The document summarizes the key stages and events of the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis. It describes the early contributors to the cell theory. The main parts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are outlined. The stages of interphase, mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and meiosis (meiosis I and II) are defined. Each stage of mitosis and meiosis involves specific chromosome and organelle behaviors that allow for replication and division of genetic material.
1. The cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA.
2. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the duplicated chromosomes separate and new daughter cells form.
3. All stages of the cell cycle are described in detail, from the duplication of DNA and organelles in interphase to the alignment and separation of chromosomes during mitosis.
This document provides an overview of cell structures and functions. It defines key terms related to cells, describes the history of cell discovery, and outlines the cell theory. The main structures of plant and animal cells are compared, including the cell wall, membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria, vacuoles, and other organelles. Transport mechanisms across the cell membrane like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport are also summarized. The document tours the interior of cells and defines terms related to cellular structures and processes.
1. Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical daughter cells while meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes.
2. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. During prophase, chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle forms.
3. In metaphase, chromosomes align at the center. In anaphase, chromosomes separate and move toward poles. Telophase completes division into two daughter cells. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells.
B.sc. microbiology biotech ii cell biology and genetics unit 1 fundamentals o...Rai University
The document discusses the key components and structures of the cell. It begins by defining the cell as the basic unit of life and describes the early cell theory developed in the 1830s-1860s. It then outlines the modern cell theory, which includes four additional statements about DNA, chemical composition, metabolic functions, and organelle activities. The rest of the document provides details on the characteristics, sizes, and types of cells, as well as descriptions of the main organelles and structures found within plant and animal cells, including their functions.
1. The document describes the processes of cell division through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two daughter cells identical to the parent cell, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells through two cell divisions.
2. It explains the stages and key events of both mitosis and meiosis I & II, including chromosome replication, alignment at the metaphase plate, separation of chromosomes to opposite poles, and nuclear and cell division.
3. Examples of plant and animal cell specimens are provided to observe mitosis and meiosis under the microscope, including onion root tips and whitefish blastula for mitosis, and grasshopper testis for meiosis.
The document summarizes key organelles and structures found within eukaryotic cells, including:
1) The cytosol is the jelly-like material within the cell cytoplasm with dissolved substances like amino acids.
2) The nucleus contains the cell's DNA and controls the cell. Inside is the nucleolus which makes ribosomes.
3) Mitochondria convert food into ATP for energy in most eukaryotic cells, with more in muscle cells. They have inner and outer membranes.
4) The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins and lipids, with ribosomes on the rough ER and no ribosomes on the smooth ER.
This provides a high-level overview of
1. The document discusses the process of cell division through mitosis and meiosis.
2. Mitosis is the process by which somatic body cells divide. It occurs in several phases: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
3. Meiosis produces gametes like eggs and sperm, which have half the number of chromosomes as body cells. It involves two cell divisions and results in four daughter cells with unique combinations of chromosomes from each parent.
Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and is important for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. It involves interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes and involves two cell divisions. It ensures genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I. Meiosis results in four haploid cells from one diploid cell.
1. The cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA.
2. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the duplicated chromosomes separate and new daughter cells form.
3. All stages of the cell cycle are described in detail, from the duplication of DNA and organelles in interphase to the alignment and separation of chromosomes during mitosis.
This document provides an overview of cell structures and functions. It defines key terms related to cells, describes the history of cell discovery, and outlines the cell theory. The main structures of plant and animal cells are compared, including the cell wall, membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria, vacuoles, and other organelles. Transport mechanisms across the cell membrane like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport are also summarized. The document tours the interior of cells and defines terms related to cellular structures and processes.
1. Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical daughter cells while meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes.
2. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. During prophase, chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle forms.
3. In metaphase, chromosomes align at the center. In anaphase, chromosomes separate and move toward poles. Telophase completes division into two daughter cells. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells.
B.sc. microbiology biotech ii cell biology and genetics unit 1 fundamentals o...Rai University
The document discusses the key components and structures of the cell. It begins by defining the cell as the basic unit of life and describes the early cell theory developed in the 1830s-1860s. It then outlines the modern cell theory, which includes four additional statements about DNA, chemical composition, metabolic functions, and organelle activities. The rest of the document provides details on the characteristics, sizes, and types of cells, as well as descriptions of the main organelles and structures found within plant and animal cells, including their functions.
1. The document describes the processes of cell division through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two daughter cells identical to the parent cell, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells through two cell divisions.
2. It explains the stages and key events of both mitosis and meiosis I & II, including chromosome replication, alignment at the metaphase plate, separation of chromosomes to opposite poles, and nuclear and cell division.
3. Examples of plant and animal cell specimens are provided to observe mitosis and meiosis under the microscope, including onion root tips and whitefish blastula for mitosis, and grasshopper testis for meiosis.
