1. The cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA.
2. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the duplicated chromosomes separate and new daughter cells form.
3. All stages of the cell cycle are described in detail, from the duplication of DNA and organelles in interphase to the alignment and separation of chromosomes during mitosis.
1. The document describes the stages of the cell cycle, including interphase, mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and the key events that occur in each stage such as DNA replication, chromosome condensation and separation, and nuclear division.
2. It explains that all cells arise from pre-existing cells through the cell cycle of interphase and mitosis, where the genetic material is duplicated and the cell divides into two daughter cells.
3. The stages of the cell cycle are described in detail, focusing on the structural changes to chromosomes, organelles, and formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division.
B.sc. microbiology biotech ii cell biology and genetics unit 1 fundamentals o...Rai University
The document discusses the key components and structures of the cell. It begins by defining the cell as the basic unit of life and describes the early cell theory developed in the 1830s-1860s. It then outlines the modern cell theory, which includes four additional statements about DNA, chemical composition, metabolic functions, and organelle activities. The rest of the document provides details on the characteristics, sizes, and types of cells, as well as descriptions of the main organelles and structures found within plant and animal cells, including their functions.
1. The document describes the processes of cell division through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two daughter cells identical to the parent cell, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells through two cell divisions.
2. It explains the stages and key events of both mitosis and meiosis I & II, including chromosome replication, alignment at the metaphase plate, separation of chromosomes to opposite poles, and nuclear and cell division.
3. Examples of plant and animal cell specimens are provided to observe mitosis and meiosis under the microscope, including onion root tips and whitefish blastula for mitosis, and grasshopper testis for meiosis.
1. The document discusses the process of cell division through mitosis and meiosis.
2. Mitosis is the process by which somatic body cells divide. It occurs in several phases: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
3. Meiosis produces gametes like eggs and sperm, which have half the number of chromosomes as body cells. It involves two cell divisions and results in four daughter cells with unique combinations of chromosomes from each parent.
Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and is important for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. It involves interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes and involves two cell divisions. It ensures genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I. Meiosis results in four haploid cells from one diploid cell.
The discovery of cells began in 1665 when Robert Hooke observed thin slices of cork under a microscope and saw small compartments, which he called "cells". Later, Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed single-celled organisms and bacteria using improved microscopes. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all known living organisms, and come in two types - prokaryotic cells found in bacteria and archaea, and eukaryotic cells found in other organisms. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
1. The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It provides background on the history of cell discovery from Hooke to Virchow and defines key terms like cytology.
2. The basic components of plant and animal cells are described along with the differences between them. Unicellular and multicellular organisms are also defined.
3. The key characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are summarized, including whether they have a nucleus, organelles, and how they reproduce. Diagrams of sample prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures are also included.
Cell and Cellular Process - The Unit of LifeEneutron
1. Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
2. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells, lack a nucleus, and contain DNA that is not enclosed within a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger, have a well-defined nucleus that contains DNA, and contain membrane-bound organelles.
3. The plasma membrane surrounds cells using the fluid mosaic model - a lipid bilayer with embedded and peripheral proteins that gives the membrane a fluid nature allowing lateral movement.
1. The document describes the stages of the cell cycle, including interphase, mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and the key events that occur in each stage such as DNA replication, chromosome condensation and separation, and nuclear division.
2. It explains that all cells arise from pre-existing cells through the cell cycle of interphase and mitosis, where the genetic material is duplicated and the cell divides into two daughter cells.
3. The stages of the cell cycle are described in detail, focusing on the structural changes to chromosomes, organelles, and formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division.
B.sc. microbiology biotech ii cell biology and genetics unit 1 fundamentals o...Rai University
The document discusses the key components and structures of the cell. It begins by defining the cell as the basic unit of life and describes the early cell theory developed in the 1830s-1860s. It then outlines the modern cell theory, which includes four additional statements about DNA, chemical composition, metabolic functions, and organelle activities. The rest of the document provides details on the characteristics, sizes, and types of cells, as well as descriptions of the main organelles and structures found within plant and animal cells, including their functions.
1. The document describes the processes of cell division through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two daughter cells identical to the parent cell, while meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells through two cell divisions.
2. It explains the stages and key events of both mitosis and meiosis I & II, including chromosome replication, alignment at the metaphase plate, separation of chromosomes to opposite poles, and nuclear and cell division.
3. Examples of plant and animal cell specimens are provided to observe mitosis and meiosis under the microscope, including onion root tips and whitefish blastula for mitosis, and grasshopper testis for meiosis.
