1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells that lack a nucleus and eukaryotic cells that have a nucleus enclosed within membranes. 2. All cells contain macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and organelles that allow them to carry out functions necessary for life like metabolism, transport of molecules, and protein production. 3. In multicellular organisms, cells become specialized through differentiation to perform specific functions like muscle contraction, nerve signaling, or production of enzymes. Specialized cells have unique structures tailored to their function.

1. CELLS 1: Structure &
Function
ppt. by Robin D. Seamon
1
HOOK: Greatest 100 Discoveries-Biology (Nye)

2. HISTORY
VOCABULARY:
Robert Hooke sexual reproduction
Anton Van Leewenhoek asexual reproduction
Matthias Schleiden unicellular
Theodore Schwann colonial
Rudolf Virchow multicelllular
Cell Theory cell
stimulus tissue
response organ
metabolism organ system
homeostasis organism
2

3. BIOLOGY: life science
MICROBIOLOGY: study of small (microscopic) life & its units
• Robert Hooke 1665 studied plant tissues, specifically cork &
recognized the smallest unit of life
• named it a cell after a monk’s cell
3

4. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 1700
• “Father of microbiology
• Improved the microscope &
discovered protists
(called them animalcules)
4
VIDEO: Wacky History of the Cell Theory (6 min)

5. All living things…
1.Are made of cells
• Smallest working units of life
2.Respond to environment
• stimulus – something that causes activity or response in an
organism
• response- the reaction to a stimulus
ALIVE OR NOT?
5

6. All living things…
4. Require Energy: Metabolize & breathe
• Metabolism: Chemical reactions an organism performs
within its cells in order to live
• Complex molecules are broken down to produce energy
• energy is used to build complex molecules
5. Grow & change
• Cells use chemical energy to divide &
form new cells
6

7. All living things…
6. Maintain homeostasis
• Homeostasis: Keeping a stable internal environment through
chemical reactions
• Chemistry into the system must balance the Energy output
for health & equilibrium
7

8. All living things…
7. Reproduce, passing traits on to offspring
• Asexual reproduction- offspring arise
from a single organism only, receiving
DNA from one parent
• Binary fission: an organism reproduces by
copying itself and forming two organisms
after the split
• Sexual reproduction- offspring arise
from the combination of two
organisms (male gamete fuses with
female gamete) 8

9. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Life can be…
Unicellular- single-celled
Colonial- single-celled organisms that form
colonies
Muticellular- multi-cellular;
cell specialization
Green alga colony
ameoba
euglena
9

10. LIFE CHEMISTRY: CHON
Carbon C
Hydrogen H
Oxygen O
Nitrogen N
Cells put these atoms together to make useful
molecules for food and energy.

11. 4 Macromolecules for LIFE:
1. Carbohydrates: (sugars)
2. Lipids: (fats & oils)
3. Proteins: (amino acids)
4. Nucleic acids: (DNA & RNA)
VIDEO: Macromolecules/Classes and
Functions (3 min)

12. CLASSIFICATION
VOCABULARY:
Domain phototrophic
Kingdom heterotrophic
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
autotroph
heterotroph
organelle
nucleus
membrane
semi-permeable
chloroplast
mitochondria
12

13. The biochemistry of life is a cause and effect of changes in
environments on Earth throughout its history
Examples of metabolic pathways include:
• glycolysis
• anaerobic respiration
• aerobic respiration
• Krebs cycle
• oxidative phosphorylation
(We’ll learn about these specifically in a later unit)
Organisms need carbon for making cells & Energy to fuel the process.
ATP
13
VIDEO: How a Unicellular Organism almost wiped out life (4 min)

14. 2 TYPES OF CELLS
Prokaryotes
• Oldest life forms
• Cell wall
• Cell membrane
• cytoplasm
• single chromosome: circular
strand of DNA
• Reproduction: binary fission
Eukaryotes
• (Plants, fungi, some protists have
cell wall)
• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm
• DNA inside a membrane-bound
nucleus
• Organelles to perform metabolic
and reproductive processes
• Reproduction: asexual or sexual
reproduction 14
VIDEO: How we think complex organisms
evolved endosymbiosis (5:40)

15. PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
Archaebacteria
(Archaea)
Eubacteria
(Bacteria)
Kingdom Protista-
(microscopic
organisms)
Kingdom Plantae-
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
6 Kingdoms
15
DOMAIN BACTERIA
DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN BACTERIA

16. Prokayotes have evolved longer
& are more flexible in their
biochemistry, therefore they
can live in more extreme
environments than eukaryotes
--Many, but not all are
autotrophic (make their own
sugars)
• phototropic organisms
• chemotrophic organisms
Eukaryotes perform metabolism
in the organelles of the cells
-- All but plants are heterotrophic
• Chloroplasts: photosynthesis
• Mitochondria:
cellular respiration
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
16