The document summarizes key organelles and structures found within eukaryotic cells, including:
1) The cytosol is the jelly-like material within the cell cytoplasm with dissolved substances like amino acids.
2) The nucleus contains the cell's DNA and controls the cell. Inside is the nucleolus which makes ribosomes.
3) Mitochondria convert food into ATP for energy in most eukaryotic cells, with more in muscle cells. They have inner and outer membranes.
4) The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins and lipids, with ribosomes on the rough ER and no ribosomes on the smooth ER.
This provides a high-level overview of
1. The document discusses the process of cell division through mitosis and meiosis.
2. Mitosis is the process by which somatic body cells divide. It occurs in several phases: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
3. Meiosis produces gametes like eggs and sperm, which have half the number of chromosomes as body cells. It involves two cell divisions and results in four daughter cells with unique combinations of chromosomes from each parent.
Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and is important for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. It involves interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes and involves two cell divisions. It ensures genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I. Meiosis results in four haploid cells from one diploid cell.
Multicellular organisms are made up of many different types of cells that cooperate and communicate to form organized systems. In humans there are over 10 trillion cells comprising 200 types of tissues. Each cell originates from a single fertilized egg cell and differentiates through activation of certain genes while others remain inactive, allowing cells to perform specialized functions. Bacteria also regulate genes in response to environmental signals, turning groups on and off. The lac operon in E. coli is a well-studied example of genetic control, where a repressor protein either allows or prevents transcription of genes involved in lactose metabolism depending on the presence of lactose.
Antibiotics are drugs that kill or disable bacteria. Most are naturally produced by microorganisms and work by binding to structures in bacterial cells. Light microscopes use visible light while electron microscopes use electron beams, allowing them to view cell structures at higher magnifications. Cells were first observed in 1665 and it is now known that all living things are composed of cells. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells found in plants and animals.
The discovery of cells began in 1665 when Robert Hooke observed thin slices of cork under a microscope and saw small compartments, which he called "cells". Later, Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed single-celled organisms and bacteria using improved microscopes. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all known living organisms, and come in two types - prokaryotic cells found in bacteria and archaea, and eukaryotic cells found in other organisms. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
1. The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It provides background on the history of cell discovery from Hooke to Virchow and defines key terms like cytology.
2. The basic components of plant and animal cells are described along with the differences between them. Unicellular and multicellular organisms are also defined.
3. The key characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are summarized, including whether they have a nucleus, organelles, and how they reproduce. Diagrams of sample prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures are also included.
The document discusses why cells are small and how their size relates to surface area to volume ratio. As cells increase in size, their surface area does not increase as quickly as their volume, limiting nutrient exchange. The document then describes how light microscopes and electron microscopes are used to study cells given their small size. It provides an overview of the key organizational differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes. Several organelles are then described in more detail, including their structure and function.
Cell and Cellular Process - The Unit of LifeEneutron
1. Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
2. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells, lack a nucleus, and contain DNA that is not enclosed within a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger, have a well-defined nucleus that contains DNA, and contain membrane-bound organelles.
3. The plasma membrane surrounds cells using the fluid mosaic model - a lipid bilayer with embedded and peripheral proteins that gives the membrane a fluid nature allowing lateral movement.
Ch 08 - Cell : The unit of Life || Class 11 ||SAQIB AHMED
- Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining a slice of cork under a microscope. He saw small compartments separated by walls, which he called cells.
- The Cell Theory, developed by Schleiden and Schwann, states that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things, new cells arise from existing cells, and all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane and other membrane-bound structures.
1. The document discusses the history and development of cell theory from early observations by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, and Brown to the formulation of cell theory by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow.
2. It describes the key components and structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, organelles, cytoskeleton, and DNA.
3. The text provides details on specific organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, and describes their functions in cellular processes like respiration, photosynthesis, and digestion.
This document discusses cells and their characteristics. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and introduces the cell theory. The document compares and contrasts plant and animal cells, noting their similarities like the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, as well as differences such as plant cells containing chloroplasts and a cell wall. Examples of specific cell types are provided, like muscle, blood, and xylem cells, along with diagrams showing their structures and functions.
Eukaryotic cells have a more complex internal structure than prokaryotic cells due to their compartmentalization into organelles. This compartmentalization provides several advantages, including concentrating enzymes and substrates, separating incompatible reactions, and maintaining optimal conditions within each organelle. Our knowledge of eukaryotic cell structure, including identification of organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and others, has increased due to the development of electron microscopes, which have much higher resolution than light microscopes and allow visualization of intracellular structures.
This document provides an overview of key cellular structures and their functions, including:
- Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, while prokaryotes do not.