1. The document discusses the process of cell division through mitosis and meiosis.
2. Mitosis is the process by which somatic body cells divide. It occurs in several phases: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
3. Meiosis produces gametes like eggs and sperm, which have half the number of chromosomes as body cells. It involves two cell divisions and results in four daughter cells with unique combinations of chromosomes from each parent.
Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and is important for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. It involves interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes and involves two cell divisions. It ensures genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I. Meiosis results in four haploid cells from one diploid cell.
The discovery of cells began in 1665 when Robert Hooke observed thin slices of cork under a microscope and saw small compartments, which he called "cells". Later, Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed single-celled organisms and bacteria using improved microscopes. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all known living organisms, and come in two types - prokaryotic cells found in bacteria and archaea, and eukaryotic cells found in other organisms. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
1. The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It provides background on the history of cell discovery from Hooke to Virchow and defines key terms like cytology.
2. The basic components of plant and animal cells are described along with the differences between them. Unicellular and multicellular organisms are also defined.
3. The key characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are summarized, including whether they have a nucleus, organelles, and how they reproduce. Diagrams of sample prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures are also included.
Cell and Cellular Process - The Unit of LifeEneutron
1. Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
2. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells, lack a nucleus, and contain DNA that is not enclosed within a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger, have a well-defined nucleus that contains DNA, and contain membrane-bound organelles.
3. The plasma membrane surrounds cells using the fluid mosaic model - a lipid bilayer with embedded and peripheral proteins that gives the membrane a fluid nature allowing lateral movement.
The document discusses why cells are small and how their size relates to surface area to volume ratio. As cells increase in size, their surface area does not increase as quickly as their volume, limiting nutrient exchange. The document then describes how light microscopes and electron microscopes are used to study cells given their small size. It provides an overview of the key organizational differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes. Several organelles are then described in more detail, including their structure and function.
Eukaryotic cells have a more complex internal structure than prokaryotic cells due to their compartmentalization into organelles. This compartmentalization provides several advantages, including concentrating enzymes and substrates, separating incompatible reactions, and maintaining optimal conditions within each organelle. Our knowledge of eukaryotic cell structure, including identification of organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and others, has increased due to the development of electron microscopes, which have much higher resolution than light microscopes and allow visualization of intracellular structures.
This document discusses cells and their characteristics. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and introduces the cell theory. The document compares and contrasts plant and animal cells, noting their similarities like the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, as well as differences such as plant cells containing chloroplasts and a cell wall. Examples of specific cell types are provided, like muscle, blood, and xylem cells, along with diagrams showing their structures and functions.
1. The document discusses the history and development of cell theory from early observations by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, and Brown to the formulation of cell theory by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow.
2. It describes the key components and structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, organelles, cytoskeleton, and DNA.
3. The text provides details on specific organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, and describes their functions in cellular processes like respiration, photosynthesis, and digestion.
This document provides an overview of key cellular structures and their functions, including:
- Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, while prokaryotes do not.
- The cytoplasm, including cytosol, organelles, and inclusions, is the "factory area" where most cell activities occur.
- The cytoskeleton helps give cells their shape and allows organelle movement.
- The cell nucleus contains most of the cell's genetic material and coordinates the cell's activities.
- Mitochondria produce energy in the form of ATP and play roles in metabolism, apoptosis, and hormone production.
The document summarizes the cell cycle, cell division, mitosis, and meiosis. The cell cycle consists of interphase and cell division. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where DNA is synthesized. Cell division includes karyokinesis and cytokinesis. Mitosis produces identical daughter cells through prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Meiosis reduces chromosome number by half and produces genetic variation through homologous chromosome pairing, crossing over, and two cell divisions. Meiosis is important for sexual reproduction and genetic recombination.
The document summarizes the history and development of the cell theory. It describes Robert Hooke's initial observation of cells in 1665 and later contributions from Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow that led to the modern cell theory. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document also provides details about key parts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
This document provides an overview of cells, including:
1) It describes the cell theory - that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
2) It explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.
3) It provides a brief overview of key cell structures and their functions, such as the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles.
Here is a mind map of the major structures found in a typical eukaryotic cell:
Cell Membranes
- Plasma Membrane
- Nuclear Envelope
Organelles
- Nucleus
- Nucleolus
- Chromatin
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough ER
- Smooth ER
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts (in plant cells)
- Vacuoles (in plant and fungal cells)
- Cytoskeleton
- Microtubules
- Microfilaments
- Intermediate Filaments
Other Structures
- Ribosomes
- Centros
CELL ORGANELLS
Plasma membrane
Protoplasm
Cell wall
Cell coat
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi bodies
Ribosome
Nucleus
CONCLUSION
REFRENCE
All living organisms on Earth are divided in pieces
called cells. There are smaller pieces to cells that
include proteins and organelles. There are also larger
pieces called tissues and systems. Cells are small
compartments that hold all of the biological
equipment necessary to keep an organism alive and
successful on Earth.