17. PLANT KINGDOM-
specific organelles
(autotrophs)
• Large central vacuole
• No lysosome, but the
recycling can happen in
the vacuoles
• Plastids
• Chloroplasts
• Chromoplasts
• Leukoplasts
ANIMAL KINGDOM-
specific organelles
(heterotrophs)
• Smaller vacuoles
• lysosomes
FUNGI KINGDOM-
closer related to animal
than plant
(heterotrophic)
• No lysosome, but the
recycling can happen
in the vacuoles
PROTIST- microscopic organisms of a huge variety; some more
related to plant metabolism (autotrophic), others more related to
heterotrophs (fungi/animal)
MICRO
MACRO
(have nucleus & organelles)COMPARISONS of EUKARYOTES
17

18. CELL PARTS: The Basics
VOCABULARY:
cell wall
cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer
protein
cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
chromosome
18

19. LIFE CHEMISTRY: CHON
Carbon C
Hydrogen H
Oxygen O
Nitrogen N
Cells put these atoms together to make useful
molecules for food and energy.
REMINDER:

20. Cell membrane-
Semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of each cell
Phospho- (remember
the Phosphorus Cycle?)
lipid- one of the
hydrophobic
macromolecules
bi- two
BREAK IT DOWN
proteins- another
macromolecule we’ll
learn about later
• Controls the movement of substances into and
out of the cell
• Protects the cell by electing which molecules
enter/leave the cell
COMPOSITON:
phospholipid bilayer
with embedded
proteins
20VIDEO: Insights into Cell Membranes- dish detergent

21. L I P I D S
• Made of fatty acids
• Fats, oils, steroids
• Hydro-phobic
(repel water)
• Energy storage
• Cushions & insulates
OTHER WORDS RELATED TO LIPIDS:
‘Bad’ fats
Saturated fats: (animal fats- bacon,
lard, butter)
*increase cholesterol level
Increase risk of heart disease
Polyunsaturated Oils: ‘trans fats’
*factory-made by adding H to liquid
veg. oil to make shortening &
margarine
Increases risk of heart disease BAD
‘Good’ fats
MonoUnsaturated Oils: (vegetable
oils- olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil)
*Decreases bad fats, increases good
fats
REMINDER:

22. Cell wall –
Outer supportive structure for the cell
Composition depends upon the Kingdom
Prokaryotes:
• Bacteria
• Archaea
Eukaryotes:
• Plants
• Fungi
22

23. Cytoplasm
Fluid inside of a living cell
• Composed of cytosol (water & salt)
• Some chemical/metabolic processes
occur here (especially prokaryotes)
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein filaments &
tubules of cells,
• giving it shape & organization from
the nucleus to the cell membrane
• Aids in movement 23

24. Chromosome- threadlike structure of nucleic acids that carry DNA-
the genetic information of an organism in the form of genes
In PROKARYOTES:
• 1 round chromosome in
the center of the cytoplasm
In EUKARTYOTES:
• Found on DNA strands inside
the nucleus
prokaryote- (means
“before nucleus”
eukaryote- (means
“true nucleus”
24

25. N U C L E I C A C I D S
• Made of nucleotides
• Make up macromolecules of DNA
1. DNA Replication (makes copies of
itself)
2. Encodes information (for proteins
to be made)
3. Controls & instructs cells
4. Mutations (molecule of heredity)
REMINDER:

26. EUKARYOTES & THEIR
ORGANELLES
VOCABULARY:
DNA mitochondrira
nucleus plastid
nuclear envelope chloroplast
nucleolus chromoplast
vacuole leukoplast
lysosome
endoplasmic reticulum
smooth ER
rough ER
Golgi body
26VIDEO: The operating system of life (4 min)

27. Nucleus- “control center”
• Contains the DNA of the cell; which has instructions for
making proteins & other important molecules
• Surrounded by a pore-dotted nuclear membrane that allows
the movement of molecules in and out of it
O R G A N E L L E S
1. Controls reproduction
2. Controls activities within
the cell
3. Directs protein synthesis by
sending messages to
ribosomes 27

28. Nucleolus-
Makes the sub-units A-T-C-G for the first step of protein-
making; sends the sequence to the ribosome
O R G A N E L L E S
proteins- a
macromolecule
28

29. Vacuole- Membrane-bound sac containing water, salts, and
organic molecules
• Store water, food, or other
compounds as needed by the
cell
• Much larger & central in a
plant cell
O R G A N E L L E S
29