- The cytoplasm, including cytosol, organelles, and inclusions, is the "factory area" where most cell activities occur.
- The cytoskeleton helps give cells their shape and allows organelle movement.
- The cell nucleus contains most of the cell's genetic material and coordinates the cell's activities.
- Mitochondria produce energy in the form of ATP and play roles in metabolism, apoptosis, and hormone production.
The document summarizes the cell cycle, cell division, mitosis, and meiosis. The cell cycle consists of interphase and cell division. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where DNA is synthesized. Cell division includes karyokinesis and cytokinesis. Mitosis produces identical daughter cells through prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Meiosis reduces chromosome number by half and produces genetic variation through homologous chromosome pairing, crossing over, and two cell divisions. Meiosis is important for sexual reproduction and genetic recombination.
The document provides information about chromosomes and their structure. It discusses that chromosomes are made up of DNA tightly coiled around histone proteins. Chromosomes contain genes and appear as rod-shaped structures during cell division. The document also describes the different parts of a chromosome including the centromere, telomeres, and chromatin. It discusses the role of chromosomes in genetic inheritance, cell division and differentiation.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms. They consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane and contain biomolecules like proteins and nucleic acids. Organisms can be either unicellular, consisting of a single cell, or multicellular, made of many cells. The first cells were discovered and described by Anton Von Leeuwenhoek and Robert Brown later discovered the nucleus. Cell theory states that cells are the fundamental unit of life, all living things are made of one or more cells, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Cells can be either prokaryotic, like bacteria, or eukaryotic, like plants and animals. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organ
This document provides an overview of cells, including:
1) It describes the cell theory - that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
2) It explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.
3) It provides a brief overview of key cell structures and their functions, such as the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles.
Cell is the structural and functional basic unit of life. One who wishes to understand a living organism, should start with its building blocks, aka, cell.
This presentation gives you a general overview in concise manner.
The document summarizes the history and development of the cell theory. It describes Robert Hooke's initial observation of cells in 1665 and later contributions from Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow that led to the modern cell theory. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document also provides details about key parts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The document discusses the cell theory, which states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The document also provides details on the structures and functions of cell membranes and other cellular components in prokaryotic cells.
This document provides an overview of cell organelle structure and function. It compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, describing key differences such as nucleus, organelles, and cell size. Major eukaryotic organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and endoplasmic reticulum are summarized in terms of their main functions and structures. The document also discusses the structure and functions of specific organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chromosomes in more detail.
The ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind is the one characteristic that best distinguishes living things from nonliving matter. This unique capacity to procreate, like all biological functions, has a cellular basis. The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells, or cell division. Cell division plays several important roles which are giving rise to a new organism, enabling development, renewing and repairing and also replacing damaged tissue is multicellular organisms.
توانایی موجودات زنده در تولید بیشتر از نوع خود یکی از ویژگیهایی است که موجودات زنده را از مواد غیر زنده به بهترین وجه متمایز می کند. این ظرفیت منحصر به فرد برای تولید مثل، مانند همه عملکردهای بیولوژیک، دارای پایه سلولی است. تداوم زندگی براساس تولید مثل سلولها یا تقسیم سلولی است. تقسیم سلولی چندین نقش مهم را ایفا میکند که نه تنها باعث ایجاد یک ارگانیسم جدید میشود، همچنین امکان رشد، تجدید و ترمیم و همچنین جایگزینی بافت آسیب دیده موجودات چند سلولی را نیز فراهم می کند.
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis involves one round of chromosome duplication and separation, resulting in two daughter cells with identical genetic material. Meiosis involves two rounds of chromosome separation after one round of duplication, resulting in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. Both processes involve the stages of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The key differences are that meiosis results in four haploid cells through two divisions while mitosis results in two diploid cells through one division.
Ths general biology unit 4 heredity cell cycle notesrozeka01
Cell division allows cells to grow, repair, replace damaged cells, and reproduce. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. The cell cycle is the process cells use to prepare for cell division. It includes interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the M phase where the cell divides. Errors in the cell cycle checkpoints during interphase can allow defective cells to divide uncontrollably and cause cancer.
Multicellular organisms are made up of many different types of cells that cooperate and communicate to form organized systems. In humans there are over 10 trillion cells comprising 200 types of tissues. Each cell originates from a single fertilized egg cell and differentiates through activation of certain genes while others remain inactive, allowing cells to perform specialized functions. Bacteria also regulate genes in response to environmental signals, turning groups on and off. The lac operon in E. coli is a well-studied example of genetic control, where a repressor protein either allows or prevents transcription of genes involved in lactose metabolism depending on the presence of lactose.
Antibiotics are drugs that kill or disable bacteria. Most are naturally produced by microorganisms and work by binding to structures in bacterial cells. Light microscopes use visible light while electron microscopes use electron beams, allowing them to view cell structures at higher magnifications. Cells were first observed in 1665 and it is now known that all living things are composed of cells. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells found in plants and animals.