The document discusses the processes of mitosis and meiosis. It explains that mitosis is how eukaryotic cells divide to produce identical daughter cells through nuclear division. Meiosis involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. The stages of mitosis include prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Similarly, meiosis has two divisions - meiosis I and meiosis II - which each consist of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase stages. The document provides detailed explanations of each stage of mitosis and meiosis.
Prokaryotic cells like E. coli have a simple structure without membrane-bound organelles. They have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, pili, flagella, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region containing naked DNA. Each of these structures serves important functions - the cell wall provides structure, the plasma membrane controls substance transfer, pili allow adhesion, flagella provide locomotion, ribosomes synthesize proteins, and the nucleoid stores genetic information. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, where one cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
This document provides information about cell structure and function. It begins by outlining cell theory, including that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and cells only come from existing cells. It then discusses cell diversity in shape, size, and function. The rest of the document describes specific parts of eukaryotic cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, as well as comparing plant and animal cells. Key cellular structures and their functions are defined.
The document discusses the key components and functions of animal and plant cells. It begins by establishing cells as the fundamental unit of life and discusses the cell theory. It then describes the major organelles found in eukaryotic cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton. It highlights how these organelles work together to synthesize proteins, produce energy, transport materials, and give shape to the cell. The document also compares and contrasts animal and plant cells, noting unique features of plant cells like cell walls, central vacuoles, and chloroplasts.
This is a Presentation describing the structure and different functions of many cell organelles. This describes cells, types of cells, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, nucleolus, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, lysosomes, cell wall, and plastids.
This document provides an overview of cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis. It begins with definitions of the key types of cell division - amitosis, mitosis, and meiosis. It then covers the stages and processes of mitosis, including interphase and the four stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). The document also discusses the cell cycle and DNA content during cell division. Meiosis is then introduced, focusing on its production of gametes and halving of chromosome number compared to mitosis.
DNA Replication, Mitosis, meiosis, and the Cell CycleLumen Learning
DNA must be replicated before cell division. DNA replication is semiconservative and involves various enzymes. Mitosis and meiosis are the two types of cell division. Mitosis produces genetically identical cells for growth and repair, while meiosis produces haploid gametes through two divisions and genetic recombination. Errors in meiosis can result in chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders. Cancer occurs when cell division is uncontrolled and checkpoints are bypassed.
1. Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed cells in the late 1600s using a microscope he had invented.
2. Cells are the basic unit of all living things. Robert Hooke first used the term "cell" in 1665 to describe the box-like structures he saw while examining cork.
3. In 1838, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory: all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
This document provides an overview of cell division and the cell cycle. It discusses how cell division allows for reproduction, growth, development and repair in organisms. There are two main types of cell division - mitosis, which produces genetically identical daughter cells, and meiosis, which produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and chromosomes are replicated, and the mitotic phase where the cell divides. Key events in the cell cycle include S phase for DNA replication and the phases of mitosis. The mitotic spindle plays an important role in separating chromosomes during cell division.
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis involves one round of chromosome duplication and separation, resulting in two daughter cells with identical genetic material. Meiosis involves two rounds of chromosome separation after one round of duplication, resulting in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. Both processes involve the stages of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The key differences are that meiosis results in four haploid cells through two divisions while mitosis results in two diploid cells through one division.
The document summarizes the key stages and events of the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis. It describes the early contributors to the cell theory. The main parts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are outlined. The stages of interphase, mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and meiosis (meiosis I and II) are defined. Each stage of mitosis and meiosis involves specific chromosome and organelle behaviors that allow for replication and division of genetic material.
Women's Day is celebrated to recognize the social, economic, cultural and political achievements of women. It is also a reminder that there is still progress to be made in establishing gender equality and empowering all women. Overall, the message is one of appreciation and respect for women everywhere.
The document discusses why cells are small and how their size relates to surface area to volume ratio. As cells increase in size, their surface area does not increase as quickly as their volume, limiting nutrient exchange. The document then describes how light microscopes and electron microscopes are used to study cells given their small size. It provides an overview of the key organizational differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes. Several organelles are then described in more detail, including their structure and function.
