All living things are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function. Eukaryotic cells contain specialized internal structures called organelles that carry out different functions. The nucleus contains the cell's DNA and directs protein production. Other organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes help modify and transport proteins and carry out other specialized functions, allowing the cell to survive.

1. THE CELLChapter 7

2. MicroscopyMicrographsPhotograph of the view through a microscopeLight MicroscopesElectron MicroscopesScanning EMTo look at the surface of cells/specimen3-D imagesTransmission EMTo look at internal structures of cells/specimen

14. Robert Hook (1665)Englishmancork“cells”Compound microscope

16. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1660’S)(LAY vun Hook)HollandSingle lens microscopePond water“animalcules”

18. Cell Theory3 parts and key people

19. CellsBasic units of life

20. Matthias Schleiden (1838)German botanistPlant cells

21. Theodor Schwann (1839)German biologistAnimal cells

22. Rudolf Virchow (1855)German physicianNew cells could only come from the division of existing cells

23. Cell TheoryAll living things are composed of one or more cellsCells are the basic units of structure and function in living thingsNew Cells are produced from existing cells

24. Lots of different shapes and sizes of cells

28. SizesThe body is made of 100 trillion cell (1014)Extremely small…The human eye can see .01 cm, a human cell is 5x smaller5 to 50 micrometers…µmHow big is a micrometer?1m=100cm=1,000,000 micrometers1 micrometer=.000001mBasically you can’t see itRemember: KHDmDCM..micro..nano..pico

30. Chaos chaos Largest protozoanYou can see without microscope1000 micrometersHow many meters is this? .001 mHow many centimeters is this?0.1 cm

31. 2 things in every cell…Surrounded by a barrier, cell membraneAt some point in their life they contain….DNA

32. What is a Nucleus?Plural: nucleiLarge, membrane enclosed structure that contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNAWhat is a membrane?A thin layer of material that serves as a covering or lining

34. 2 categories for cells…Prokaryotes (pro-care-ee-ohts)No nucleusCell’s genetic material is not contained in the nucleus…found in NUCLEOID:Region in cytoplasm where DNA is foundLess complicated that eukaryotesSome have internal membranesDo NOT have membrane bound organellesCarry out every activity associated with living things…which are…

35. Eukaryotes (you-care-ee-othts)Contain nucleus in which the genetic material is separated from the rest of the cellContains dozens of structures and internal membranesHigh VarietySingle celled or multi-cellularPlants, animals, fungi, and protists

36. Eukaryotic cell structure

37. The Cell factoryOrganellesHighly specialized structures within the cellLittle organs2 major divisions of the eukaryotic cellNucleus The “brain”DNACytoplasmPortion outside the nucleus but inside the cell membrane

38. 2 types of Eukaryotic cellsPlant cellsAnimal cellsWhat are the differences? (write them down!!!)

39. NucleusBrain of the cellOffice of the factoryContains nearly all the cell’s DNA and with it the coded instructions for making PROTEINS and other important molecules

40. Nuclear envelopeSurrounds nucleusMade of 2 membranesDotted with thousands of nuclear poresHow do we get messages, instructions and blueprints out of the office?Allow material to move in and out of nucleus by using “little runners” such as proteins, RNA and other molecules

41. Inside the nucleus we see…Contain a granular material called…CHROMATINChromatin= DNA + proteinUsually spread out in nucleusDuring cell division, chromatin clumps together or condenses…we call this….CHROMOSOMES

42. In the nucleus…Contain a granular material called…CHROMATINChromatin= DNA + proteinUsually spread out in nucleusDuring cell division, chromatin clumps together or condenses…we call this….CHROMOSOMES

43. ChromosomesThreadlike structures that contain genetic information that is passed on from one generation to the next

44. NucleolusSmall dense region inside the nucleusFunction: assembly of ribosomes begin…

46. RibosomesMost important function of cell is…Making proteinsProteins regulate a zillion different thingsLike…Proteins are assembled ON RibosomesRibosomes are small particles of protein & RNA (what’s RNA?)They follow instructions from the nucleus to make proteins…follow the orders from the “head haunchos” in the main officeScattered throughout the cell They are like little factoriesIf a cell’s main function is making proteins, how many ribosomes are you going to have?

48. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)Internal membrane systemThe site where the lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials exported from the cell2 typesSmooth ERRough ER

49. Rough ERInvolved in protein making (synthesis)So what are we going to see on it?ribosomesOnce a protein is made, it leaves the ribosome and goes into the Rough ERThe rough ER then modifies the proteinAll proteins that are exported by the cell are made on the RERMembrane proteins are made on the RER too

51. Smooth ERNO ribosomes on itLooks smoothContains collections of ENZYMES that have specialized tasksWhat do enzymes do?Tasks include:Synthesis of membrane lipidsDetoxification of drugsLiver cellsBig in detox therefore….what do u think liver cells have a lot of?

53. Golgi ApparatusDiscovered by Italian scientist Camillo GolgiOnce proteins are done being “modified” in the RER, they move onto the Golgi apparatusLooks like a stack of pancakesFunction: modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the ER for STORAGE or SECRETION outside the cellProteins are “shipped” to final destinationThey are the CUSTOMIZATION SHOPFinishing touches on proteins before they leave factory

56. Lysosomes(Lie-so-soh-mz)The factory’s clean-up crewIt’s an Organelle filled with enzymesFunction: Digestion (break down) of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into smaller molecules that can be used by the cellAlso digest organelles that have outlived their usefulness

57. What do you think happens if lysosomes malfunction? A bunch of “junk” build up in the cellIs this good?Many human diseases result from malfunction of lysosomeTay-Sachs disease

58. VacuolesThe factory’s storage placeOnly in certain cellsSac-like organellesFunction: stores material such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydratesPlant cells have a single, large central vacuolePressure of central vacuole allows plants to support heavy structures

60. Single-celled organisms and some animals also have vacuoles…ParameciumContractile vacuoleContracts rhythmically to pump excess water out…this maintains what? homeostasis

61. What is the one thing all living things need to eat, breath, reproduce, move and much more?ENERGY!!!!

62. Two ways cells get energy…From food moleculesFrom the sun

63. MithochondriaConvert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convienent for the cell to useHas 2 membranesInner membraneOuter membraneIn Animal AND Plant cellsNearly all come from the ovumYou get your mitochondria from your mom!

66. ChloroplastsPlant and some Bacteria cells only ( NOT in animal cells)Capture energy from the sunlight and convert it into chemical energy…what is this process called?PHOTOSYNTHESISLike solar power for plants2 membranesInside: large stacks of other membranes that contain chlorphyll

69. Organelle DNAChloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own genetic infoIn form of small DNA molecules

70. Lynn MargulisAmerican biologistChloroplasts and mitochondria are descendents of prokaryotes

71. She said…Ancient Prokaryotes from wayyyyy back in the day had a symbiotic relationship with the ancient eukaryotesWhat is symbiotic? (review ecology!!!)The prokaryotes lived inside the eukaryotesThere were prokaryotes that used oxygen to make energy (ATP)MitochondriaThere were prokaryotes that used photosynthesis to get energyChloroplasts

72. Endosymbiotic TheoryIdea that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes

73. CytoskeletonSupporting structure and transportation systemNetwork of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape and to help the cell move2 main type of filamentsMicrotubulesMicrofilaments

74. MicrofilamentsThreadlike structuresMade of protein called ACTINExtensive networksTough, flexible frameworkHelp cells moveAssembly and disassembly helps cells move (like amoebas)

77. MicrotubulesHollow structuresMade of proteins called TUBULINSMaintain cell’s shapeImportant in cell divisionMake mitotic spindle (separates chromosomes)Help build projections from cell surface…

78. Cilia and FlagellaPlural: cilium and flagellumEnable cells to swim rapidly through liquidLike oars of a boat

80. CentriolesOnly animal cellsMade of protein TUBULINWhat else is made of tubulin?Near nucleusHelp organize cell division

81. Antwon van LeeuwenhookRobert HookCell TheoryElectron microscopeProkaryoteEukaryoteOrganellesCytoplasmNuclear envelopeChromatinNucleusRibosomeSmooth ERRough ERChromosomeVacuoleOsmosisEndocytosisexocytosisProteinsDNAContractile vacuoleCentral VacuoleGolgi apparatus

82. Lysosome

83. Vacuole

84. Mitochondrian

85. Chloroplast

86. Cytoskeleton

87. Centriole

88. Mictrotubule

89. Microfilament

90. Theodor Schwann

91. Matthias Schleiden

92. Rudolph Virchow

93. Lynn Margulis

94. Endosymbiotic Theory

95. Cilia

96. Flagella

97. Photosynthesis

98. Aquaporin

99. Transmembrane protein

100. Facilitated diffusion