The discovery of cells began in 1665 when Robert Hooke observed thin slices of cork under a microscope and saw small compartments, which he called "cells". Later, Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed single-celled organisms and bacteria using improved microscopes. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all known living organisms, and come in two types - prokaryotic cells found in bacteria and archaea, and eukaryotic cells found in other organisms. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
1. The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It provides background on the history of cell discovery from Hooke to Virchow and defines key terms like cytology.
2. The basic components of plant and animal cells are described along with the differences between them. Unicellular and multicellular organisms are also defined.
3. The key characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are summarized, including whether they have a nucleus, organelles, and how they reproduce. Diagrams of sample prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures are also included.
The document discusses why cells are small and how their size relates to surface area to volume ratio. As cells increase in size, their surface area does not increase as quickly as their volume, limiting nutrient exchange. The document then describes how light microscopes and electron microscopes are used to study cells given their small size. It provides an overview of the key organizational differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes. Several organelles are then described in more detail, including their structure and function.
Cell and Cellular Process - The Unit of LifeEneutron
1. Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
2. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells, lack a nucleus, and contain DNA that is not enclosed within a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger, have a well-defined nucleus that contains DNA, and contain membrane-bound organelles.
3. The plasma membrane surrounds cells using the fluid mosaic model - a lipid bilayer with embedded and peripheral proteins that gives the membrane a fluid nature allowing lateral movement.
Ch 08 - Cell : The unit of Life || Class 11 ||SAQIB AHMED
- Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining a slice of cork under a microscope. He saw small compartments separated by walls, which he called cells.
- The Cell Theory, developed by Schleiden and Schwann, states that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things, new cells arise from existing cells, and all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane and other membrane-bound structures.
1. The document discusses the history and development of cell theory from early observations by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, and Brown to the formulation of cell theory by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow.
2. It describes the key components and structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, organelles, cytoskeleton, and DNA.
3. The text provides details on specific organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, and describes their functions in cellular processes like respiration, photosynthesis, and digestion.
This document discusses cells and their characteristics. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and introduces the cell theory. The document compares and contrasts plant and animal cells, noting their similarities like the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, as well as differences such as plant cells containing chloroplasts and a cell wall. Examples of specific cell types are provided, like muscle, blood, and xylem cells, along with diagrams showing their structures and functions.
Eukaryotic cells have a more complex internal structure than prokaryotic cells due to their compartmentalization into organelles. This compartmentalization provides several advantages, including concentrating enzymes and substrates, separating incompatible reactions, and maintaining optimal conditions within each organelle. Our knowledge of eukaryotic cell structure, including identification of organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and others, has increased due to the development of electron microscopes, which have much higher resolution than light microscopes and allow visualization of intracellular structures.
This document provides an overview of key cellular structures and their functions, including:
- Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, while prokaryotes do not.
- The cytoplasm, including cytosol, organelles, and inclusions, is the "factory area" where most cell activities occur.
- The cytoskeleton helps give cells their shape and allows organelle movement.
- The cell nucleus contains most of the cell's genetic material and coordinates the cell's activities.
- Mitochondria produce energy in the form of ATP and play roles in metabolism, apoptosis, and hormone production.
The document summarizes the cell cycle, cell division, mitosis, and meiosis. The cell cycle consists of interphase and cell division. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where DNA is synthesized. Cell division includes karyokinesis and cytokinesis. Mitosis produces identical daughter cells through prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Meiosis reduces chromosome number by half and produces genetic variation through homologous chromosome pairing, crossing over, and two cell divisions. Meiosis is important for sexual reproduction and genetic recombination.
The document provides information about chromosomes and their structure. It discusses that chromosomes are made up of DNA tightly coiled around histone proteins. Chromosomes contain genes and appear as rod-shaped structures during cell division. The document also describes the different parts of a chromosome including the centromere, telomeres, and chromatin. It discusses the role of chromosomes in genetic inheritance, cell division and differentiation.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms. They consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane and contain biomolecules like proteins and nucleic acids. Organisms can be either unicellular, consisting of a single cell, or multicellular, made of many cells. The first cells were discovered and described by Anton Von Leeuwenhoek and Robert Brown later discovered the nucleus. Cell theory states that cells are the fundamental unit of life, all living things are made of one or more cells, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Cells can be either prokaryotic, like bacteria, or eukaryotic, like plants and animals. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organ
This document provides an overview of cells, including:
1) It describes the cell theory - that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
2) It explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.
3) It provides a brief overview of key cell structures and their functions, such as the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles.
Cell is the structural and functional basic unit of life. One who wishes to understand a living organism, should start with its building blocks, aka, cell.