Eukaryotic cells have a more complex internal structure than prokaryotic cells due to their compartmentalization into organelles. This compartmentalization provides several advantages, including concentrating enzymes and substrates, separating incompatible reactions, and maintaining optimal conditions within each organelle. Our knowledge of eukaryotic cell structure, including identification of organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and others, has increased due to the development of electron microscopes, which have much higher resolution than light microscopes and allow visualization of intracellular structures.
This document discusses cells and their characteristics. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and introduces the cell theory. The document compares and contrasts plant and animal cells, noting their similarities like the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, as well as differences such as plant cells containing chloroplasts and a cell wall. Examples of specific cell types are provided, like muscle, blood, and xylem cells, along with diagrams showing their structures and functions.
1. The document discusses the history and development of cell theory from early observations by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, and Brown to the formulation of cell theory by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow.
2. It describes the key components and structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, organelles, cytoskeleton, and DNA.
3. The text provides details on specific organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, and describes their functions in cellular processes like respiration, photosynthesis, and digestion.
This document provides an overview of key cellular structures and their functions, including:
- Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, while prokaryotes do not.
- The cytoplasm, including cytosol, organelles, and inclusions, is the "factory area" where most cell activities occur.
- The cytoskeleton helps give cells their shape and allows organelle movement.
- The cell nucleus contains most of the cell's genetic material and coordinates the cell's activities.
- Mitochondria produce energy in the form of ATP and play roles in metabolism, apoptosis, and hormone production.
The document summarizes the cell cycle, cell division, mitosis, and meiosis. The cell cycle consists of interphase and cell division. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where DNA is synthesized. Cell division includes karyokinesis and cytokinesis. Mitosis produces identical daughter cells through prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Meiosis reduces chromosome number by half and produces genetic variation through homologous chromosome pairing, crossing over, and two cell divisions. Meiosis is important for sexual reproduction and genetic recombination.
The document summarizes the history and development of the cell theory. It describes Robert Hooke's initial observation of cells in 1665 and later contributions from Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow that led to the modern cell theory. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document also provides details about key parts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
This document provides an overview of cells, including:
1) It describes the cell theory - that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
2) It explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.
3) It provides a brief overview of key cell structures and their functions, such as the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles.
Here is a mind map of the major structures found in a typical eukaryotic cell:
Cell Membranes
- Plasma Membrane
- Nuclear Envelope
Organelles
- Nucleus
- Nucleolus
- Chromatin
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough ER
- Smooth ER
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts (in plant cells)
- Vacuoles (in plant and fungal cells)
- Cytoskeleton
- Microtubules
- Microfilaments
- Intermediate Filaments
Other Structures
- Ribosomes
- Centros
CELL ORGANELLS
Plasma membrane
Protoplasm
Cell wall
Cell coat
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi bodies
Ribosome
Nucleus
CONCLUSION
REFRENCE
All living organisms on Earth are divided in pieces
called cells. There are smaller pieces to cells that
include proteins and organelles. There are also larger
pieces called tissues and systems. Cells are small
compartments that hold all of the biological
equipment necessary to keep an organism alive and
successful on Earth.
The document discusses the processes of mitosis and meiosis. It explains that mitosis is how eukaryotic cells divide to produce identical daughter cells through nuclear division. Meiosis involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. The stages of mitosis include prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Similarly, meiosis has two divisions - meiosis I and meiosis II - which each consist of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase stages. The document provides detailed explanations of each stage of mitosis and meiosis.
Prokaryotic cells like E. coli have a simple structure without membrane-bound organelles. They have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, pili, flagella, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region containing naked DNA. Each of these structures serves important functions - the cell wall provides structure, the plasma membrane controls substance transfer, pili allow adhesion, flagella provide locomotion, ribosomes synthesize proteins, and the nucleoid stores genetic information. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, where one cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
This document provides information about cell structure and function. It begins by outlining cell theory, including that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and cells only come from existing cells. It then discusses cell diversity in shape, size, and function. The rest of the document describes specific parts of eukaryotic cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, as well as comparing plant and animal cells. Key cellular structures and their functions are defined.
The document discusses the key components and functions of animal and plant cells. It begins by establishing cells as the fundamental unit of life and discusses the cell theory. It then describes the major organelles found in eukaryotic cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton. It highlights how these organelles work together to synthesize proteins, produce energy, transport materials, and give shape to the cell. The document also compares and contrasts animal and plant cells, noting unique features of plant cells like cell walls, central vacuoles, and chloroplasts.
