 1 Competitor product 2
Test image2 Datasheet3 Test image2 Datasheet3 Test image2 Datasheet3
0.5 lx 1 lx (color) 0.5 lx 0.5 lx (color) 0.5 lx 0.4 lx (color)
If the requirements for the installation are such that the minimum illumination value is a key deciding
factor, it is well invested time to really do your homework and test the cameras rather than blindly trust
the presented value.
4. Making the smarter choice
In conclusion, there are two options when making a confident and successful camera choice. The best
way is to compare the cameras in the field with moving objects since it is only then the cameras can
truly be tested according to the requirements of the specific application. If an in-the-field comparison is
not possible, make sure you turn to a vendor that uses a documented, repeatable process since this en-
sures that
> products from that particular vendor can be compared with each other.
> the ratings are not manipulated to oversell a particular product.
6
7. Exposure time Quality of the sensor
The length of time the image sensor is ex- The light that passes through the lens is fo-
posed to light is defined as the exposure time. cused on the network camera’s image sensor.
The longer the exposure time, the more light The pixels of the sensor register the amount of
an image sensor receives. Increasing the ex- light they are exposed to and convert them
posure will improve image quality in poor into a corresponding number of electrons, or
lighting conditions, but it will also increase electrical signals. The brighter the light, the
motion blur and lower the total frame rate more electrons.
since a longer time is required to expose each
frame. The general rule used to be that a large sensor
collects more light than a small one and also
F-stop that the electron storing capacity of each
pixel increases with the size of the pixel. But
F-stop, or f-number, is a measure of the ca- nowadays there are technologies and designs
pacity of lenses to collect light. It is the ratio that improve and concentrate the light and
of focal length (the distance between the increase the sensitivity of a sensor. Thus, small
centre of the lens and its focus point) to the sensors and pixels may very well be better
than large ones. The only way to know for sure
is to look beyond the pixel size and test the
sensor.
Color temperature
Color temperature is measured in degrees Kel-
Focal length vin (K). The scale is based on the fact that all
heated objects radiate. The first visible light
diameter of the aperture (the iris opening that radiating from a heated object is red and as
lets light through the lens to the sensor). the temperature of the heated object rises,
the radiating color becomes bluer. Just like
Large aperture Small aperture
The smaller the f-number, the better is the
light collecting capacity of the lens. F-stops the daylight color temperature shifts during
are often written as Fx or as f/x (focal length/ the day, indoor light comes in an array of col-
aperture). An f-stop of F4 means that the iris or temperatures. The human eye will compen-
diameter is equal to the focal length divided sate for the differences in color that different
by 4. If a camera has an 8 mm lens, light must light sources produce so that objects appear
pass through an iris opening that is 2 mm in to maintain their color. Cameras, however,
diameter. must be adjusted for the local illumination.
Usually, they have an automatic mode, where
Quality of the lens the white balance is calculated automatically,
rather than manual referencing to a neutral
The quality of the lens material and how the surface such as a gray card. There are also
lens assembly is designed influence the kind camera settings for optimizing color repre-
of resolution a lens can provide. No lens is sentation.
perfect, and all create some form of aberra-
tion or image defects as a result of the limita-
tions. Lenses are manufactured to match the
sensor and it is important to select a lens suit-
able for the camera.
7