This presentation gives you a general overview in concise manner.
The document summarizes the history and development of the cell theory. It describes Robert Hooke's initial observation of cells in 1665 and later contributions from Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow that led to the modern cell theory. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document also provides details about key parts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The document discusses the cell theory, which states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The document also provides details on the structures and functions of cell membranes and other cellular components in prokaryotic cells.
This document provides an overview of cell organelle structure and function. It compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, describing key differences such as nucleus, organelles, and cell size. Major eukaryotic organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and endoplasmic reticulum are summarized in terms of their main functions and structures. The document also discusses the structure and functions of specific organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chromosomes in more detail.
The ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind is the one characteristic that best distinguishes living things from nonliving matter. This unique capacity to procreate, like all biological functions, has a cellular basis. The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells, or cell division. Cell division plays several important roles which are giving rise to a new organism, enabling development, renewing and repairing and also replacing damaged tissue is multicellular organisms.
توانایی موجودات زنده در تولید بیشتر از نوع خود یکی از ویژگیهایی است که موجودات زنده را از مواد غیر زنده به بهترین وجه متمایز می کند. این ظرفیت منحصر به فرد برای تولید مثل، مانند همه عملکردهای بیولوژیک، دارای پایه سلولی است. تداوم زندگی براساس تولید مثل سلولها یا تقسیم سلولی است. تقسیم سلولی چندین نقش مهم را ایفا میکند که نه تنها باعث ایجاد یک ارگانیسم جدید میشود، همچنین امکان رشد، تجدید و ترمیم و همچنین جایگزینی بافت آسیب دیده موجودات چند سلولی را نیز فراهم می کند.
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis involves one round of chromosome duplication and separation, resulting in two daughter cells with identical genetic material. Meiosis involves two rounds of chromosome separation after one round of duplication, resulting in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. Both processes involve the stages of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The key differences are that meiosis results in four haploid cells through two divisions while mitosis results in two diploid cells through one division.
Ths general biology unit 4 heredity cell cycle notesrozeka01
Cell division allows cells to grow, repair, replace damaged cells, and reproduce. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. The cell cycle is the process cells use to prepare for cell division. It includes interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the M phase where the cell divides. Errors in the cell cycle checkpoints during interphase can allow defective cells to divide uncontrollably and cause cancer.
CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
• CELL CYCLE
The orderly sequence of events by which the cell duplicates its contents and divides into two is termed as the cell cycle. The event is genetically controlled. It consists of two periods-(a) interphase (b)mitosis.
• MITOSIS
Occurs in somatic cells. Equational division. Duplicated chromosomes distributed equally to the daughter cells. Consists of 4 stages –prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
• MEIOSIS
Occurs in germ cells. Involves two sequential cycles that are meiosis I and meiosis II. There is only a single cycle of DNA replication. Meiosis I is initiated after is S phase. Meiosis involves the pairing of homologous chromosomes and recombination between them. Four haploid cells are formed called germ cells.
Biology form 4 chapter 5 cell dvision part 2 (meiosis)Nirmala Josephine
Meiosis is a process of nuclear division that reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid. It occurs in two divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II, producing four haploid daughter cells. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate, reducing the number by half. Meiosis II then separates sister chromatids, similar to mitosis, resulting in four haploid cells each with half the original chromosome number. This ensures genetic variation and maintains the diploid number after fertilization.
Computer hardware devices include webcams, scanners, mice, speakers, trackballs, and light pens. Webcams connect via USB or network and are used for video calls and conferencing. Scanners optically scan images and documents into digital formats. Mice are pointing devices that detect motion to move a cursor. Speakers have internal amplifiers and audio jacks. Trackballs contain ball and sensors to detect rotation for cursor movement. Light pens allow pointing directly on CRT displays.
-Cell Division Process In Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
-Compacting DNA into Chromosomes
-Types of Cell Reproduction
-Phases of the Cell Cycle
-Mitosis
-Meiosis
-Oogenesis & Spermatogenesis
-Comparison of Divisions
General Attributes of the Cell Report.pptxSnowLanga
The document summarizes key aspects of cells, including their discovery by Hooke in 1665 and important cell structures like the nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and ribosomes. It also describes cell reproduction, the cell cycle consisting of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Mitosis and meiosis are compared, with mitosis occurring in somatic cells and resulting in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis occurs in gametes and results in four haploid cells.
Cell division occurs through binary fission in prokaryotes, where the genetic material duplicates and the cell splits into two identical daughter cells. Eukaryotes undergo the more complex processes of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during normal cell growth and replacement. Meiosis results in four haploid cells through two cell divisions, reducing the chromosome number by half and allowing for genetic variation in sexual reproduction.