This is a Presentation describing the structure and different functions of many cell organelles. This describes cells, types of cells, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, nucleolus, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, lysosomes, cell wall, and plastids.
This document provides an overview of cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis. It begins with definitions of the key types of cell division - amitosis, mitosis, and meiosis. It then covers the stages and processes of mitosis, including interphase and the four stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). The document also discusses the cell cycle and DNA content during cell division. Meiosis is then introduced, focusing on its production of gametes and halving of chromosome number compared to mitosis.
DNA Replication, Mitosis, meiosis, and the Cell CycleLumen Learning
DNA must be replicated before cell division. DNA replication is semiconservative and involves various enzymes. Mitosis and meiosis are the two types of cell division. Mitosis produces genetically identical cells for growth and repair, while meiosis produces haploid gametes through two divisions and genetic recombination. Errors in meiosis can result in chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders. Cancer occurs when cell division is uncontrolled and checkpoints are bypassed.
1. Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed cells in the late 1600s using a microscope he had invented.
2. Cells are the basic unit of all living things. Robert Hooke first used the term "cell" in 1665 to describe the box-like structures he saw while examining cork.
3. In 1838, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory: all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
This document provides an overview of cell division and the cell cycle. It discusses how cell division allows for reproduction, growth, development and repair in organisms. There are two main types of cell division - mitosis, which produces genetically identical daughter cells, and meiosis, which produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and chromosomes are replicated, and the mitotic phase where the cell divides. Key events in the cell cycle include S phase for DNA replication and the phases of mitosis. The mitotic spindle plays an important role in separating chromosomes during cell division.
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis involves one round of chromosome duplication and separation, resulting in two daughter cells with identical genetic material. Meiosis involves two rounds of chromosome separation after one round of duplication, resulting in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. Both processes involve the stages of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The key differences are that meiosis results in four haploid cells through two divisions while mitosis results in two diploid cells through one division.
The document summarizes the key stages and events of the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis. It describes the early contributors to the cell theory. The main parts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are outlined. The stages of interphase, mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and meiosis (meiosis I and II) are defined. Each stage of mitosis and meiosis involves specific chromosome and organelle behaviors that allow for replication and division of genetic material.
Women's Day is celebrated to recognize the social, economic, cultural and political achievements of women. It is also a reminder that there is still progress to be made in establishing gender equality and empowering all women. Overall, the message is one of appreciation and respect for women everywhere.
1. Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical daughter cells while meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes.
2. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. During prophase, chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle forms.
3. In metaphase, chromosomes align at the center. In anaphase, chromosomes separate and move toward poles. Telophase completes division into two daughter cells. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells.
This scrapbook document describes different periods in the author's life through short anecdotes, including crying as a baby, playing soccer at age 5, having short hair as a child, being a good student at age 9, sleeping late at 18, frequently going to parties at 22, traveling often at 25, buying and selling cows at 26, and getting married at 27.
Titanium Mobile allows creating native iPhone and Android apps using web technologies like HTML5, CSS, and JavaScript. It provides APIs for common mobile features like media, geolocation, accelerometer, and native UI controls. The presentation covered Titanium's architecture, key APIs, and built a sample app called Snappost that allows taking a photo and posting it to Twitter via the TwitPic API. Attendees were encouraged to try it out and ask any other questions.
General Attributes of the Cell Report.pptxSnowLanga
The document summarizes key aspects of cells, including their discovery by Hooke in 1665 and important cell structures like the nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and ribosomes. It also describes cell reproduction, the cell cycle consisting of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Mitosis and meiosis are compared, with mitosis occurring in somatic cells and resulting in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis occurs in gametes and results in four haploid cells.
Cell division occurs through binary fission in prokaryotes, where the genetic material duplicates and the cell splits into two identical daughter cells. Eukaryotes undergo the more complex processes of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during normal cell growth and replacement. Meiosis results in four haploid cells through two cell divisions, reducing the chromosome number by half and allowing for genetic variation in sexual reproduction.
This document provides an overview of cell structures and functions. It defines key terms related to cells, describes the history of cell discovery, and outlines the cell theory. The main structures of plant and animal cells are compared, including the cell wall, membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria, vacuoles, and other organelles. Transport mechanisms across the cell membrane like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport are also summarized. The document tours the interior of cells and defines terms related to cellular structures and processes.
The document summarizes key organelles and structures found within eukaryotic cells, including:
1) The cytosol is the jelly-like material within the cell cytoplasm with dissolved substances like amino acids.
2) The nucleus contains the cell's DNA and controls the cell. Inside is the nucleolus which makes ribosomes.
