This document discusses achieving high resolution digital photomicrographs using light microscopes and digital cameras. It explains that light microscopes use glass lenses to magnify tiny objects and digital cameras are becoming an inexpensive alternative to film for capturing high resolution microscope images. The document evaluates the resolution capabilities of different microscope objectives and a Jenoptik C14+ digital camera using calibration standards with bars as small as 1.5 microns. It finds that the Jenoptik camera can clearly resolve bars at the 1.5 micron level or smaller, achieving resolution equal to or exceeding film.
Ultra High Focusing Speed up to 12000Hz
Long Term Reliability more than 1 billion operating cycle
Ultra Small Power Consumption less than 1mA
Shock Resistance more than 5000G
Operating Temperature Range: -30 ~ 100°C
Single Camera Based 3D Camera
Volumetrically 25% Smaller than Current Technology Based Module
Real-Time Multi Focusing
Applicable to Volumetric 3D DISPLAY, Compact Auto Focus and 3D camera module
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These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze the increasing economic feasibility of virtual retinal displays. These displays focus light on a person’s retina using LEDs, digital micro-mirrors and lenses, which are all encased in a head-set about the size of glasses. They enable high resolution 3D video images with a large field of view that are far superior to existing displays. Rapid improvements in LEDs and digital micro-mirrors (one type of MEMS) are enabling these displays to experience rapid reductions in cost and improvements in performance.
Ultra High Focusing Speed up to 12000Hz
Long Term Reliability more than 1 billion operating cycle
Ultra Small Power Consumption less than 1mA
Shock Resistance more than 5000G
Operating Temperature Range: -30 ~ 100°C
Single Camera Based 3D Camera
Volumetrically 25% Smaller than Current Technology Based Module
Real-Time Multi Focusing
Applicable to Volumetric 3D DISPLAY, Compact Auto Focus and 3D camera module
Virtual Retinal Display: their falling cost and rising performanceJeffrey Funk
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We have built a camera that can look around corners and beyond the line of sight. The camera uses light that travels from the object to the camera indirectly, by reflecting off walls or other obstacles, to reconstruct a 3D shape.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Inspired by Wheatstone’s original stereoscope and augmenting it with modern factored light field synthesis, we present a new near-eye display technology that supports focus cues. These cues are critical for mitigating visual discomfort experienced in commercially-available head mounted displays and providing comfortable, long-term immersive experiences.
Comparison of the human eye to a camera by Mohsin memonMohsin Memon
Great source about human eye and camera lens good for general Science pedagogy for B.ed students or for those who were unable to compare human eye and camera lens each slide is well explained and good knowledge
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The Bologna Process calls for a substantive change in the pedagogical model of teaching and learning in higher education, focusing on the acquisition of skills by students and not the mere accumulation of knowledge. Technology Enhanced Learning Environments (TELE) are seen as a fundamental support in teaching reengineering, and may support a more effective approach to constructive educational philosophies. The evaluation of TELE, as a means of certifying its quality, is giving rise to several initiatives and European experiences. However, the mechanisms for defining quality parameters vary according to different contexts. If assessment aims to function as a management tool, it should seek specific criteria and indicators that would allow it to respond to questions of well-defined contexts. In this study, which stems from a literature review, we present basic guidelines for TELE continuous assessment (as a management tool). Throughout this article the importance of ongoing, in-context evaluation is emphasized. Models, methods and tools to collect data that permit institutions to develop a properly contextualized assessment process are presented.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how Light Field Technology is becoming economic feasible for an increasing number of applications. Light Field Cameras record all of the light fields in a picture instead of just one light field. This capability enables users to change the focus of pictures after they have been taken and to more easily record 3D data. These features are becoming economically feasible improvements because of rapid improvements in camera chips and micro-lens arrays (an example of micro-electronic mechanical systems, MEMS). These features offer alternative ways to do 3D sensing for automated vehicles and augmented reality and can enable faster data collection with telescopes.
A Fast Single-Pixel Laser Imager for VR/AR Headset TrackingPing Hsu
In this work we demonstrate a highly flexible laser imaging system for 3D sensing applications such as in tracking of VR/AR headsets, hands and gestures. The system uses a MEMS mirror scan module to transmit low power laser pulses over programmable areas within a field of view and uses a single photodiode to measure the reflected light...