Biology is the study of life. It includes the study of living organisms from microscopic molecules and cells to entire ecosystems. The main branches of biology study anatomy, physiology, cells, genetics, ecology, and more. Key characteristics of living things include order, adaptation, response to the environment, regulation, energy processing, growth, and reproduction. Biology is studied at different levels of organization from molecules to biosphere. The basic units of structure and function in living things are cells, which contain organelles that carry out essential functions. Plant cells differ from animal cells in having additional structures like chloroplasts and a cell wall.
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the original parent cell. It has four main stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs via cleavage furrow formation, while in plant cells it occurs through cell plate formation between the daughter cells. Mitosis plays important roles in growth, cell replacement, regeneration, and asexual reproduction.
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the original parent cell. It has four main stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs via cleavage furrow formation, while in plant cells it occurs through cell plate formation between the daughter cells. Mitosis plays important roles in growth, cell replacement, regeneration, and asexual reproduction.
Cell theory states that cells are the basic unit of life, all living things are made of cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells which have a membrane-bound nucleus. Key differences between plant and animal cells include plant cells having cell walls and chloroplasts. Multicellular organisms have specialized cell types that carry out different functions through the process of cell differentiation. Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into many cell types and are an area of research interest.
This document defines key terms related to cell division and DNA, describes the main stages of the cell cycle and mitosis, and explains the significance of mitosis. It states that mitosis results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, ensuring genetic stability. It occurs in two phases: nuclear division and cytoplasm division. The four stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm through cleavage or cell plate formation in animal and plant cells respectively.
The cell cycle is the series of growth and division steps that cells undergo. It includes interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and mitosis, where the cell separates its DNA and divides into two daughter cells. Interphase consists of G1 phase, S phase where DNA replicates, and G2 phase. Mitosis then occurs in four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - where the duplicated chromosomes separate and the cell divides. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, forming two new identical daughter cells to complete the cell cycle.
The Cell........................................................................mariafermani1
The document summarizes key aspects of cell biology. It begins by outlining cell theory and distinguishing between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It then describes several organelles found in eukaryotic cells including the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. It also discusses tissue formation, classification of prokaryotic cells, and the structure and function of bacterial and viral cells.
Cell division occurs through mitosis to allow for growth, development, and repair of organisms. Mitosis involves several stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - where duplicated chromosomes are aligned and separated, with one set moving to each new daughter cell. Cytokinesis then fully divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division and producing two identical daughter cells with identical genetic material.
This document discusses the key structures and functions of cells. It begins by describing how Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining cork under a microscope. The main structures of animal cells are then outlined, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nuclear membrane, and organelles. The types of cells are defined as prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Chromosomes, genes, and cell division are also summarized. The document provides a comprehensive overview of cellular structures and their functions at a basic level.
Mitosis is the process of nuclear division where duplicated chromosomes split into two identical daughter nuclei. It occurs in four main stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope dissolves. In metaphase, the chromosomes line up in the middle. Anaphase follows with the pulling of sister chromatids to opposite poles. Finally, in telophase the nuclear envelope reforms and cytokinesis separates the cell into two.
Chromosomes are structures found within cells that carry genetic information. There are three main types - viral, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic. Eukaryotic chromosomes are found within the cell nucleus and are made of DNA and proteins. They vary in number, size, shape and other characteristics between different species. The cell cycle involves growth and DNA replication during interphase, followed by nuclear division through mitosis and cytoplasmic division through cytokinesis.
The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitosis phase. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the chromosomes and cell contents are separated into two daughter cells. Meiosis includes two cell divisions to produce four haploid cells from one diploid cell. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes and meiosis II separates sister chromatids.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack organelles and a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells which contain organelles and a nucleus. Key components of cells include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on their function. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell, and internal structures like the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus help transport materials within the cell.
Science Subject for High School - 9th Grade_ The Building Blocks of Life by S...venusbusalpa
This document provides an overview of cellular reproduction and cell division topics to be covered over two class periods. The objectives are to understand cell reproduction at the molecular level focusing on DNA and chromosomes, describe the cell cycle, explain mitosis and meiosis, and compare mitosis and meiosis and their roles in cell division. Key terms like DNA, chromosomes, the cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and parts of chromosomes are defined. Stages of the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis are explained. The roles of cell division in growth, tissue repair, and reproduction are also summarized.
The document discusses the process of cellular reproduction through cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis. It explains the steps and phases of mitosis, including interphase where DNA replicates, and the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where chromosomes are aligned and separated. The document also covers meiosis and its role in sexual reproduction to produce haploid gametes through two divisions rather than one.