3) Mitochondria convert food into ATP for energy in most eukaryotic cells, with more in muscle cells. They have inner and outer membranes.
4) The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins and lipids, with ribosomes on the rough ER and no ribosomes on the smooth ER.
This provides a high-level overview of
Biology is the study of life. It includes the study of living organisms from microscopic molecules and cells to entire ecosystems. The main branches of biology study anatomy, physiology, cells, genetics, ecology, and more. Key characteristics of living things include order, adaptation, response to the environment, regulation, energy processing, growth, and reproduction. Biology is studied at different levels of organization from molecules to biosphere. The basic units of structure and function in living things are cells, which contain organelles that carry out essential functions. Plant cells differ from animal cells in having additional structures like chloroplasts and a cell wall.
Cell theory states that cells are the basic unit of life, all living things are made of cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells which have a membrane-bound nucleus. Key differences between plant and animal cells include plant cells having cell walls and chloroplasts. Multicellular organisms have specialized cell types that carry out different functions through the process of cell differentiation. Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into many cell types and are an area of research interest.
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the original parent cell. It has four main stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs via cleavage furrow formation, while in plant cells it occurs through cell plate formation between the daughter cells. Mitosis plays important roles in growth, cell replacement, regeneration, and asexual reproduction.
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the original parent cell. It has four main stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs via cleavage furrow formation, while in plant cells it occurs through cell plate formation between the daughter cells. Mitosis plays important roles in growth, cell replacement, regeneration, and asexual reproduction.
The Cell........................................................................mariafermani1
The document summarizes key aspects of cell biology. It begins by outlining cell theory and distinguishing between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It then describes several organelles found in eukaryotic cells including the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. It also discusses tissue formation, classification of prokaryotic cells, and the structure and function of bacterial and viral cells.
This document defines key terms related to cell division and DNA, describes the main stages of the cell cycle and mitosis, and explains the significance of mitosis. It states that mitosis results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, ensuring genetic stability. It occurs in two phases: nuclear division and cytoplasm division. The four stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm through cleavage or cell plate formation in animal and plant cells respectively.
The cell cycle is the series of growth and division steps that cells undergo. It includes interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and mitosis, where the cell separates its DNA and divides into two daughter cells. Interphase consists of G1 phase, S phase where DNA replicates, and G2 phase. Mitosis then occurs in four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - where the duplicated chromosomes separate and the cell divides. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, forming two new identical daughter cells to complete the cell cycle.
This document discusses the key structures and functions of cells. It begins by describing how Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining cork under a microscope. The main structures of animal cells are then outlined, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nuclear membrane, and organelles. The types of cells are defined as prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Chromosomes, genes, and cell division are also summarized. The document provides a comprehensive overview of cellular structures and their functions at a basic level.
Cell division occurs through mitosis to allow for growth, development, and repair of organisms. Mitosis involves several stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - where duplicated chromosomes are aligned and separated, with one set moving to each new daughter cell. Cytokinesis then fully divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division and producing two identical daughter cells with identical genetic material.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack organelles and a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells which contain organelles and a nucleus. Key components of cells include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on their function. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell, and internal structures like the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus help transport materials within the cell.
The document discusses cellular organelles, focusing on the nucleus and mitochondria. It provides detailed information on the structure and functions of the nucleus, including that it is bounded by a double membrane and contains genetic material. It also describes the inner structures of the nucleus like the nucleolus and nuclear pores. Additionally, it discusses how the nucleus changes during cell division. For mitochondria, it notes that they are the powerhouses of the cell, generating energy through cellular respiration and having an inner membrane with folds called cristae to enhance this process.
The document discusses the process of cellular reproduction through cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis. It explains the steps and phases of mitosis, including interphase where DNA replicates, and the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where chromosomes are aligned and separated. The document also covers meiosis and its role in sexual reproduction to produce haploid gametes through two divisions rather than one.
Chromosomes are structures found within cells that carry genetic information. There are three main types - viral, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic. Eukaryotic chromosomes are found within the cell nucleus and are made of DNA and proteins. They vary in number, size, shape and other characteristics between different species. The cell cycle involves growth and DNA replication during interphase, followed by nuclear division through mitosis and cytoplasmic division through cytokinesis.
Mitosis is the process of nuclear division where duplicated chromosomes split into two identical daughter nuclei. It occurs in four main stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope dissolves. In metaphase, the chromosomes line up in the middle. Anaphase follows with the pulling of sister chromatids to opposite poles. Finally, in telophase the nuclear envelope reforms and cytokinesis separates the cell into two.
