The British fleet arrived in Manila Bay in September 1762 during the Seven Years' War between Britain and Spain. They informed the Spanish that they were under orders from King George III to capture Manila and demand their surrender. The British attacked Manila directly rather than the nearby port of Cavite first, recognizing that taking the capital would help them more easily capture other areas. The British occupation of Manila and surrounding regions lasted for two years, and brought some local support for British rule through rebellions.

1. The British Occupation of
Manila

2. • A British conquest of the Spanish
Philippines occurred between 1762 and
1764, although the only part of the
Philippines which the British actually
occupied was the Spanish colonial capital
Manila with the principal Spanish naval
port Cavite, both on Manila Bay.

3. The 7 Years War
• The maritime and colonial war proved a triumph for Britain, a
reflection of the strength of the British navy–itself the product
of the wealth of Britain’s expanding colonial economy and the
strength of British public finances. The French planned an
invasion of Britain, but their fleet was badly battered in defeats
in 1759 at Lagos off Portugal (August 19-28) and Quiberon
Bay off Brittany (November 20). These naval victories enabled
Britain to make colonial conquests: Louisbourg (1758),
Quebec (1759), and Montreal (1760) in North America;
Guadeloupe (1759), Martinique (1762), and Havana (1762) in
the West Indies; Manila (1762); and the French bases in West
Africa. The British also prevailed in India, capturing the major
French base, Pondicherry, in 1761. These campaigns around
the globe demonstrated and sustained the range of British
power.

4. The Arrival in Manila
• Two years into the war between the United
Kingdom and the Spanish Empire, a British fleet—
under the East India Company—was dispatched
from their colony in India toward Southeast Asia to
conquer colonies under the Spanish crown. The
fleet was under the command of Rear-Admiral
Samuel Cornish and Brigadier General William
Draper, and its land forces were comprised of
Regiments of British Soldiers, Royal Artillery, and
Indian Sepoys. The “little army,” as Brig. Gen.
Draper described it in his journal, arrived in the
Philippine Archipelago on September 23, 1762.

6. • Upon the British fleet’s arrival in Manila Bay,
an emissary from the Spanish forces was
sent to deliver a letter to the Commanding
Officer, to ask about their nationality and
reason for their arrival. The British replied by
sending two messengers of their own, which
bore the orders of King George III: Capture
the city of Manila and order the Spanish in
the city to surrender. At this point, Archbishop
Rojo had likewise been informed of the
ongoing war between France and the United
Kingdom.

7. The Attack
• The British fleet originally planned to
attack the port of Cavite that night in order
to confuse the Spaniards, but opted
instead to attack Manila, recognizing the
likelihood of a domino effect should they
take down the capital first. (Cavite would
eventually fall to the British on October 11,
1762.)

8. The British occupation would extend toward
the north, including Bulacan, Pampanga,
and parts of Ilocos. It would last for two
years. Within those two years, the
occupation would bring about supporters of
British rule manifested in rebellions by local
leaders such as Diego and Gabriela Silang.