We have built a camera that can look around corners and beyond the line of sight. The camera uses light that travels from the object to the camera indirectly, by reflecting off walls or other obstacles, to reconstruct a 3D shape.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Inspired by Wheatstone’s original stereoscope and augmenting it with modern factored light field synthesis, we present a new near-eye display technology that supports focus cues. These cues are critical for mitigating visual discomfort experienced in commercially-available head mounted displays and providing comfortable, long-term immersive experiences.
Comparison of the human eye to a camera by Mohsin memonMohsin Memon
Great source about human eye and camera lens good for general Science pedagogy for B.ed students or for those who were unable to compare human eye and camera lens each slide is well explained and good knowledge
This presentation was given by Astrid Søgnen of the Education Authority of the City of Oslo at the GCES Conference on Education Governance: The Role of Data in Tallinn on 12 February 2015 during the afternoon session workshop on Data and trust.
Models and instruments for assessing Technology Enhanced Learning Environment...Sérgio André Ferreira
The Bologna Process calls for a substantive change in the pedagogical model of teaching and learning in higher education, focusing on the acquisition of skills by students and not the mere accumulation of knowledge. Technology Enhanced Learning Environments (TELE) are seen as a fundamental support in teaching reengineering, and may support a more effective approach to constructive educational philosophies. The evaluation of TELE, as a means of certifying its quality, is giving rise to several initiatives and European experiences. However, the mechanisms for defining quality parameters vary according to different contexts. If assessment aims to function as a management tool, it should seek specific criteria and indicators that would allow it to respond to questions of well-defined contexts. In this study, which stems from a literature review, we present basic guidelines for TELE continuous assessment (as a management tool). Throughout this article the importance of ongoing, in-context evaluation is emphasized. Models, methods and tools to collect data that permit institutions to develop a properly contextualized assessment process are presented.
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For the full video of this presentation, please visit:
https://www.embedded-vision.com/platinum-members/embedded-vision-alliance/embedded-vision-training/videos/pages/may-2018-embedded-vision-summit-kanade
For more information about embedded vision, please visit:
http://www.embedded-vision.com
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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Achieving high resolution digital photomicrographs
1. Achieving High Resolution Digital Photomicrographs Revision 10/10/10
Light microscopes use specialized glass lenses (objectives, eyepieces, glass prisms and
other glass elements) to magnify tiny objects for observation by human eyes, and in some
cases, automated inspection devices. They are called light microscopes because they
employ light (most often generated by a bulb with a glowing filament inside, although
LED lights are starting to be supplied by some manufacturers). Other more specialized
light microscopes may use lasers as the light-generating source.
Man’s capabilities in producing high quality optical grade glass is well established
however it is also well known that optical glass suffers from certain deficiencies (called
aberrations) when it comes to faithfully rendering a high quality magnified image of the
subject in question. Certain manufacturing and engineering methods have been
successfully employed to correct for these aberrations, therefore the modern optical
microscope is an unparalleled instrument for the investigation of the microscopic world.
Further discussion of optical aberrations is unnecessary for the present purpose, but the
reader is directed to examine the superbly detailed discussions provided by Florida State
University’s Molecular Expressions website. See:
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/index.html
and also (for a discussion of optical aberrations):
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/lightandcolor/lenseshome.html
Until recently most photos taken through a microscope (called micrographs) have been
taken using photographic film because the size of the silver halide grains on film are very
small, allowing for very high resolution images to be made. However with recent
advances in digital cameras and computer software (that allows images to be quickly
“snapped” and imported onto the computer), digital imaging is quickly becoming an
inexpensive alternative to traditional film. Digital camera resolution is now approaching
the resolution of film (or maybe even better) and some of the many benefits of employing
a digital camera include the ability to instantly “snap” and throw away as many images as
one likes without the hassle (and cost) of developing multiple rolls of film. Digital
images may also be quickly and easily labeled with arrows, scale bars and other notations
while in the computer. Additionally most journal editors today prefer to receive
submitted manuscripts and figures, including micrographs, via the digital method.
The question is, however, are digital images as highly resolved as film images?
One obvious answer is that the camera will only perform as well as the microscope that is
delivering the optical image to the camera in the first place. If your microscope does not
resolve images well, your camera (no matter how many mega-pixels it has) will do no
better. Therefore a short discussion of microscope resolution is in order.