This document provides information on the structural organization of life at the cellular level. It defines the cell and outlines the three main points of the cell theory. It compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and describes the basic animal and plant cell structures including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles. It also discusses microscopy techniques, cell division through mitosis and meiosis, and provides details on the stages of mitosis.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
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3. Early Contributions
• Robert Hooke - The first person • Rudolf Virchow - also reported
to see cells, he was looking at that every living thing is made of
cork and noted that he saw "a up vital units, known as cells. He
great many boxes. (1665) also predicted that cells come
• Anton van Leeuwenhock - from other cells. (1850 )
Observed living cells in pond
water, which he called
"animalcules" (1673)
• Theodore Schwann - zoologist
who observed that the tissues of
animals had cells (1839)
• Mattias Schleiden - botonist,
observed that the tissues of
plants contained cells ( 1845)
4. 1. Every living organism
is made of one or more
cells.
2. The cell is the basic
The Cell
unit of structure and
function. It is the
Theory
smallest unit that can
perform life functions.
3. All cells arise from
pre-existing cells.
5. Cell Features
• Ribosomes - make protein for
use by the organism
• Cytoplasm - jelly-like goo on
the inside of the cell
• DNA - genetic material
• Cytoskeleton - the internal
framework of the cell
• Cell membrane - outer
boundary of the cell, some stuff
can cross the cell membrane.
6.
7. Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes are very simple cells, probably first to
inhabit the earth.
Prokaryotic cells do not contain a membrane bound
nucleus.
8. The eukaryotic cell is
composed of 4 main
parts:
1. cell membrane -
outer boundary of
the cell
2. cytoplasm - jelly-
like fluid interior of
the cell
3. nucleus - the
"control center" of
the cell, contains
the cell's DNA
(chromosomes)
4. organelles -
"little organs" that
carry out cell
functions
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells are more advanced cells. These
cells are found in plants, animals, and protists (small
unicellular "animalcules").
9. Make protein
Ribosomes
Located inside the nucleus, makes
ribosomes
10. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER - no ribosomes
Rough ER - ribosomes
Transport, "intracellular highway".
Ribosomes are positioned along the rough
ER, protein made by the ribosomes enter
the ER for transport.
Chloroplast
Uses sunlight to
create food,
photosynthesis Cell Wall
(only found in plant Provides additional support (plant and
cells) bacteria cells)
Microtubules
Part of the cytoskeleton, function in support
Also make up cilia and flagella (cell
movement)
12. ORGANELLES WITH DNA
• The Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts have their
own DNA
• ENDOSYMBIOSIS
THEORY - eukaryotic cells
evolved from the engulfing
of bacteria cells, thus
creating additional cell
parts
13. CELL MEMBRANE
• Function: to regulate what
comes into the cell and
what goes out
• Composed of a double
layer of phospholipids and
proteins
14.
15. Interphase
• Stages of Interphase to increase in size. Note that the G
G1 phase: The period prior to the in G2 represents gap and the 2
synthesis of DNA. In this phase, the represents second, so the G2
cell increases in mass in phase is the second gap phase.
preparation for cell division. Note • In the latter part of interphase, the
that the G in G1 represents gap and cell still has nucleoli present.
the 1 represents first, so the G1 • The nucleus is bounded by a
phase is the first gap phase. nuclear envelope and the cell's
• S phase: The period during which chromosomes have duplicated but
DNA is synthesized. In most cells, are in the form of chromatin.
there is a narrow window of time • In animal cells, two pair
during which DNA is synthesized. of centrioles formed from the
Note that the S represents replication of one pair are located
synthesis. outside of the nucleus.
• G2 phase: The period after DNA
synthesis has occurred but prior to
the start of prophase. The cell
synthesizes proteins and continues
17. Changes that occur in a cell during prophase:
• Chromatin fibers become • In animal cells, the mitotic
coiled into chromosomes with spindle initially appears as
each chromosome having two structures called asters which
chromatids joined at surround each centriole pair.
a centromere.
• The mitotic spindle, composed • The two pair
of microtubules and proteins, of centrioles (formed from the
forms in the cytoplasm. replication of one pair in
Interphase) move away from
one another toward opposite
ends of the cell due to the
lengthening of the
microtubules that form
between them.
18. In late prophase:
• The nuclear envelope breaks • The kinetochore fibers "interact"
up. with the spindle polar fibers
connecting the kinetochores to
• Polar fibers, which are the polar fibers.
microtubules that make up the
spindle fibers, reach from each • The chromosomes begin to
cell pole to the cell's equator. migrate toward the cell center.