The nucleus is the command center of the cell, containing DNA and machinery to replicate DNA and synthesize proteins. It is enclosed by a double membrane and contains chromatin (DNA and proteins), nucleoli, and other components. Chromatin contains DNA wound around histone proteins and exists in two forms - euchromatin (loosely packed) and heterochromatin (tightly packed). The nucleolus produces ribosomal subunits. The nucleus ensures cellular activities are regulated and directs production of proteins and ribosomes. During cell division, DNA is replicated and chromosomes segregate into daughter cells through the phases of mitosis or meiosis.
This document summarizes the eukaryotic cell cycle and its regulation. It describes that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase where the cell divides. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. The mitotic phase includes M phase where the cell splits into two daughter cells, and cytokinesis where the cells are completely divided. Key regulators of the cell cycle include cyclin-dependent kinases and checkpoint proteins. The document also explains the processes of mitosis and meiosis.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
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3. Early Contributions
• Robert Hooke - The first person • Rudolf Virchow - also reported
to see cells, he was looking at that every living thing is made of
cork and noted that he saw "a up vital units, known as cells. He
great many boxes. (1665) also predicted that cells come
• Anton van Leeuwenhock - from other cells. (1850 )
Observed living cells in pond
water, which he called
"animalcules" (1673)
• Theodore Schwann - zoologist
who observed that the tissues of
animals had cells (1839)
• Mattias Schleiden - botonist,
observed that the tissues of
plants contained cells ( 1845)
4. 1. Every living organism
is made of one or more
cells.
2. The cell is the basic
The Cell
unit of structure and
function. It is the
Theory
smallest unit that can
perform life functions.
3. All cells arise from
pre-existing cells.
5. Cell Features
• Ribosomes - make protein for
use by the organism
• Cytoplasm - jelly-like goo on
the inside of the cell
• DNA - genetic material
• Cytoskeleton - the internal
framework of the cell
• Cell membrane - outer
boundary of the cell, some stuff
can cross the cell membrane.
6.
7. Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes are very simple cells, probably first to
inhabit the earth.
Prokaryotic cells do not contain a membrane bound
nucleus.
8. The eukaryotic cell is
composed of 4 main
parts:
1. cell membrane -
outer boundary of
the cell
2. cytoplasm - jelly-
like fluid interior of
the cell
3. nucleus - the
"control center" of
the cell, contains
the cell's DNA
(chromosomes)
4. organelles -
"little organs" that
carry out cell
functions
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells are more advanced cells. These
cells are found in plants, animals, and protists (small
unicellular "animalcules").
9. Make protein
Ribosomes
Located inside the nucleus, makes
ribosomes
10. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER - no ribosomes
Rough ER - ribosomes
Transport, "intracellular highway".
Ribosomes are positioned along the rough
ER, protein made by the ribosomes enter
the ER for transport.
Chloroplast
Uses sunlight to
create
food, photosynthesi Cell Wall
s (only found in Provides additional support (plant and
plant cells) bacteria cells)
Microtubules
Part of the cytoskeleton, function in support
Also make up cilia and flagella (cell
movement)
12. ORGANELLES WITH DNA
• The Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts have their
own DNA
• ENDOSYMBIOSIS
THEORY - eukaryotic cells
evolved from the engulfing
of bacteria cells, thus
creating additional cell
parts
13. CELL MEMBRANE
• Function: to regulate what
comes into the cell and
what goes out
• Composed of a double
layer of phospholipids and
proteins
14.
15. Interphase
• Stages of Interphase to increase in size. Note that the G
G1 phase: The period prior to the in G2 represents gap and the 2
synthesis of DNA. In this phase, the represents second, so the G2
cell increases in mass in phase is the second gap phase.
preparation for cell division. Note • In the latter part of interphase, the
that the G in G1 represents gap and cell still has nucleoli present.
the 1 represents first, so the G1 • The nucleus is bounded by a
phase is the first gap phase. nuclear envelope and the cell's
• S phase: The period during which chromosomes have duplicated but
DNA is synthesized. In most cells, are in the form of chromatin.
there is a narrow window of time • In animal cells, two pair
during which DNA is synthesized. of centrioles formed from the
Note that the S represents replication of one pair are located
synthesis. outside of the nucleus.
• G2 phase: The period after DNA
synthesis has occurred but prior to
the start of prophase. The cell
synthesizes proteins and continues
17. Changes that occur in a cell during prophase:
• Chromatin fibers become • In animal cells, the mitotic
coiled into chromosomes with spindle initially appears as
each chromosome having two structures called asters which
chromatids joined at surround each centriole pair.
a centromere.
• The mitotic spindle, composed • The two pair
of microtubules and proteins, of centrioles (formed from the
forms in the cytoplasm. replication of one pair in
Interphase) move away from
one another toward opposite
ends of the cell due to the
lengthening of the
microtubules that form
between them.
