The document discusses 5 main approaches to political science: historical, comparative, inductive, deductive, and observational. It also outlines 10 images of politics in the Philippines, including boardroom politics, bureaucratic politics, congress politics, chief executive politics, court-room politics, multimedia politics, faith-based politics, military politics, civil society politics, and unnamed political factors. The document concludes by discussing the value of political science in developing citizenship, civic values, and career preparation.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
POLITICS

5. APPROACHES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
1. Historical Approach- The interpretation of political scientist about probable
political circumstances, phenomena, or situations is largely dependent on his
appreciation of facts, which is also sharpened by his keen observation of the
political surroundings.
2. Comparative Approach- the methods of the political analyst in understanding
political science as a field engages him to establish correlationship of
institutional factors working hand in hand in the state which affect a political
phenomenon. The basis of data description and analysis includes people,
geography, society, local culture, and other related forces.

6. 3. Inductive Approach- the approach engages the political
analyst or scientist in drawing generalization of political
theories or doctrines resulting from basic facts. The
generalization may then be applied in understanding a
particular phenomenon.
4. Deductive Approach- this approach allows the political
scientist to deduce particular generalizations from probable
yet steady premises in interpreting or appreciating a given
political phenomenon.

7. 5. Observation Approach- the basic approach in
the study of the cause of discipline that simply
employs the working of one’s observation of his
political environment. Changes in the political
systems, processes, and dynamics introduce
remarkable institutional shift in state.

8. 10 IMAGES OF POLITICS IN THE
PHILIPPINES

9. 1. BOARD-ROOM POLITICS
• Involves decision-
making by business
elites and
professionals, but with
important public
consequences.

10. 2. BUREAUCRATIC POLITICS
• Means rule making and adjudication by
bureaucrats, with inputs from clients
and professionals, Dept. Secretaries, U.
secretaries, A. secretaries, regional
directors, bureau directors, are power
and authority holders and as such can
make decisions favoring private
businesses and favored political
interests. This is the reason why
politicians and some businessman
jockey their men into positions in the
bureaucracy.

11. 3. CONGRESS POLITICS
• Involves policy making by
legislatures, constrained by various
constituencies. Laws affect private
and public interests. The process of
legislation in formulating policies can
delay the passage of a bill or the
proposed bill can be stopped at the
committee hearing level.

12. 4. CHIEF EXECUTIVE POLITICS (CEO’S)
• Refers to a process dominated by
president, governors, mayors and
their advisers. Chief executives are
given full power and authority to
lead, to govern and administer laws.
They possess and exercise
discretionary powers that are
beneficial to majority but detrimental
to some few. When they talk,
everybody listens.

13. 5. COURT-ROOM POLITICS
• Refers to court orders and decisions of judges,
justices, and prosecutors in response to interest
groups and aggrieved individuals. When judicial
decisions are sold, or influenced based not on merits
and evidences, and then the court would have served
no purpose as balancer and equalizer of justice and
settlement of disputes between and among litigants.
• Court decisions can put political opponents to jail,
can delay political and non-political appointments,
can delay the execution of legislative, executive and
administrative decisions or even stop the operation
of businesses, and can decide to reverse or delay
decisions previously made. The issuance of TRO
reveals how political our court.

14. 6. MULTIMEDIA POLITICS
• The galvanization of public opinion,
usually through the newspapers,
radio, television and other forms of
mass media. All of this mass media
promote the political interests and
choices of those who own them, who
pay them and who use them. Media
can make and unmake a president or
a leader.

15. 7. FAITH-BASED POLITICS
• Is one where decisions are made by
leaders and members of religious
groups and have political
implications like El Shaddai, JIL, INC,
CBCP, NCCP are some of the most
prominent religious groups which
take political positions on public
issues.

16. 8. MILITARY POLITICS (GAMES OF THE GENERALS)
• Involves the calculated decisions of
the military and police generals and
their subordinates to affect
preferences in the political arena. The
decisions and machinations of
military generals were the key factors
that changed government and
government leaders.
Hi
Bes!!!

17. 9. CIVIL SOCIETY POLITICS (NGO’S, PO’S)
• It is the high-profile socio political
engagement and proactive lobbying
of voluntary groups such as NGO’s,
PO’s, socio-civic societies, cause-
oriented groups, professional
associations, cooperatives, sectoral or
social class groupings and
foundations that influence political
issues.

18. 10. X-MEN POLITICS
• Includes factors and players that are
less prominently mentioned, less
openly named, less publicly involved
but actively engaged in fixing and
managing self-serving political
decisions.
• Examples are: drug lords, Gambling
lords, vice lords, who supports the
career of politicians and bureaucrats
who in return provide protection to
syndicated crimes.
Joneeeeeeeeeel!

19. THE VALUE AND USES OF POLITICAL
SCIENCE

20. AWARENESS OF THE IMPORTANCE AND IMPACT
OF GOVERNMENT ON PEOPLE’S LIVES.
•A study of politics and governance
will definitely lead one to understand
how the government works and
affect our daily lives as individuals
and citizens.

21. EDUCATION FOR CITIZENSHIP
•As a course in political science orients
students on their rights, duties, and
responsibilities, they are, therefore,
provided the necessary training towards
intelligent and responsible members of
our society.

22. DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIC VALUES
• As a study of politics and governance touches on
ideals and virtues essential in, a course in political
science can definitely develop among students,
civic values that are vital for involvement and
participation in the political and social life of their
community and nation, as well

23. A PREPARATION FOR VARIOUS CAREERS AND
PROFESSIONS
• A course in political science provides essential
background for those who intended to pursue
careers in law, foreign service, business,
education and journalism, among others. The
diverse activities of these professions are directly
linked with the affairs of the state and its
government.

24. ASSIGNMENT
• Give at least 5 types of Government (e.g. Democratic, Republican, etc.) and give
its description and which countries have it.
• Typewritten
• Font: Calibri
• Size: 11
• Short Bond Paper