• Kinetochores, which are
specialized regions in the
centromeres of chromosomes,
attach to a type of microtubule
called kinetochore fibers.
19. Metaphase
•The nuclear membrane
disappears completely.
In animal cells, the two
pair of centrioles align at
opposite poles of the
cell.
•Chromosomes move randomly until
•Polar fibers they attach (at their kinetochores) to
(microtubules that make polar fibers from both sides of
up the spindle fibers) their centromeres.
Chromosomes align at the
continue to extend from
metaphase plate at right angles to the
the poles to the spindle poles.
•Chromosomes are held at the
metaphase plate by the equal forces
of the polar fibers pushing on the
centromeres of the chromosomes.
20. Anaphase
•The paired centromeres in
each distinct chromosome
begin to move apart.
•Once the paired sister
chromatids separate from
one another, each is
considered a "full"
chromosome. They are •The daughter chromosomes migrate
referred to as daughter centromere first and
chromosomes. the kinetochore fibers become shorter
as the chromosomes near a pole.
•Through the spindle
apparatus, the daughter •In preparation for telophase, the two
chromosomes move to the cell poles also move further apart during
poles at opposite ends of the course of anaphase. At the end of
the cell. anaphase, each pole contains a
complete compilation of chromosomes.
21. Telophase
• In telophase, the chromosomes
are cordoned off in distinct new
nuclei in the emerging daughter
cells.
22.
23. Interphase
• G1 phase: The period prior to the to increase in size. Note that the G
synthesis of DNA. In this phase, the in G2 represents gap and the 2
cell increases in mass in represents second, so the G2
preparation for cell division. Note phase is the second gap phase.
that the G in G1 represents gap and
the 1 represents first, so the G1 • In the latter part of interphase, the
phase is the first gap phase. cell still has nucleoli present.
• S phase: The period during which • The nucleus is bounded by a
DNA is synthesized. In most cells, nuclear envelope and the cell's
there is a narrow window of time chromosomes have duplicated but
during which DNA is synthesized. are in the form of chromatin.
Note that the S represents
synthesis. • In animal cells, two pair
of centrioles formed from the
• G2 phase: The period after DNA replication of one pair are located
synthesis has occurred but prior to outside of the nucleus.
the start of prophase. The cell
synthesizes proteins and continues
25. Prophase I:
•Chromosomes thicken and
detach from the nuclear
envelope.
•Similar to mitosis,
•Chromosomes condense the centrioles migrate away
and attach to the nuclear from one another and both
envelope. the nuclear envelope and
nucleoli break down.
•Synapsis occurs (a pair of
•Likewise, the
homologous chromosomes
chromosomes begin their
lines up closely together)
migration to the metaphase
and a tetrad is formed.
plate.
Each tetrad is composed of
four chromatids.
Crossing over may occur.
26. Metaphase I:
•Tetrads align at the
metaphase plate.
•Note that
the centromeres of
homologous
chromosomes are
oriented toward the
opposite cell poles.
27. Anaphase I:
•Chromosomes move to
the opposite cell poles.
Similar to mitosis, the
microtubules and the
kinetochore fibers
interact to cause the
movement.
•Unlike in mitosis, the
homologous
chromosomes move to
opposite poles yet
the sister
chromatids remain
together.
28. Telophase I:
•The spindles continue to
move the homologous
chromosomes to the poles.
Once movement is
complete, each pole has a
haploid number of
chromosomes. •At the end of telophase I and
cytokinesis, two daughter cells are
•In most cases, cytokinesis produced, each with one half the
occurs at the same time as number of chromosomes of the original
telophase I. parent cell.
•Depending on the kind of cell, various
processes occur in preparation for
meiosis II. There is however a
constant: The genetic material does not
replicate again.
29. Prophase II:
•The nuclear membrane and nuclei break up while the spindle
network appears.
•Chromosomes do not replicate any further in this phase of
meiosis.
•The chromosomes begin migrating to the metaphase II plate
(at the cell's equator).
30. Metaphase II:
•The chromosomes line up at
the metaphase II plate at the
cell's center.
•The kinetochores of the
sister chromatids point
toward opposite poles.
32. Telophase II:
•Distinct nuclei form at the
opposite poles
and cytokinesis occurs.
•At the end of meiosis II, there
are four daughter cells each
with one half the number of
chromosomes of the original
parent cell.
33. OVERVIEW OF THE CELL
Barro, Kevin Winge B.
Casas, Gregorio Jr. A.
CELL DIVISION:
MITOSIS & MEIOSIS