In short, the resolving power of a microscope objective lens is the ability of that lens to
gather as much light from the subject under examination, and to clearly reproduce a
magnified image of the tiniest details possible. A host of technical factors play into this
2. capability and our discussion could become highly theoretical very quickly. The reader is
again directed to a marvelous and well-illustrated discussion of the factors that influence
lens resolution at the Molecular Expression website:
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/anatomy/numaperture.html
However, to simplify the discussion – imagine two tiny dots on a microscope slide that
are one-tenth the diameter of the period at the end of this sentence. The closer you can
bring those two dots to each other while still observing through the microscope that they
are indeed two distinct dots, the higher the resolution of your microscope lens. In other
words, the smaller the distance d between two tiny dots, the higher the resolution
capability (numerical aperture) of your lens. Numerical aperture (NA) is a number,
usually engraved on the outer metal tube of your objective lens and it can range from
0.025 to 1.4 for very good (and usually expensive) lenses. The higher the NA, the better
that lens will perform in resolving two distinct points just as they are. That, in simple
terms, is a manageable definition for lens resolution.
Another obvious question is, how do I measure the resolving capability of my lenses?
Can’t I just read the NA on my lens and know that it is good or bad?
The answer is, not really. The quality standards of microscope manufacturers vary
widely. Just because your 50X lens may have 0.95NA inscribed on it does not mean it is
a well-designed and high-resolution lens. The best way to be sure is to purchase a
calibration standard such as that sold by Ted Pella Incorporated, for example (see:
http://www.tedpella.com/metro_html/metrochip.htm) and take some images using your
microscope lenses and various digital cameras.
For the Jenoptik C14+ high resolution digital camera, the flowing micrographs were
made using several objectives and a metal foil calibration standard that has a 1.5 micron
bar and gap on it (see arrows on the next figures).
DIGITAL MICROGRAPHS:
3. 25X Carl Zeiss Jena Planapochromat Objective, NA = 0.65. Total magnification 250X.
Note the small white bar at the bottom right of the “staircase” (see arrow). The white bar
is 1.5 microns wide. The black gap just to the left of it is also 1.5 microns wide.
Another scale is here reproduced at 250X magnification. This scale has 3 micron wide
bars.
4. 50X Carl Zeiss Planapochromat Objective, NA = 0.95. Total magnification 500X. The
white bar (at arrow) and black gap are each 1.5 microns wide.
5. Another scale is here reproduced at 500X magnification. Once again these bars are 3
microns wide.
6. 100X Carl Zeiss Apochromat Objective, NA = 1.40. Total magnification 1000X.
7. Another scale is here reproduced at 1000X magnification. Once again the scale bars are
3 microns wide.
8. Note that with each of these objectives the Jenoptik C14+ camera clearly and easily
resolves the 1.5 micron bar, and would probably resolve at least half of that size (at 0.75
microns) or even better. Therefore the combination of good quality lenses and the C14+
Jenoptik camera offer high quality resolution equal to or possibly even exceeding film
resolution for microscope use.
Another standard tool used for calibrating each microscope objective for use in
measuring small objects under the microscope is the stage micrometer (or stage
graticule). A stage micrometer is a glass slide upon which is etched or painted a finely
divided scale of lines set apart in precisely measured steps. The reader is directed to a
commercial website which features a variety of stage micrometers for purchase:
http://www.emsdiasum.com/microscopy/products/magnifier/stage.aspx
Also see: http://www.pyser-sgi.com/images/thumbnails/Graticules/Stage
%20Micrometers%20web.pdf
For example, a calibrated distance measuring 1mm can be divided by 100 lines, thus
rendering a series of finely calibrated spaces. In this case, each space between two lines
is 1.0 divided by 100 = 0.01 mm or 10 microns. The next image is a high magnification
micrograph taken with the Jenoptik C14+ and shows a series of 10 micron spaces.
9. 1250X magnification on Carl Zeiss Jena microscope. These are 1.25 micron lines. The
spaces between the lines are 10 micron spaces.
It is because of this example of the resolution capability of the Jenoptik camera, together
with the very easy to use (and powerful software), that I employ Jenoptik cameras in my
Imaging Laboratory at California State University , Northridge, Biology Department. In
fact, I have just successfully installed a Jenoptik C14+ camera on my Carl Zeiss EM-10
Transmission Electron Microscopes. I am achieving superior resolution on my electron
microscope to cameras that cost 5-10 times more than my Jenoptik camera.
10. Mark H. Armitage, M.S., Ed.S
Electron Microscope Laboratory
Department of Biology
California State University, Northridge
Mark.armitage@csun.edu