18. In late prophase:
• The nuclear envelope breaks
up. • The kinetochore fibers "interact"
with the spindle polar fibers
• Polar fibers, which are connecting the kinetochores to
microtubules that make up the the polar fibers.
spindle fibers, reach from each
cell pole to the cell's equator. • The chromosomes begin to
migrate toward the cell center.
• Kinetochores, which are
specialized regions in the
centromeres of
chromosomes, attach to a type
of microtubule called
kinetochore fibers.
19. Metaphase
•The nuclear membrane
disappears completely.
In animal cells, the two
pair of centrioles align at
opposite poles of the
cell.
•Chromosomes move randomly until
•Polar fibers they attach (at their kinetochores) to
(microtubules that make polar fibers from both sides of
up the spindle fibers) their centromeres.
Chromosomes align at the
continue to extend from
metaphase plate at right angles to the
the poles to the spindle poles.
•Chromosomes are held at the
metaphase plate by the equal forces
of the polar fibers pushing on the
centromeres of the chromosomes.
20. Anaphase
•The paired centromeres in
each distinct chromosome
begin to move apart.
•Once the paired sister
chromatids separate from
one another, each is
considered a "full"
chromosome. They are •The daughter chromosomes migrate
referred to as daughter centromere first and
chromosomes. the kinetochore fibers become shorter
as the chromosomes near a pole.
•Through the spindle
apparatus, the daughter •In preparation for telophase, the two
chromosomes move to the cell poles also move further apart during
poles at opposite ends of the course of anaphase. At the end of
the cell. anaphase, each pole contains a
complete compilation of chromosomes.
21. Telophase
• In telophase, the chromosomes
are cordoned off in distinct new
nuclei in the emerging daughter
cells.
22.
23. Interphase
• G1 phase: The period prior to the to increase in size. Note that the G
synthesis of DNA. In this phase, the in G2 represents gap and the 2
cell increases in mass in represents second, so the G2
preparation for cell division. Note phase is the second gap phase.
that the G in G1 represents gap and
the 1 represents first, so the G1 • In the latter part of interphase, the
phase is the first gap phase. cell still has nucleoli present.
• S phase: The period during which • The nucleus is bounded by a
DNA is synthesized. In most cells, nuclear envelope and the cell's
there is a narrow window of time chromosomes have duplicated but
during which DNA is synthesized. are in the form of chromatin.
Note that the S represents
synthesis. • In animal cells, two pair
of centrioles formed from the
• G2 phase: The period after DNA replication of one pair are located
synthesis has occurred but prior to outside of the nucleus.
the start of prophase. The cell
synthesizes proteins and continues
25. Prophase I:
•Chromosomes thicken and
detach from the nuclear
envelope.
•Similar to
•Chromosomes condense mitosis, the centrioles migra
and attach to the nuclear te away from one another
envelope. and both the nuclear
envelope and nucleoli break
down.
•Synapsis occurs (a pair of
homologous chromosomes
•Likewise, the
lines up closely together)
chromosomes begin their
and a tetrad is formed.
migration to the metaphase
Each tetrad is composed of
plate.
four chromatids.
Crossing over may occur.
26. Metaphase I:
•Tetrads align at the
metaphase plate.
•Note that
the centromeres of
homologous
chromosomes are
oriented toward the
opposite cell poles.
27. Anaphase I:
•Chromosomes move to
the opposite cell poles.
Similar to mitosis, the
microtubules and the
kinetochore fibers
interact to cause the
movement.
•Unlike in mitosis, the
homologous
chromosomes move to
opposite poles yet
the sister
chromatids remain
together.
28. Telophase I:
•The spindles continue to
move the homologous
chromosomes to the poles.
Once movement is
complete, each pole has a
haploid number of
chromosomes. •At the end of telophase I and
cytokinesis, two daughter cells are
•In most cases, cytokinesis produced, each with one half the
occurs at the same time as number of chromosomes of the original
telophase I. parent cell.
•Depending on the kind of cell, various
processes occur in preparation for
meiosis II. There is however a
constant: The genetic material does not
replicate again.
29. Prophase II:
•The nuclear membrane and nuclei break up while the spindle
network appears.
•Chromosomes do not replicate any further in this phase of
meiosis.
•The chromosomes begin migrating to the metaphase II plate
(at the cell's equator).
30. Metaphase II:
•The chromosomes line up at
the metaphase II plate at the
cell's center.
•The kinetochores of the
sister chromatids point
toward opposite poles.
32. Telophase II:
•Distinct nuclei form at the
opposite poles
and cytokinesis occurs.
•At the end of meiosis II, there
are four daughter cells each
with one half the number of
chromosomes of the original
parent cell.
33. OVERVIEW OF THE CELL
Barro, Kevin Winge B.
Casas, Gregorio Jr. A.
CELL DIVISION:
MITOSIS & MEIOSIS