30. Lysosome- “recycling center”
• Organelle with enzymes responsible for breaking down
molecules or other things the cell isn’t using (including non-
functioning organelles) for reuse within the cell
• Found in animal cells, but NOT in plant cells (this recycling is
done in the vacuoles of plants)
• Thick membrane protects the rest of the cell from the
digestive enzymes found inside
O R G A N E L L E S
30
VIDEO: Lysosomes (2 min)

31. Ribosomes- “Material Builders”
• Most numerous; synthesize (make) proteins
• found floating in the cytoplasm & along the
endoplasmic reticulum
O R G A N E L L E S
proteins- a
macromolecule
31

32. P R O T E I N S
• Made of amino acids
• Most Complex
• Meat, hair, blood, insulin
• CLASSES
• Structure
• Enzymes
• Hormones
• Antibodies
• …more
• food
REMINDER:

33. Endoplasmic reticulum-
Membrane connecting the nuclear
membrane to the cell membrane
• Smooth ER- makes lipids & enzymes
• Rough ER- has ribosomes on it; “Foundation Builders”
• Works on proteins: new proteins leave the
ribosome & fit into spaces of the ER where they
are modified and shaped into functioning proteins
O R G A N E L L E S
proteins- a
macromolecule 33
VIDEO: Endoplasmic Reticulum (2 min)

34. Golgi Body- “Finishers”
• modifies, sorts, & packages proteins from the ER for
storage or movement out of the cell
• Finishing touches
O R G A N E L L E S
proteins- a
macromolecule
34
VIDEO: golgi apparatus- an
animatic (3:30)

35. Mitochondria- “Powerhouse” of the cell
THE MIGHTY MITOCHONDRIA
• Performs the cellular respiration: the
metabolic process that converts glucose
into a useable form of Energy called ATP
• Inner membrane & outer membrane
• Cristae: folds on the inside increase
surface area for the chemical reaction
O R G A N E L L E S
35
VIDEO: How Mitochondria produce Energy (1:40)

36. Plastid: organelles in cytoplasm of plants, containing
pigment or food; double-membranes
3 KINDS
1. Chloroplasts
• Found only in photosynthetic
autotrophs: green plants &
some protists
• Contains chlorophyll
• Where autotroph captures sunlight to perform
photosynthesis
O R G A N E L L E S
36

37. Plastid: organelles in cytoplasm of plants, containing
pigment or food; double-membranes
3 KINDS
2. Chromoplast
• Colored plastid responsible for
the color of fruits & flowers in
plants
• Important for the attraction of
pollinators
O R G A N E L L E S
37

38. Plastid: organelles in cytoplasm of plants, containing
pigment or food; double-membranes
3 KINDS
3. Leukoplasts
• No color
• Responsible for storing starch
(a complex sugar) in a plant
cell
O R G A N E L L E S
38VIDEO: Biology- Cell Structure (10 min)

39. 39
VIDEO: Crash Course: The City of Animal Cells Bio #4 (10 min)
VIDEO: CrashCourse Bio #6 Plant Cells (10 min)

40. 40
Cell Differentiation

41. 41
Specialized Cells Lesson
Amoeba Sisters: Specialized Cells- Significance & Examples
(9 min)
POGIL Lesson
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

42. MULTICELLULAR ORGANIMS:
Cells- basic unit of life
Tissues- groups of cells working together
Organs- groups of tissues working together
Organ systems- groups of organs working together
Organism- group of organ systems working together
42

43. 43
Remember, DNA contains all of the information/instructions to
make a whole organism. Gene expression is the specific
combination of genes that are turned on or off to make an
organism’s specific parts… specialization.
Cell differentiation- process by which cells become specialized;
allows them to perform different functions.
• in multicellular organisms
• process by which embryonic cells become specialized cells
• more than 250 general cell types

44. 44
Specialization Examples
Sex Cells: Sperm Cell
• flagella
• lots of mitochondria
• no other organelles
• very little cytoplasm

45. 45
Specialization Examples
Red Blood Cells
• hemoglobin
• no nucleus
• no other organelles
• disc shaped

46. 46
Specialization Examples
White Blood Cells
• lysosomes
• movable cytoskeleton

47. 47
Specialization Examples
Nerve Cells
• has endoplasmic reticulum
with ribosomes
• has mitochondria
• has Golgi apparatus
• has microtubules

48. 48
Specialization Examples
Pancreas Cells
• make digestive enzymes (proteins)
• have lots of endoplasmic reticulum
with ribosomes
• Golgi apparatus
• lots of vesicles filled with digestive
enzymes

49. 49
Specialization Examples
Muscle Cells
• have lots of mitochondria
• lots of cytoskeleton fibers
• its nucleus is pushed to the side
of the cell